가자미 농어용 과립형 기본 식품에 충분한 단백질 요구량. 본 연구에서는 가자미용 과립사료의 최적 단백질 요구량을 조사하였다. 사육실험 종료 시 가자미의 생존율은 실험사료에 따라 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다.
체중 증가와 성장률 그러나 가자미류는 CP42, CP46 및 CP50 사육장보다 CP54 및 CP58 사육장에서 훨씬 더 높았습니다. 이상의 결과를 고려하면 가자미 입상종료사료의 단백질 요구량은 성장률 기준으로 55.2%로 추정된다. 키워드: 가자미(Paralichthys olivaceus); 자율언어; 입상 미립자 스타터 피드; 단백질 요구량, 필수 아미노산, 조단백질.
Experiment
Introduction
Therefore, successful production of larvae and juvenile marine fish has been reported by several groups of researchers. Developing a weaning diet to replace live feed is critical to reducing production costs and maintaining a consistently high quantity and quality of marine larval fish production. Kanazawa (2003) emphasized that the development of microparticulate diets as a substitute for live foods is necessary to further increase the productivity of marine larval fish. 2003) reported that a mixture of microparticulate diets containing two peptides of different molecular weight and 30,000 Da) was a good source of protein and this type of diet could be fed to olives from larval to juvenile stages.
The apparent digestibility coefficients of the protein in the microparticle diet in 8-week-old Atlantic cod larvae were higher (range 76 to 86%) than those of Artemia (range 47 to 58%) (Johnson et al. 2009). . Cahu & Infante (2001) investigated the replacement of live food with formulated diets in marine fish larvae, focusing on the physical aspects of the diet, which should be taken into account, and on the digestibility of the diet in the fish larvae, and showed indicate that nutritional requirements are not comparable between larvae and young fish. Still, more studies are needed on the development of microdiets for the stable production of larval marine fish.
The possibility of complete replacement of live food with microdiet alone for some marine fish larvae appears to be limited (Baskerville-Bridges & Kling 2000; Li et al. 2013), but the combination of microdiet with live food effectively improved survival and growth. of larval stages of marine fish (Kolkovski et al, in particular, showed that live food can be completely replaced with a microdiet containing a molecular weight of 1000 Da soybean peptides or with a microdiet including live food for 30 days after hatching time (DAH) in red sea urchin larvae, however, for olive larvae, the microdiet includes live food only for DAH 15. Protein is one of the most important and expensive components in fish feed formulations.
Therefore, the outcome of their study has little applicability to the formulation of practical microdiets for olive borer larvae. Therefore, the optimal protein requirement in the granulated microdiet for larval olive flounder was determined in this study.
Materials and Methods
- Spawning and larval rearing conditions
- Preparation of the experimental diets
- Experimental conditions
- Analytical procedures for the microdiets and larval fish
- Statistical analysis
4 Estimated energy calculated on the basis of 4 kcal g-1 for proteins and carbohydrates, and on the basis of 9 kcal g-1 for lipids (Garling & Wilson 1976). All ingredients except the fish oil were ground with an air Z-mill (SK Z-mill 0405, Seishin Co. Ltd., Japan) and mixed well. The granulated microdiets were dried at 60°C by a dryer (Horizontal Fluid Bed Dryer, Okawara Co. Ltd., Japan).
The waste from the granulated micro diets was sent back to the granulator, but the oversized granular diets were sent to the roller mill, re-milled and re-sieved. Effective microorganisms (EM) (Boreong Agricultural Technology Center, Boryeong city, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea) were applied daily to each tank to purify the water during the feeding trial at a concentration of 9.6 mL tank-1. At the end of the 26-day feeding trial, all surviving fish from each tank were collectively weighed and sampled for growth and nutritional analysis.
All surviving larval fish from each tank were frozen and later thawed for chemical analysis. Fifty larval fish that were randomly selected from each tank were measured for total weight with an electronic analytical balance (ATX224, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan) and for total length with an OM-500N ocular micrometer (NaRiKa, Tokyo, Japan) by viewed under a microscope (Eclipse E200, Nikon, Tokyo, Japan). Crude protein content was determined by the Kjeldahl method (Auto Kjeldahl System, Buchi B Switzerland), crude lipid was determined using the ether extraction method, moisture was determined by drying in an oven at 105°C for 24 h, and ash was determined using a muffle furnace at 550°C for 4 h.
The amino acid (AA) composition of the experimental microdiets and larval fish was determined using a fast AA analyzer (Hitachi L-8800, Tokyo, Japan), after which the samples were hydrolyzed at 110 °C in 6 N HCl for 24 h. . A one-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test (Duncan 1955) were used to determine the significance of the differences between the means of the treatments using the SAS version 9.3 program (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA).
Results
Values (triplicate means ± SE) in the same column sharing the same superscript letter are not significantly different (P > 0.05). None of the whole fish body AA profiles (triplicate mean ± SE) were significantly affected by crude protein levels in granulated microdiets (P > 0.05).
Discussion
This is consistent with other studies (Einen & Roem 1997; Sweilum et al. 2005) showing that small fish require a high-protein, low-energy diet, while large fish require a low-protein, high-energy diet to achieve desired results. best production in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). In contrast to the study by Bai et al. 2001) in which larval flounder were fed with live food (Artemia nauplii) up to 45 DAH, in this study up to 18 DAH Artemia was provided to larval fish. This indicated that the start of weaning to feeding granulated microdiets at 18 DAH was appropriate in this study.
2003) reported that olive flounder larvae at 11 DAH fed a combination of peptides with two molecular weights and live food with a third of the amount of live food for 10. The growth of red bream larvae at 20 DAH was improved by increasing the arginine level up to 2.4% of the diet when larvae were fed zein microbound diets containing different levels of arginine from 2.3 to 3.1% for 28 days (López-Alvarado & Kanazawa 1994a). Similarly, the arginine requirement of scrub larvae appeared to be slightly more than the 3.2% of the diet in this study.
The nutritional requirements of marine fish larvae have mainly focused on the fatty acid requirements since a few decades ago (Izquierdo et al. 2000; Kanazawa 2003), but AA requirements have changed in recent years (Hamre et al. Histidine in particular appeared to be the limiting AA in live food (enriched rotifers and Artemia nauplii) and in dry feed tested for meager (Agryrosomus regius) larvae when essential AA profiles of fish carcass and diet were compared (Saavedra et al. 2015) or in enriched rotifers when they were fed Diplodus fed puntazzo larvae at 4 DAH (Saavedra et al. 2007) Neither chemical composition nor AA profiles of the whole body of larval founder differed between the granulated microdiets containing different levels of crude protein, except for the crude lipid content , in this study.
The crude lipid content of the entire larval body was relatively well reflected from the content of the granulated microdiets. 2001) showed that the protein content of microparticle feed did not change either the chemical composition or the whole body fatty acid composition of larval flounder. However, in contrast to these studies, the chemical composition of larval olive flounder was affected by either the different feed or feed ration (Wang et al. 2004) or whole body crude oil.
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
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