Al:£~.2.21 oH*:£JOil cc1-e ~~~:£~ ~

(1)

BSPE 99751-00-1202-4

**Al:£~.2.21 oH*:£JOil cc1-e** ^{~~~:£~ ~}

*~ -ei-2.1 OIi -et~ ^'21,1( ¹ ^j:~~ ^.r)

A Study on the Environmental Changes of

Shihwa Lake by Outer Seawater Inflow

(2)

(3)

~l

~. 1!..J.!.Al ~ "A)tJ-§.9..]

tiff~sl-oJl uJ-::': ¥!-7J~§}

~ T~fl-i:.loJ1 {~"9~ 'fl·F' tj.~](J;i:}\l

S-.J" 9-l :i!_ 2 AL~ "11 ½-U L-J t}.

20001:' 1 ~

77 ,o A

u =·r

o]T-&J,

⁰

J%'t:l, _2_iB-S·.

±'2-'t, {-J{l!:.ll,

?JT~. L-h§'fl1,

o]-'s-~. o]~~.

~:'Jt!.

~~~-*~1.~tiT,

^~ ~.o]~O!

Al]%~. iJ"t;-AJ, o]8J~. o]A]!t!-, :r-~T.

(4)

(5)

L

,ii

-'f

(1

O]: TI 7 ,J__

A]§}§_.Q.j 5HT~oJ1 u},e- ~7al:;:!~ ~ T{l,t!~oJl {4~ '?:!-?

11H1.":tl-

WT§..£

.:i:-"J~eli'-t2 oj]AJ-8}91A1~.

?~%~oJ1

ti'-\!~ -77-J\!"717}

~~"fl

ol] u}c.} i'J',':':- ⁰J.9] .2.'€1-~;go] .fi-~S:1o-J ~{l1H}i0]Cf·C C- .i4~]7} WJ-'f-S:]5:!Lj-, i::• 7'

4 'li~O}T:>:1i:-]AJ-91 %c'efJ1-4;-P_£ ';fcJ-71Z}

%~~

'i~t}T

~ :gAJJIJ-r'7} .=.It.lj£

*

0J~]9i{:- ~nJ- o}L.]4,

~~-i"B-9.J

Jl]T-t!-£1

"cl-'i:J-T7t

~T~-TQ} \"!~'.r]o-j

9J<>j

-9.~

~ fr'lJ'ij~ llHTT ~ tt1H} :.:Juj~ 71!::'.;";,;i.2..£ T 15JO}.JI '.U.2..9, ~~⁷1, ~t1HTi..'..

~;,:] T;.l UJ;E~] t/{9.j

!£Ji.HT~

A]§}~£ .f'r~t}~ %

~7J7H{ioJl

~~g

i5H'ilcJ. 0121

9i <'14 A1~:9"_£ %⁰

J.s:H~

.2.~~~.Q.J ⁰

J

^{0 ]} 1r!~5}.Jl,

91~4'-2..J

-Jt~.2...'~- A]§l~t-lloJl Al §ttf~~2-j

~¾oJ

!g4A!£i2-Ai A/~ft.91 T,a~{J~ .3-Jl/ '{!_~6~2

91.t:+.

-<]~1;}z].9] A]§j-.~ ~ -T'-~s:,q~i!j-~ ^.!.!_~, A]§..<JJ-.S:~]t.HQ.J

A1A·P~¥-,,_J~

1:'-l -?}

1-2..~4'-~91

5:.A}~il}oJ]}-~ _9_~.!i-:.9.j

T¾

0] 1J§j.S:]jl

91~

3:! O_£

LfE-}td:2..u:J,

94- 9512 2~{1£1 -'t-~i'- '?:!T~.9./ '?:!·?,j4oJ/AL!,C: t}tH} -i-1~ *~~ Uij11~. -~~Jl)T

n_.; 1~otT.Q.J friJoj uH-9- ~ot

.fi-71~~

~-S-~oJ1

.3.'1]

.2.~~°1

11_;: ~.2.±i. L\.n ,}cf 'ic'~I::: '?:!S}Eil~IA1 •i.o:f§.~I Eil~

'?:!'r,:!47}

'l/ll.'1'.l!rf. ::i.cl'-} "iil'ofsleJ

.2"-}l.~_, "]~~gJ ~ ⁷

Jg

.!l}'qt,},7/oJ) ,¥-~~ 1--~o) PJ".Q.uj, A)¾ALQ.i;:_

'?h

¹5~A] ?J- .2._it:\ A]§.j-~9] ~H~g Aj~i51

'U-

T ~';: ~AJo]tj-_ t.-J,+Lf ~oj]A-j ~if~~ ti}$!} ~oj

A1&§.9-J ~7cl,E;- A]:j-oJ]

ul-4

~~"o}E-£ 0

]cH! ~~oJl ~{,-~

SJ}~ "o}A] el.2._~

Aj§~_§~ .!;:l__:~u~ ~,tl- tjj~£ P~~~ ~_Q__p_,£

.lJ)d?~'?J

_:EA}7} ~.2.."o}r:}JI ¥L}_

£E~:}. A]~

ig-3':~191 ZiiU~-

'?.]<5}~ ~$1~.2.__?_ :?:AJB A]§.j-~21

;.:iAi-'-JElllllol]

tll

~

'?:!

'i' :-0

,1.o:1- _;_

"1 .2.

'll

£

2f 1 Ell 'I Si :ii

{I "1

'el 'J <J !f ;; 'II ,,

Ai'/1'!

4 •I 'i.A7 .

⁶

I

A]~-4 ~o) ~~,~~ii.. '?_J-q_l- ~'d.2.~-<1~o] 1@'.?.. %7}<'>}';:::

~Ll-19.J

~AJ.2._S.

*

^uJl

oj x]~oJl qj~ ¼~~o]j_l_ A-l]~~~ AgE\li1f~ {}A]7} ~~"6] ¾J.2.?i}c..\-. A]t} tlJS:7'1]41

(6)

-'I- 'i'i"l%-'I- \'!~::: ⁰ 1 "i"l-'1- t!:7<1-'1- .2.'ll<r~¾ 'llc<liifaJ1 -¥!:7<1\'!~<>11 uf:: '~%

ir-'I-

l'!§fi!-

cfE-fl!c+. ::i•li+ "'1>il'a. t!:7<1.ll.'1!<>11 ufe '~%%-'I- l'!§f.ll.'1!::

⁰

1'1

f.t

:0 -\'-J,'-O

I

'of~ :s]

"i

?,l

<'c "'1 'll

O

I

^jl,^::l 'l

Ell Ol-'l t\ 7<1 \'! §} oJI tiJ

~

I'! T

⁷

f

^O]

-a-

~ AJ ',/

0

I q.

uf el

Ai

^O

I l'l I'! T

^.ej ^-1,f

'l ::

^A

I

§f

§.-'t

~

7<11'! "'oJI

uf.,. ^A~

Ell ., 31

^I'!^~

oJI til

~

I'!

'j'-'a.Ai A]§}§.

<]1'11-t)-7<! ~

¾~'J~'a_ ilf"fi;j-7]

~~ -,jo]q.

~ ~

iifl

⁰J

1:!'T

^5::

OI]

^{A~ :;:::}

96

\1 -¥-E~

Al

^~^§. 1-ll -¥- ~ ? \I!

tPJ

g

¾

^~^~^.Q..^ii. 5: ,q i5} a:J

A~EJ\7-11 !:,!!~ . .2.'El~EJI ~

T1!1rl.~~

{}A]{E-161-1!. ~.Q..u:J, ~ii]

~iif!T %':Jo\]

al~

t\7111'!§1 'a/ .il'l <r1Ji'fej;,

~~

•J-'1!¾ ;<J]A]~foj A]§}§. 7ff'lf, 0 1% 'al

-tl-7,I 1,--1)

g

~~ 71~.A}li~ ~].:g-8'}~

~g

~~.2...£ ~ ~.,1-~ -r~~i5}_ll. ~ct.

- A I "'§.

^'-ll

-'I- "r 'l!

I'! §f

- A]~§. %~4' ^i:J.1 ~~%~ .fr-7]..2_~~1!

- A]~§. ~ %'2:j2J

¾~4f

{f:-_¥.

- A) ~5] ~ %~ ¾'5°4i'- {E-_£

- A)~~~~ .:g.~T¾~ ~'§:}%1! {E-¥..

- -"I 31

% <>ii A]

-'f

pytirization

-4-

\

(7)

-s;-

f:iY '[11-o-Ui{<;/[lc?lR (loio

lo~i-%-k

-~?I-.'i', z.g_% fv{d6 ·pro~ U·i.'o k@lR llo~Z[t,:,

•·or-

⁰ ^7.Q. " · , ~ - o o I ^{- n} ·1 w I ^L.',c I L O . Q . •• , I LI

--,:::'::i-.,, ,1 rv~-lj n!2lo 2 o y 1 v O·Rt:o :1Lo L!:°"'it,:...,, oz=-= --,~Ylo1:0Y

llo

rs

^[b

*

^--Y-il--i- ^~^h: ^{dir^~^-p^to ^[lo{v~

to::;ctti[o

't,O¼{o-0 Yb -c-'.::'1-.'f.

-£ {rdL

--'.- _0 .2.

y ~ -

· 1 _1roK^w

=

-;-c-t<-t,:!: ^e ^{['• · ,} i.QrYin Wl¥1tl ^·•^{n -} ^{.c. -} ^- ^{P. -}F<'-~ ^-[Otl< ^c I - ·, .. ?ii --;:-'i.=c o o:;T....-°'z--:-^L n o o -l-Y"--£13" o [0~ k- · j' ¥ I Y 12 ,

·1.1'g,{flr!o {o~ti:1-~tiJ ~ J/S ~{§~dOQ

·p«,.f3.{1.

~~fv

lo~tibrfoH\1

16t}'.~~z ~Y?{'?-[o %S:H:-£'£ -~dOO [o~lY[-o~ "bf~dt:~Y 2·ofL ~ -F·dL loloo"

i@lo

[lolo-j,; ?i·!ft"z~ [nO'Ri'(.S-::;,

~fi:ip,,

~v2l!,:ffeiY ~ (iJ~~ 'd.':I dAf):JmJ '{t[,_.g-

·.~10k i9lo [lo-tl-,'f ~f2[0 ·p:p;-t3t, [fi-½ f::tR-2--k -ilr-fl7HR to-ki°o%0~

-bRi~TT

t\5'.-t-b-\H -:dOO ft:tO~{o-0 -bRh::;r ~\LG ~[nJ/S {odOO to%~~ ~R ·-µ

"f::i[ofL o':.:'; [kF l:o{.?-)R [to•;:S,

~-$-t1' [YllotO~o"'Z 1'}/o -~(!Up ~/D3l .Mrt 6'8Ll":5:i'.· 1Y-~[ob lo%b: lc'i r{§[Y ·l1

\0 :~ 11> 6 ~ ToR,-~-1 i~l:f~ lo/;:-hll?,O[t.% ~~[Y lof\-f?-tb-\H '{o?t ·s·o"t '0{3

b lft<~~ -brtk,[Y-i}fi-=:;-~Ft

tY[lo~[Y.:G~n.iH ~·?i~ lolY~lof:i t& lo-.'.',· [lt~~/t-15·

'S~!Jd

to-i

fi-ti l:'i

·-prc,~

1'i:{L ~Yllol'?{}'.'.~ 'j~1~u;Fi ~ft~

lol;~U

00!'!-9 -_ :saJJ

~--§- /OtY[lol,;,% ~~[Y

"blo:S"-2;

~~ HR£1 to -bR"'7H@ loft~

-VR:lo

'[11-c-+t:b

[o [/8U h"8T SHJd 3/% lo{-M--t°n 1'i:l<H:,::::;c{.QW[Y ·p~{'??YV ~1LQ·.'r,: [f/'.Y{i:>[1% ;fi l01. [ir10[;Jo1- '[s;.-b•lo-b 'SHJd ~Yllo¾tr~ lf. ~ loR,.g. ~N[Y

iii

~,W[v

·+,

·p:p;fJt,

~-o-~ ;;{6 lz:lcsWH1 liCE [o[{-c;:: .:..::·tylfo

(Dl,-: P~9-f%{FI loti;Jl}'.'. W-& "§,t§[y 'E{.<?i:--B.- ?i[lo{h⁰f1 ~ Fo{;- :c!:-[\2to lofo .:,}fd

't,

~n~ ·111}.-\o~ 23:?r: ⁰%0£ to ::-"."'7•tk '⁰%6Z to ;;"fi~ lo"'7-~"R -2--½-~flc-1,,-HR c.·}

[O i'.[Yfo;k-lo ~ [o~~ "'7tt.2lo

'!1-1~16ts~Y

=:z{.<?lo[t:r. 6R~-p:, .:;;-~-fy to~W[Y -bt\1~11 i.•Of/ =-:{s:i %-Thlco WO% !lot¢'7 [o-i{'i:-f;-

Wl·?lo

tolY[fo~-~Y -.;:~·tt.2[0 -~~~~W~

~E

=:~f- ~~ ~\-6 ~~~

to:~ ~~0&~% ~"'7~10

·0

U · , >-t=O - i H [ n·,11

LILY ,_ :....1·--<;: Q":cr;'. O(O{Y-C

th

~iY[O '{o!-iER, ';.}:-::;-{§-&" ~llo?-Hst~ lo~t, 'lu Of<,["'if}rt loRi-\Yr-1-{o V/tf:-~ ^;[lo*:~ ~W[Y ~[lot~ ld.<?fo{l· ~-::;-H.2!0 ^"{L

-1.o1f M:::0- ^·1

{i!" R: -tR HL f-R, "Ji\

(8)

~ ~ ~ft"r-oJ]Ai ~;t}Aj~ Hj,&oJ ~'.xl;tj-,

2r~

^i5}~¾*~.A]~~

tr.s.:=

t}{ioJ] H]

~

.:g.t!

^A]~~ ^t;g~ ^5}11_3!} "r-S..oJlAi 1:1].ii!.~ ¾~~ -'lf-£7} ~~ ~~ ·612-ifllT7}

j~~£1.A] ~~ ~1 ¾~,£JJ1

:U~ 3:1~

~u]i5}~ ~o]u:i, '-H.?..,1:- %~~~ ~"]oJl ~5}

°'1

A]~~oJl tjj~ ¾~~ lj!-5},~ o:j~iil ~~ ~_Q._£

3lt1i±¥J.tj-.

7t_ ~ ;f:A} 7].i} ¾ Z} ;f:A}1~~ %%~i@-3.~~ ¾ ;f:AJ ~ ¾~i'g=~ ~ ;'(j- o] ~ ];!_o]A] '?J''.x};~til, 0]3:1.g. A]~~ l:IJ'ft-2} ~~T

-ft-

6Jo] A]~.&j.Q.S.. o]~oj?;j A]

:of,tSj

A~'1j~]

~7<!o]

{!

'r"ioJ] '(l'i %AfSfcj-:::

:,)% {!Cjj,j.2_!,_

A]Af~cf . .::12]4

7JT~

¾

⁰

J;y: ~7t

%~

711~~

.8,.'?J_Q_§.. T~~

'i1~~ Tlil~i"~ °'1~5]

!.Jc}

'V.

6i 3-%l~

7a4-

ill.K~'?.l 7]T¾'?.l SinOCXJlanus tenellus7} ~51 ~~ ⁰

J

^{6 ]} ½~i:i}51ct.

_::rc.~4

AJ:&"r-£1 l:IJ-'fi" ~

¾~

⁰

1

tf~i5] ⁶]f'6i.A];i:]

~5:.l:~

19981dJJ}.A] Sinocalanus tenellus7} A]~~oJlAi

%1l'5\-lll .q..{j'5\-°']

½~;s}J1

½~;y:5:: nH--9-

~'.U'(! ~~ L!lS:

7}

.£Joi

A):g}§."T'~ "3JlT~7} i;?if5] o]~<>JA]J1

;V,g

~ '?J:'

"r- ~9-.

9~oJl~

~tH"r

£1 'll•J¾ 3.~l '/!::: •J",'{j-1,-;<]"i"ilAi hydroid71 2,470 ,H>ll/m

³£i

rt:'.

½-ii'&~ >/_

51J1, §. ¾⁰

J-¥-oJ]

A-j cartia bifilosa~ 1,981 7H :jjl/m³~ ~.g.

½~

<'s'

g

& ~

r:.l-.

4.

'99\'!

7-%1 A]:.j-,t "l¾"r£1 ¾ "1lit"r::: {!\'!5'2]- %Aftf;,J4 {l-cl,SfS:12-4

¾4c'll

⁰

JA1lil-"r"I ,J>il'it ~lir'8c!<I:'.

c;i\'!£<>11

"i•l 3.~l ~11,15:12-9 ,J'lJ 3-'I 5

"i li¾"r"i]AJ:::

i,-2_

o'-'/!'J-2.\'1°1

:,J½>]~cJ-.

7-%1'>! JJ:¾-"l-'JsC_oj]<j£1 .q}-;!'ll¥l~

<l]it",'2]- .q}-;f\,j~~<I:'. 'll'll 3oJ]Aj

⁰

Hf- rt:'. iili .l'.5:12-oj 8-%1£1 'll'll 52]- 13"11

<J::: 7-%1£1 'll'll 3'-'l- %Al~ 'rf?-2-5!. .q}-;f\'1~~<1°1 ~7ftf5:lcj- -"1-'l"-"i ;!o]oll rrl-i" .q}-;f 'll

~ ~

<I -'I .q}-;! 'll ¥l

~

Ail it 'r:::

'jj {l 5<>11

Ai ::: 30

~

40cm, 'll 'll 13"11 -'l :::

<Jc

20 cm,1°1~1"1 JJ:¾-'I %Al~ "r¾"i

i,-2_

ii!¾ .!i.'llr:J- -"l-'l"-£1 ¾Ailit"r::: 7-%1:4 8-%1"11

^i"-

,10111 \l:!~2-4 .q}~'ll~~"11it"r"i- ¾4c'll

⁰

JA!lit'r::: 3.~I

~JfSf\jO_uj o]~ ~Aj.:J.~~ ~7}7}, §]~£WI AilE~Aj~7}~

~'?..!'?..!

~_Q_.£.

;,~zt¥!cl-.

cj-.

A] :.} "' '-ll '11 £1 sj Aj -"1 "l ll-oJI Aj -"l sf:::

'ii' "<I , qi "<I

<Pl 1l

%

£1

ii'

-ll '?- "° ·

^{~ ~}

%T,

Ai~~£%~

'Zl.-=tt}7] ~t}°'l 1999~ 5~oJ]'-i 12~oJl

7.:1.~ ¾

l97H£1 131!oJ]

Ai

s:,q~ 1P•]'15}~9-.

¾~AiAf%-~.g.

¾ lPB~

-!E-'ft-~⁰

1

¾~"o}~.Q.uj,

¾~ ¥-¥1-

-6-

(9)

%:g:"5",W- (sarcornastigophoransl, 11-4%9.J %1.J (naupliusJ,

AP·PJ _8.?-Ht

^{benthic

harpacticoidsl, 7~A]i'Jo]{t (polychaetesl£ ⁰1~ 57H9.]

¥-*2-

⁰1 ~:,,J1 ~~%~

t·<t1.

1HA1]T9l 90% 6]"2}-~ ~}A]i5}il

~Sj_y-_

7}AJ- ~,': J.i~~S:.g !t'?J AJ~? A]sl,~ llH

4'

?lie i:'>PI

-'Jei~l

'J1l 14.5'. 2,030

1B~l/l0cm·'21 st~ c+Ef:/lcJ. >lof:-l.

~l~•I

"J-4- zJ:j~'?l AJ~2ol]J.i ;,.J~671}A1-~ ~ A]7]oJl Q~ ~ii[i:~.9..~ ⁰}9- ',;t&

"i~~

~~ Lt"E.l-~c}. ¥!1 ^.2_~

;.t]'y-.91

"5}4~

~¾-R-/AF~"JJl;q-{t

ti]~ A]~~ uHT

i!-¥-

~-1.~79-1

7sii~-oj]J.H~ '5t7l] LtE-1-Y-il, '?}~9-j

AJ--¥-

-1HHtoJ]Ai~ ⁰}? ~71]

LtEl-\J:c}.

11i':J>1>HHf,

⁰,

"1 A]7JoJJ "1"1 ¾ 118'!'

⁰

1

½i/ltf5cl.Q.uj,

¾ 1B~]4'oJJ 9/°F1.S:

⁰f-1·

r;o] L-tc}\/:.2..a:J,

½~

¾9oJl ~~AH:: c}.2..-¥/· (Annelids)?} 42¾ ^(~~]9l36%).2..£

7}~ t71] t.fLj-1,,j;tj-, -~~

%TLt

Ai-61tQ_!i__oJ] ~~Ai Ah_j9.j

~4.!i!..r:.-J-

¹

~Pcf"i5] n--.-

^0- ^~

g_ .!:2.

9:! Lt. -t- L--HJ: ,.,J. i-

~

.:.s-r. 1.1 ,...1 1H

^;;.JJ

T oi1

'X.l

61,,,,

-g % ~ .2. ~

AJ

~ §_

au T n

^f-

9J Tq~ ::-<jiJ~oJ]Ai

rr.g. rt~

t.fE}t.H..i!. ~~91 ~-fr- ;,;Jii~·oJJJ.1 '9:~ yg L-j-L}i,8L-j- A]7]\1~~ 7}~ -9-1li5}~ ¾~·-:} ~Ifi_t,!__1(! 5~0l]-C ~A)-'§--~'Z! Corophiurn sinense 13,100

,n

'il/0.3m'I, 10-!l oil :::

\'!

'1l % % <j

Hf

>I

st

Rudi tapes phi/ippinarum 18,160

,n

^,11

/0.3rn²J, 12"1'JoJ1 -t: %~ 'i'l J,fuscu!ista senlwusia (5,26L 1H ~l/0.3m~)!} ^7}~·ii.':'. ~-fr

t} E}\~ t:.}_

7}.

'-l9}~s\

Ad?..\"~

~HHt'-l)o\1

^tljt}aj 3::¹

,r~--f>

1!<'.I~~

~78°\u:\.

^7.}.fi. ~1:.~}

-%-~~1

^~5}tj-_

u}ej-1s7

¥ S.A}~.i!}~ A]t)-.§.9.]

T~g

^;,;J~5]

J?!\-!tH:-r-1] \=_-g--?, ::.,-

~ Q.. £. oJl AJ-'2

q .

t.f. A]~~9~ T~7~~%- -$-li5HJ.H·- -lt--'f..l5CJ:: .2..~¥-~9.J

h'.!, 8"}-"r~t:]AJ-.91

^~71

~ A]t}§.WJ9-] 9.~·i19l

~17--]

-§'-

¾Y~'i'..1

7:1]~ 0] '€!.R.~tc}. :g. 'fh¹~.tjC A]§j-9_

91 °1-§·,

1R~ 11

T~.7R-'.1g $-11}

7.1\~

T'i:! ~ i·A}"Tii~0{1

~B..t<l:

^;,;l;S..~ A\1---cfti~ ~ -:,-!.Q__'i'_ oJ]AJ~t:j,.

-7-

(10)

-8-

-t,

E-

c ^-a-

^\o

/?2~3\,.d

16tr~lli l-ol-5~'?

20fi'. ~ ¾~~ lo-&~R' ~'fo ~

ffe.~~

~-!F~B-HL

L ~Y20t~~ ®-d

~fo

9 ~%{.:

-~n~rv-

^[o;.{o

^~.fa

toWHdt~ ~~Wlv

·p

· ti fo """ l> ~ l>

lo

to

k

²c, ls ll>

rv

.f)'.~ lo:J.o¾ -tz [lift3.&y

-?-&.f'v'n¾~~Y

Iott,~~ ~'fo

Ii:-t3"1'fifl {L~fo~½

·t,.

-bfo

7 l>

%ii fy,i,!{r C;fo

7 l>~\i,, 11:~i/, (o\~\13RY Thin

\lo!a;\r

-i,{Y-1} -lo\o

co:

fa 2

no

1,-

-a-

jn C; t,,: jl: -i, i,±

\lo~

i/, I~ \13 RY lo it, 7 Ce" i< jn \lo

rdz

\I>" Y -fe . { L

1oiir I~ \13

R, ·z

·tilo*

~%-ft 21!{¥~[L ~lt, ~ fy~ lo~-&fo 20~ 'W:E ·p[o~ ~

~%:5

[~1~1.'l-C~ ~{Y~fhO

1t.

~~

ts~i?:-lo

k20~-C

"' lo-lc..lc 11:Ce'~lv

'fofo fo[,;fysc

{LCe'.'ctl> ;;i, 'o[ioloCeC~lv C;[lott,-ec ·ti

(11)

SUMMARY

L Before input of outer seawater, the Shihwa Lake were depleted in nitrate and nitrite, and underlying anoxic waters contained high levels of hydrogen sulfide, ammoma, phosphate and silica. Large variations are observed m the halostratification structure of the water column by input of outer seawater. Input of the outer seawater play an important role in the rapid recycling of these species from bottom waters. The stratification in the lake was disappeared except summer.

Salinity increased highly from -29%0 in surface waters to -30%0 in bottom waters of mixing zone around the watcrgatc. However, despite large amounts of surface water discharge and input of outer seawater, eastern part of Shihwa Lake, which is located adjacent to the Banweol Industrial Complex did not show largely improvement of water quality.

2. Polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs), dioxin, organophosphorus pesticides(OP) and organochlorine pesticides(OCPs) in water and surface sediment samples were measured in the Shihwa Lake and major streams to elucidate the extent of contamination. PCBs concentration of sewage from Shihwa Sewage Disposal Plant was 18.9 ng/1, which is about 19 times high than that of outer seawater. Tht' range of PCBs concentrations in stream sediments were 6-1,100 ng/g-dry. The sediment PCI3s, OCPs and dioxin concentrations in the eastern site~ of the lake were very high compared with those of the western part around the seawall, suggesting that seawage outfalls of Banweol Industrial Complex arc an impotrant route for supplying organic pollutants to Shihwa Lake. The concentration(78.9 pg-TEQ/g-dry) of dioxin in Shihwa Lake sediment is significantly higher than those repotred from the Japan coastal areas.

J. Heavy metal concentrations tended to decrease from the head to the mouth of the Shihwa Lake, and showed correlation with salinity. Particulate metal concentrations showed good relationship with particulate metal contents. The

-9-

(12)

concentrations of dissolved metals in the Shihwa Lake were higher than those in the outer seawater of seawall. Particulate metal contents in Sink.ii stream and stormwater sewers were enriched in SPM. Sources of the metallic particles were present in this industrial basin. Heavy metal concentrations in the Lake Shihwa were probably controlled by its tributaries and storrnwater sewers.

4. The pyritization of heavy metals in Shihwa Lake sediments was invstigated to determine sedimentary pyrite- heavy metal associations influenced by various metal fractions, organic carbon and total reduced sulfur. Parameters of the degree of heavy metal pyritization{DTMP) and degree of pyritization(OOP) were used in studying the incorporation of heavy metals to the pyrite phase. The DOP levels ranged 3.3-39.5%, showing wide differences among sampling stations. They were greater near the Watergate and the center of the lake than near the industrial complex. The spatial pattern of the DOP levels was similar to S/C ratio and also salinity.

5. Distribution of the total bacterial numbers (TBN) in bottom water layer of Shihwa Lake were slightly decreased than last year but the heterotrophic bacterial numbers and specific production were increased. Also high numbers of coliform bacteria was detected at st. 3 and 5. Number of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) and sulfate reducing rate (SRR) in surface sediments were high especially at site 3 in July. These two values at site 5 and sjte 13 in August were increased similar to that of site 3 in July. Depth profiles of the number of SRB and SRR in core sediments were maintained high to the depth of 30-40 cm at site 5 and ca. 20 ^cm at site 13 in August. TBN in surface sediments was not different but the number of SRB and heterotrophic bacteria was increased 1 to 2 orders. It seemed to be the reason of the increase of bacterial activities in sediments.

5. The Community structure, species number, individuals number of meio- and macro-benthos were studied in the Shihwa Lake of Kyounggido during May-Dec., 1999. In meiofauna, eleven groups were found and nematodes were the most dominant among those groups. Sarcomastigophorans, nauplius larvae of crustaceans,

-10-

(13)

benthic harpacticoids and polychaetes which were also important components of the meiofaunal community. All of these five fauna! groups comprised more than 90% of total meiofauna. The highest density of meiobenthos was recorded at a lower region of the Lake as 2,030 ind.lOcm ² at station 14. The lowest density was shown at the upper region of the Shihwa Lake from station 2 to station 6. The value of N/C (nematodes;benthic harpacticoids) ratio was highest at the inner s;tations of the Lake and lowest at the outer stations of the Lake. A total of 118 macrobenthic species was identified. Total abundance of macrofauna was 35.163 inds. Molluscs were the most dominant among the macrofaunal groups.

Among the major taxonomic groups, annelids was the first order m species number (42 species, 36%). The number of species and individuals number of macrobenthos were increased more in present study than in the year 1998. The species diversity. the number of species and the abundance of rnacrobenthos were observed higher at the lower region than the upper region in the Shihwa Lake The dominant species were Corophiurn .sinense (3,100 inds./0.3m²) m :\fay.

Ruditapes philippinarum (8,160 inds./0.3m²) in Oct. and Musculista senhousia (5,262 inds./0.3m²) in Dec, 1999.

- / / -

(14)

(15)

KOOD E

F. Chlorophyll-a.. .. ... 33

2. Heavy metals .... . ... 38

Section 3. Conclusions ... 41

References ... . ... 42

Chapter 2. Studies on water quality•·· ... 55

Section 1. Introduction... . ... 57

Section 2. Sampling and analysis methods ... ;')8

l. Methods of sampling and sample preservation ... 58

A. Water quality in Shihwa Lake and out-side sea waters 13. Pyritiza.tion of surface and core sediments •··· ... 59

C. Organic pollutants in Shihwa Lake and streams .. 59

D. Heavy metals of biological samples ... 59

2. Methods of analysis ... . ... 6()

A. Seawaters •··· ... 60

B. Pyritization of sediments ... 51

-13-

(16)

C. Organic pollutants •··· ··· .... 52

D. Heavy metals of biological samples ... . ···••64

Section 3. Results and discussion... . ... 65

1. General water quality parameters ... 66

A. Shihwa Lake(March and September)... . ... 56

B. Shihwa Lake(May) ... 70

C. Out··side sea of Shihwa Lake ... 72

D. Water quality of coastal area near Banweol(1980) ... "··· 72

2. Organic oollutants of sediments and watercourse waters ... 73

A Distribution of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in surlace sedirrents ... 73

B. Dioxin concentration in surface sediments of Shihwa Lake •··· ... 74

C. Distribution of organochlorine pesticides, PCBs and organophosphorus pesticides in Shihwa Lake and watercourse waters ... 75

3. Pyritization of sediments ... , ... 76

A. Water quality of bottom waters ... 76

B. Total phosphorus, organic carbon and total reduced sulfur ... 77

C. Organic carbon and total reduced sulfur of core sediments ... 77

D. Pyritization •··· •···· ... ••··· .. •···· •·· .. .. . ... 78

4. Heavy metals •··· .. ··--··· ... . ···••81

A. Distribution of heavy metals in water colulmn of Shihwa Lake ... 81

B. Distribution of heavy metals in watercourse waters ... 8.5 C. Distribution of heavy metals in outside seawaters of Shihwa Dike ... 87

D. Concentrationof heavy metals in biological samples ... 89

E. Distribution of heavy metals in Shihwa Lake sediments ... 90

F. Nutrients in JX)rewater of core sediments ... 92

Section 4. Conclusions ... •··· ... . References ... •···· ... •···· ... •· •···· ... •···· ... . . .. 96

.gs Chapter 3. Studies on marine ecology ... •···--···•• l61 Section 1. Introduction •··· ... }63

Section 2. Methods of survey and analysis ... }65

I. Sampling and sampfo preservation ... ,, ... ., ... ., ... ]65

-14-

(17)

A. Phytoplankt0n • B. Zooplankton C. Microorganisms • D. Benthos

Section 3. Results and discussion . I. Phytoplankton ... ..

A. Species composition • B. Species abundance . 2. Zooplankton

A. Species composition .

B. Abundance and dominant species - C. Results ....

3. Microorganism •··

... !GS

· ... 1G5 -16S . ... !G8 . .. 170 .. I 70 ... 170 170

··· 171 171

···••172

···•• 172

···•• 17:l A. Total Bacterial Number and Heterotrophic bacterial number - ··· 17:1 B. Coliform bacteria

C. Bacterial production and heterotrophic activity ....

D. Sulfate reducing bacteria E. Sulfate reduction rates ....

4. Bcnthos ..

A. Benthic environment B. Meiobenthos

C. Macrobcnthos References

-15-

... J 74 . ... !7,0 176

··· 177 . .... 178 ... 178 .. 181

··· ]Bf)

··· 192

(18)

l

(19)

~l

1 11-

5RT:§}oJl

£l~i T~~~

~ll~

A~1:j

~12~

A]§:}§.

T~1t!§J.

1.

~itlT1

7f ';J ,'- ·

cf. % £· "' ,:: 'I_

sf

Sc ... .

t+.

pH .

cl-.

';JOJ';J

uf. COD ... .

~II 1l •Hl

~12-ll ~J)

l_ A]iU:"

~l

~ ~ l° ¹-1.{ ~ ... .

7t. A]§j-~ '}i ~~~]

.2)<5TI T1S.A}

4 . .H.1--

~

~J..J§l~1%!'~

pyritization

t}, A]g}~ ~ "r~

iH19l

ij-;].2..~%~~A}

4.

~~%A]li.£l

¾if¾ ... .

1}. ,;,BT ...

4. ~ ~ ¥ ~ pyritization

-/7-

... 21

... 23

.27 . 29 .. 30

... 30

···••31

···••33

···••36

···38

... 38

... 41

... 42

... 55

... 57

... 58

. .58

···••58

... 59

. ... 59

... 6Q . ... 60

···••61

(20)

9-.

%71.2.~%~ ··· ... 62

4.

,\~%¾9-1 ¾"5"4r ···'"··· ... 64

"1]31! ,i

"1-

',l "-

'i< ...

65

1.

~~-'r~

;i:.]-'r ... 66

7}. Aj ~ §. £Al(3-%/

'Jl

9-%/) ... 65

Y..

Aj ~ :o:_ £Al(5-%/) ... 7Q c). Aj~ "J-£"11 .21•1 £Al ···•72

2}. 1980\! 'fr-%/:<]

"J

£Af ,i ,j- ... 72

2.

sl.3-f%

~ %'?J"r9.l %7].2.~ ··· ... ⁷³

7}. li¾

"1"1%.21

-a-7]~etc11I

'Ii.,, PCBs

1!''1' ...

73

Lt. Aj~:§..

ll.¾

§!~%9-1 ctD]~{!

~± ··· ...

74

9-.

AJ:§:}§.. ~ ¾'ll-'r~ ¾7]~~~1 ~~. K:Bs ~ it"7\~~\ ~~ ~.;£ ... 75

3.

§J ~ % ~ pyritization •·· •··· •· •··· •···· •· •·· •· •···· •· •· •· ...

76

7}-. Ai¾-'r -'r~

···•76

LJ-.

It¾~~%~

¾'tl,

it"711&~ ^~¾

.~H!~ ...

77

cJ.

'i10f "1"1%.21

*71.J:etc

',l

* ',}~',} ...

⁷⁷

4. Pyritization •··· ... 78

4. ¾"5"-4;: ··· ···••81

7}-. Aj~§.. -'r¾~ ¾"5"4r ~.!f ... 31

LJ-.

5}~9¾~ ¾"5"4r iE"".!f ... ··· .... 8.5 c}. AJ:!"}- t:icf:t:_~] 9-J~"r~ °F"5"4r- ~.!f ... 37

2}. Aj~:o:_ >j%A)jj_.2j

¾';J-4/ 'If£ ...

89

i:r}. A]~§..

lf.¾

~~~9.l

¾~4f

~.!f ... 9()

1:1}. tf-=}"r¾~

~OJ:~...

^{····••92}

"1]41! ,i ;c- ··· ... 96

{l-.Jl-1¥:-~

···•98

~l Ill

'l!-

^A~

Eli

11l£Af ··· ... 151

~]11!

Aj-i! ···

···••l63

~]2~ ~A} ';Q ~~t:icf~ ··· ... 165

L "'l.fi.jH~

^~

!lelclJ-~ ... .

. ... ]65

-18-

(21)

:.J]3{i

7}, ~l%~·.::J-L~ ... lf{i LL %-i~<'J.::1~ ... JhS

cf. uJ

^{<j 1,-} ... 165

~}. AiA7-'g% ...

J(:)8

Y-. ¾~%1=4 q..~~ ... . q.

^jl'!} ... 170

... ·•• 170

... 170

. 171 ... 171

.. 172

... 172

3. u]

"g ¥-

... 17:l L}. tjj~-;ri'-;l9..j ~~- tj. "-l]i!" 1;g,;1~

'£ -l-~~°J-"-!1-i?

~. §J-~'£! ~i'.l ,t-fhJ o}_ ~~~ ~}f~ ~ 4.

>Pi 1i ..

:l- 1t.

A1Ai~7J Lt. -65JAP7 ~¥- 4.

tjjaj

;i:p7 Ag-~

~114~ ~-~ -19- ··· ... 17:1 ... 1~

... 175

. 177 ... 178

... 178

... 181

··· ... 1~

... 192

(22)

(23)

List of Tables

. ... 10:J Table II- I. water quality parameters in Shihwa Lakd99/3/7).

Table 11-2. Water quality parameters in Shihwa Lake(99/9/4). .. ... !03 Table II-3. Water quality parameters in Shihwa Lake(KOWACO, 99/5/10). •···•• 104 Table II-4. Water quality parameters in Shihwa Lakc(99/5/10). •···"··· ... 105 Table II-5. Water quality parameters in outside of Shihwa Lakc(99/8/10) ... 106 Table II-6. The concentrations of organophosphorus pesticides residue in

Shihwa Lake and stream waters(ng/1). .. ... ]07

Table II 7. The concentrations of sulfate and DO in overlying water from

Shihwa Lake ... . .. ... 108 Table II 8. The concentrations of organic carbon, total reduced sulfur, iron

and the level of DOP and S/C ratio in sediments ... 109 Table II-9. Comparison of different methods for determining Pyrite Fe ... 110 Table II-10. Correlation coefficients(r) of different ~thcx:is for Pyrite-Fe analysis.•· .. 110 Table 11-11. Dissolved heavy metal in the waters of Shihwa Lake in 1999. • ... 111 Table II-12. Acid soluble Hg concentrations in the waters of Shihwa Lake in 19J3 .... 112 Table II-13. Dissolved heavy metals in the stream waters around Shihwa

Lake in 1999 .... ... l lJ

Table II-14. Dissolved heavy metals in the surface waters of Shihwa coastal area in August 1999 ... . .. ... 113 Table II-15. Heavy metal contents of the organisms collected from Shihwa

Lake in 1999 ... . .. .... 114

Table II-16. Results of analysis of MESS-2 marine 7'ediment reference material for detennination of trace metals ... 115 Table 11-17. The contents of heavy metals in surface sediments of the Shihwa

Lake. .. 115

Table II -18. correlation coefficients among heavy metals, mean grain size and

organic carbon in surface sediments. .. .... 116

Table II-19. Comparison of trace metal concentrations in surface sediments. ..115 Table II -20. The concentrations of dissolved iron and nutrients in porewater ... 117

-21-

(24)

Table II -21. The concentrations of fractional phosphorus and FeS in sediments. • ·· 118 Table III-I. The list of dominant phytoplankton species observed in March, 19'J.l ... 194 Table III-2. The list of dominant phytoplankton species observed in September,

1999. ···• 195 Table III-3. The variation of phytoplankton species in Shihwa Lake(94~99} ... 195 Table III-4. The list of zooplankton species observed in March, 1999. •··· .. ·• 197 Table III-5. The list of zooplankton species observed in September, 1999 ... 197 Table III -6. Seasonal variation of water temperature, water salinty and density

from surface to bottom water at each stations during May-D6:., 1999 . ... 193 Table III-7. Textural parameters of the surface sediments at each stations

in the Shihwa Lake. •··· ... 200 Table III-8. The nwnber and percentage of individuals of meiobenthos at each

stations in the Shihwa Lake ... 201 Table III-9. The number of meiobentos on each mesh size at each stations in

the Shihwa Lake ... 202 Table III-IO. The value of nematodes/benthic harpacticoids ratio at each stations

in the Shihwa Lake. •··· .. 206 Table Ill-1 l. The Faunal composition among major taxonomic groups in the

Shihwa Lake during May-Dec., 1999. •····•··· 207 Table III -12. The abundance and number of species of macrobenthos at each

seasons in the Shihwa Lake ... . . ... 208 Table III-13. The abundance and number of species among major taxonomic

groups at each stations in the Shihwa Lake during May-Dec., 1999 ... 209 Table III-14. The abundance of macrobenthos collected in the soft-bottom of

Shihwa Lake during May-Dec., 1999 ... 212 Table III-15. The Comparison of abundance and species number of macrobenthos

with previous works ... 220

-22-

(25)

List of Figures

Fig. I- L Location of study area.

Fig. I-2. Vertocal profiles of salinity at St.13 of Shihwa Lake.

Fig. I 3. Vertocal profiles of DO(%) at St.13 of Shihwa Lake.

Fig.

I -4.

1-5.

I -0.

I· 7.

I 8.

I 9.

V crtocal profiles of pH at St.13 of Shihwa Lake.

Vertocal profiles of NO:, at St.13 of Shihwa Lake.

Vertocal prbfiles of P01 at St.13 of Shihwa Lake.

Vertocal profiles of SiO2 at St.13 of Shihwa Lake.

Vertocal profiles of NH4 at St.13 of Shihwa Lake.

Vcrtocal profiles of COD at St.13 of Shihwa Lake.

Fig. I - 10. Vcrtocal profiles of Chi-a at St.13 of Shihwa Lake ... . Fig. 1- l l. Seasonal variations of dissolved heavy metals in the surface

waters at St. 13 of Shihwa Lake.

Fig. II-1. Water sampling stations in Shihwa Lake ... . Fig. II-2. Water sampling stations in Shihwa Lake(KOWACOl.

. .. 43

···•44

..4;) ... 46

···•47

···••48 . ... 49 .50 ... :) 1 .52

. ... 53 .. 119 . .. ] ) 9 Fig. II -3. Sampling stations of organic IXJllutants in Shihwa Lake and stream

waters. ... -119

Fig. II 4. Vertical profiles of water parameters at St.5 of Shihwa Lake... ... 120 Fig. II 5. Vertical profiles of water parameters at St.IO of Shihwa Lake. ... -121 Fig. II 6. Vertical profiles of water parameters at St.I:l of Shihwa Lake. •· 122 Fig. 11-7. Vertical profiles of water parameters at St.16 of Shihwa Lake. .. 123 Fig. II 8. The relationships of water parameters in Shihwa Lakc(March and

September, 1999). . ... 124

Fig. II ·9. Vertical profiles of water parameters in Shihwa Lake(May, 1999)_ ... 126 Fig. II-10. The relationships of temperature, pH, DO(%) and Salinity taken by

KOW ACO and KOROL ... · ··· .. 127

Fig. II 11. Distribution of COD in smface waters taken in 1980 from the coastal

area near Ilanweol. • --128

Fig. 11 12. The distribution of OC!'s and PCBs in surface sediments. . )29 Fig. II-13. The distribution of sediments dioxin in Shihwa Lake and Japan coastal

areas ... · ··· 130

-23-

(26)

Fig. 11-14. The distribution of dissolved OCPs and PCBs in waters.•··· ... 131 Fig. II-15. The distribution of DDVP and Diazinon in waters. •··· ··· 132 Fig. 11-16. Spatial distribution of sulfate and DO in Overlying water from Shihwa

Lake ... 133 Fig. II -17. The distribution of total phosphorus from surface sediment in Shihwa

Lake and outside of Shihwa Dike ... 134 Fig. II-18. Spatial distribution of organic carbon, total reduced sulfur and iron in

surface sediments ... 135 Fig. 11-19. Depth profiles of organic carbon, total reduced sulfur and iron

in cores ... •··· •· 136 Fig. II-20. Spatial distribution of S/C ratio and DOP in surface sediments.•···•• 137 Fig. II-21. Relationship between organic carlx:m and total reduced sulfur in surface

sediments ... •····•• 138 Fig. II-22. Depth profiles of S/C ratio and DOP in cores ... 139 Fig. II-23. Relationship between organic carbon and total reduced sulfur

in cores ... 140 Fig. II-24. Relationship between organic carbon and reactive iron in cores.•···•• 141 Fig. II-25. Vertical profiles of dissolved heavy metals of Shihwa Lake in March

l 999(St. JO) ... 142 Fig. 11-26. Correlation between salinity and dissolved heavy metals in

March 1999 ... 144 Fig. II-27. Correlation between DO and dissolved heavy metals in March 1999 ... 145 Fig. 11-28. Vertical profiles of dissolved heavy metals at St. 13 of Shihwa

Lake( 1996- 1997) ... ·· ··· ··· ·· ··· ·· ··· 146 Fig. II-29. Distribution of dissolved heavy metals in the stream waters around

Shihwa Lake(l998-19991. ... 147 Fig. 11-30. Distribution of dissolved heavy metals in the surface waters of Shihwa

coastal area(l980-1999) ... 148 Fig. 11··31. Spatial distribution of heavy metals and ratios of the heavy metals

concentration to that of a aluminium. •··· ... · ... 149 Fig. 11-32. Spatial distribution of enrichment factor in surface sediments.··· .. 150 Fig. II-33. The distribution of heavy metals in surface sediments of Shihwa

-24-

(27)

Lake. .151 Fig. II-34. Depth profiles of dissolved iron in porewater. ··· 152 Fig. II-35. Depth profiles of dissolved nutrients in porewater. •·· .... J53 Fig. II 36. Depth profiles of fractionated phosphorus in sediments. •··· ·· l.S4 Fig. ll 37. Depth profiles of FeS· S in sediments. •···· --155 Fig. II-38. Relationship between dissolved P and FeOOH in sediments. . .. ., ... ]56 Fig. 11-39. Ralationship between Fe-bound P and iron in sediments. ·· 157 Fig. II- 40. Relationship between FeS-F and dissolution total P in sediments. ··· 158 Fig. 11-41. Relationship between total reduced sulfur and acid dissolution

total P in sediments. · ···•• 159 Fig. III -I. Vertical distribution of phytoplankton biomass in water column of

Shihwa Lake. •··· ···~l

Fig. III-2. The variation of phytoplankton biomass in surface water of Shihwa

Lake ... .. .... 222

Fig. III-3. Abundance of total zooplankton and copepod observed in March and

September, 1999 ... . ... 223

Fig. III -4. Abundance of total zooplankton and copepod at each station observed in March(top) and September(bottoml, 1999 ... 224 Fig. III-5. Abundance of dominant zooplankton species observed in September,

1999. ··· ···••225 Fig. III ·6. Distribution of total bacterial number and heterotrophic bacterial number

at bottom water layers of Shihwa Lake in July, 1999. •···--····-- 226 Fig. III-7. Distribution of total bacterial number and heterotrophic bacterial number al

at smface sediments (in July, 1999) and b) depth profiles at st. 5 and 13 (in Aug. 1999) in Shihwa Lake ... .

Fig. III-8. Distribution of ruliform bacteria in Shihwa Lake in July, 1999.

. ... 227 . .. 22s Fig. III-9. Bacterial production and tum-over rate of ¹⁴C-leucine at bottom water

layers of Shihwa Lake in July, 1999 ... .. . ... ·229 Fig. III 10. Bacterial production and tum ·over rate of ¹⁴C ·leucine at surface

sediments of Shihwa Lake in July, 1999 ... •···••230 Fig. UI-11. Depth profiles of the bacterial production and tum-over rate of

HC-leucinc from the core samples of st. 5 and 13 in Shihwa Lake in

-25-

(28)

Aug., 1999. ... 231 Fig. III-12. Distribution of sulfate reducing bacteria at the sediment samples

of Shihwa Lake. •··· 232 Fig. III-13. Distribution of sulfate reducing rates at the sediment samples

of Lake Shihwa Lake. . ... 233

Fig, III-14. A map showing the study area and sampling stations for meio- and macro-benthos in the Shihwa Lake, Kyounggi Do ... 234 Fig. 111-15. The percentage of main meiofaunal groups at each stations in the

Shihwa Lake. •··· 235 Fig. III -16. The number of individuals of meiobenthos at each stations in the

Shihwa Lake. ··· ... 243 Fig. Ill-17. The cumulative percentage composition of the number of individuals at

each stations in the Shihwa Lake. -··· 244 Fig. III-18. Spatial distribution of the species number and cumulative percentage

composition of the number of macrobenthos jn each taxonomic group in the Shihwa Lake ... 245 Fig. III -19. Seasonal variation of the species diversity (H' ), species number and

abundance at each stations in the Shihwa Lake. -··· 248 Fig_ III-20. Dendrogram showing staion groups at study area in the Shihwa Lake

during May-Dec., 1999. •··· 249

-26-

(29)

5H -? .2.~0ll 21 ~ -? ^{~ ~} ^.2.~

(WATER QUALITY CHANGES BY OUTER SEAWATER INFLOW)

-27-

(30)

•

(31)

A]§}§. T1'!~

UJ-;E~J

^{!~o],¥- -J4;:.~~ of~s;J~_Q_u:J, -¥-°aoJsj..£. ~i5}c:j '?'!¾

~i±

~"-Jo] ~10}.il <;ltj-(~;;-TA}~i'A} · ~~~%:g,q, 1995 ; iJ-1 %, 1997 ; ~l ',; 1997). A]~§. T1'!7H{:! &~.Q...£. 1997~ 3-%! 0]~

lclJ-fi"~

AJ7]-3:j_Q_£ ~A]6}ll]

~l '"--"-"i

\it,°

'1'"1--lf

7f>H\t11~-S:-•H⁰

J\'!'i'-"',

1998, 19991. 1998\' 3~ 27'll ⁰1~ ±.

~-°i'-7]oJ1 uj-2.j-

~A]:?:~t}O:j

A]~§.91

lclJ-TT°

~

%'i:J"d=-&

1~ Q.j: 2,00(}~

~2_.£. }~

2

§.J ~"'lt.t2 <;11;:i:11, "'l~.:tt.liQJ

t!-1~ .,r .. ~1H~~g_

^$lt}~ T~JJ't!

w~ UJ-~·6oJl'-7

2JtHT~l %0

J4

§.t.li ~.Qj

UJ-fl-"d=oJl .QJtH

7}~ {:!-

1r!~~

7};{-j'ij:_Q_u:J, A]~ BJ_~;,,J1

.2]t>HoJ1S:.

BJ.W-T7}

~-'J~

_;.,;JQ:j:i!} ttJfi-T7} S:.~t}A]

'rt-&

^Al~~~

e-

*}o]~- 1!_~

ct. 9-JtH T~-&

BJ"ff'T7} .£°Cg~-¥, A]."{!o] A]'JoJ] u}e.}

~~s..J~ f~c.ll.QJ T'?IS..

s.:J ,5-0}7}-:=:- 0J"-Jg li!.~l:}. %-c:J ~ J:)Jff-oJ] QJ-aH §.4!

llHTQ~ l1--2

;a:J<acjQJ

~-:f:-

n;;(

SJ

~T~~ 1996~4 ti]~t}ll]

s..]~2_1-\.("{!-.;;-tHOJ";':!T~,

1997), "-J"ff"A]~,⁰ ctj~i51 .Q_

~ct) ⁰J'?}-g _t,!_0]2

'il9-. 1t!-~-tf-1i=!-oJ]Al llH¼.s.:l~

.2..

ilflT';:

~-%!6}'r*1t~j:AJ ~F-~:- A]

§}5}T*~2JAJg ~ii}ctj

.2JtH£ lclJ-*'6/"2

<;]';:ti]. Ajsj-§. -2..Cf} g 7J5::A]7]~- R4C ~ A]uJ

9-jtH

^_2_~o]

4'-~!.12

'.V,r.}-. 9:."t\-, j;j~1- A]s}t,2-12" S:"'jo]

~"'c!£10i

A]~}t,'·'i:!- .g.

~~ _,t?_';: 41HQJ AJ1~T7}

::>:12Js..J:z]

^?,;.:i!., "-]sj--2..£

%'f1!<.JT1.~Al

A]¼§.Qj _2_~o]

7} ¾ 1":tj i!.

91

tj-

~

~oJ] Al::-: t}~tsH

⁰

J";':!-=?5::oJ]Al

1996-981.::!Z!- .:I:,'-/"~ T1'!A}li~ ~~_o}erj A]-2}

§_

oii

.2j

tsH T ~- * ^'iH} ^oJ]

^{u} ::}

^T

^~^it!~~^?:^.Qj€>/" .i! A}

"t!-

c}.

-29-

(32)

96 \'!

.lE

¾ 'T' "1 ·,Hi'- I'!

:;J- C:

I 2.2 ~ 16.3%, ss AJ-"ll-"11 Aj

~

"1

.2. C:

'i/ 'T' "1 'il •J o I

³

7 I

DiJ 1jt

"iJ 'lJ

"F

\'! :,]-7 f

\lJ_ C: ',! _Q_ 5'

'-t

Ej-,;I; 9-( ~"' oj ⁰,f

'lJ

'j' J- ,

1997). 'lJ .aJ 1f-

.'f C:

"° ^A ^{f Aj}

7J"iJ

IIJ-aj-

6~10 moJIAj 'll1!'-oJI "1%11 '11¾% '11'11~c:

',!.Q.s!c

t.j-E},;l;c: tJJ,

^:i

oj~f"1

'r-ll

oil Aj:::

^7j

"1 'll 'll

^~

OJ,;J-%

.s!.s:!

q-_

9711 .H.¾'r2l ~~.g. 96\!ofl 1:ljis}tij {ijj]~.2..£ ~ j l \l:!,}~o] l:l].ii!.~ ~tj-. ~

;; 'ii_ .s!.

q- 7f %'!! <Ji

:,J

%'!! ss 7f '1! ,1

l't

t ik

~ .s!. s:! S>,

7.J-4,oJI "1

~

'il '1:1 ° I

^.3.

Al t.J-

E} 1;.;tc.\-( ~~ isff

0

_{J~-Y- ~.}_1998).

AJ

§.f. ~ 41 Sl

%% llJ-iJ-%f-

Jl 9-18"11? ~

¾'il tr

2-.SU•i

11

.:i.f.

co: YI "1 'll 1!'- o I l't o t 'l!

^.Q.uj , ,;i-*

"i "l

oJJ

'1 ::: 7.J-

q. oJJ

"1

^%11

'll li'- o I

',!

o t "i :::

>,! .Q.

ss ,a B

¥19-. 1lff'T{t~ .!\L-2-oJlAi.£ 1:,;!-.g. ~~¾ lz.O]';: 1~7} 'U~';:ct o]:;!.& 9j~ff'r7} -?r-

'll "I

C

1 4

£

'it'" A I {} YI "ii '11 ¾

⁰

I 111 '11 "I

oj

1-"ll-"il Aj :;;

oj .2. ::: 'ii

'T' 7f

1i ¾ ~ I;! j2

'.l)

c:

',!.Q.s!c .s!. '1)

t:1-. of.al

%-@ ~ Aj

¼oJ 111

Aj

"l"I

?,!-~'ii

4-%! "ii c:

.lE

¾oil Aj-\'-Ej 8 m

"l'lc: 71"1 \'!~7f

\lJ.'l!.Q.uJ, JO

m

⁰

1& -\'-E1 "f{}1'J ¾7Hlt:1-(Fig. 1-2).

::i ⁰

1~ "1

3114:~ ¾ilW°'l

«tct

lf.¾ ~

'T¾o/J"'i.'?-1 ~~

⁰1 ~r~ ¾71-~.£.ui, AJ¾⁰^J t@AJ~ 8

-%! "ii

C:

2 ~ 4 m Af

⁰

1 "ii Aj

^.3.

711 I'!~ 9J q-. ~14/

^aj

'11 "1

oj ",'

"1 ¾ 'll

^.Q.s!c

'll li'-

~

l't of 'l!

.Q. oj ,

3 m -\'-i:= "ii Aj '11 ¾ o I 'I' 'll

^O

I t.j- El-

1--f s,

'.U q.

98\'! oil c:

1]

>ii

^{aj .Q.5'.}

7-%! g ;,Jj -"l ~,

²

'T'¾"il Aj -"l

\'! :,]-

c:

3 ;<) ?,I-~ .Q. oj, 4 ~ oJj .li

¾oJJ,1 29.65%,, '1¾"il"1 31.34%,ss 5'Af7l{}¾ ,,11- ^l't711 t.J-EJ-,tq-_ 4-%/oJI::: •H"r'>I

~ A]1oJl';: ~ 30%o 78.££ -2jaff4'2} H]~"o}j]_, ~~.:g-ia ,¥--2-g ).Jj~~Jl ~ .A]~oJ1

J.j ,c~q(~'s''il'l!''l!'i'±, 1999)

0) A),)oJlc:

:O:Yl-"l l,-g l'll 1~'3" "f 1.000~1,500

~~-31 2~ llJ"fy"o}Jl, 2~ %~"5}91.2..0 £. li~ ~~g Y-E.}41';: ~o]tj-_ ~1li1-1t:!-:iil- A]:!}"trt! 7a7'111?!oJ] ~;;;]~ 7J1JoJ]Ai ~~ ~~% .!i!.,_oJ';: ~.g.

f -tf-t!-

,t.}o]oJ] ~::>:]~

~~~_g

%ts1-ci! l"i'.g.

1a"?1}

!-t:i

~°i.2..71

«lJ~

⁰

Jct.

97\'!oJ]s.. ~tlT~ %~8liL

:o:Y1"1 %% •J"l!-~'-1'1!, ¾'f~'T'(l'l/ 1~2.§1)

'a)

¾'f"J'(l.§1 500'1!1"-

⁰

i~f)

⁰

J

^aj'.lj7)

~30~

(33)

u:J!~oJl %⁰

J.'f:!

2J5HT7} ll"'6'".2..£ o]%i'S}~ ~"if£lcii:f£ Jill};:": A]?lLlloJ1 Aji'⁰

1 ·~,H:j

s=.]6-j AJ*oJ1"-i ~6-].2.~ 1fT7} ll*oJl ~zHis}E..£ ~~⁰1 \.t~Jl, 98tAoJlt- t:,£.g- ⁰

J

2i 5'..JiiHT7} %':J£19:l1]

UJl¥-oJl

Aj~o] ~"'j!r..]6-]5:.

?1-•t}~.z!:2-1

~~.;{}7} 3.A] \:'tl-~

c)IFig. I-2).

7~oJI::: lE~oJJAi

4

m ~l>I

20.40%,"-

il''ll•fJI,

5

moJl<1 il--'1•1 ';;'7fsl

S,1.2..o:J, ::I o]t}2-j T{loJ]Ai~ 7^• .QJ ~7gi'S}'.{ttj-_ S>.JiiHT2.J %'fl2_£ ~~o] _:-t.'11 ~o}

A]A]~, R~oJ1"-i~ 1;:tT.QJ ~~Jc.2..~ ~~-o1 1;;to}x]~ ~o]Lf-. ~~1:1011::::: ~5:..-{}oj]

2.Ji'i\l 6-].::::. zJ.s=...QJ AJ ~o] o]f"6-JA]~ )!.2..£

¥-

T '.U,tj-.

96\:!Q.J -§-e~J:::_¥_~%1'-f-:- _:I:A}7]."{}'6" AJ-fi-A1~ ~ ~]9..j"b}JI~: jj2-j 100% o]AJ";i

!t

'l:1 JI, 200%

⁰

1

^AJ-^2-5'- cf r:)

'-1 c 14-

.Sc

9.l 9J

cj( ~

'<'•l

⁰

J

'l! ',' '.-, 1997 J ⁰

1 uil oJI :--

⁰

1

le

ct. T~~ ~~~: 6~8 m o]t,}2-j T{loJ]Ai Al{!±§}{! AJEJl~- L}E}\+.l:-t-11, 10%! nj II~ 5:A}oJ]AlC T.:S-9.J AJ¾~7} ::<}~ ±~£16-J ll~-4 A1t2-1 %~-'~!.{:~2-j :t}7}

~i6-J7-]JI 9].9_o:j, Ai{!-±~Q.J

ii.

⁰]5:.

ril'{!-

1:c.Jllc}.

97\'! 4%12.J %e{!-±

£st£::

^50%⁰]5}.£ '::,!-~.2..4, 8-'t:loJl:- 176%£ ⁰

H-'i'-

2-9,

2 m 4'-lloJIJ.i.Sc .l'~.Sc 137%.£ rc~I

LfE\,J:cJ(Fig.

1-3).

4

m

⁰

l•foJJ,j;--

^<O.l

ml/I ⁰Pr}£ Ai~±¾% ⁰]f"JI

919:lt:+.

96~ 5:"-}oJl"-i::::: 'T{l 6-8 moJ1"-i AJ{'-⁰

1

t;j '-J5.'Jc.j 9}9:l.9.4, 97\:!oJl·C $loJ]Al 7]~~ t:1}~ ~o] AJ;o] t>JlcJ~ 4 m o]8}01]"-l A]

{1-S::¾~ o]-'f-~ 1!o]tj-_ 10~2.J Ai*oJ]Ai {!-S:7} -£'zHB}~~ }!,°. ::f::A)-A]{I-O] 21tHT':~

*'fl1~A] ~u)-£1x] ?J-o}A1 S:A}~ ~7] ujJ~o1c)-. S>.Ji5HT~.- %'fl~A] ~u} s=.jA] BJ-o}

_tA}~ 9"J7] Tr\l~oJl,

.'tr~~

~~o] o],¥-c.Jx]x] ~o} ~<?~7.J,t~ T.tj7} -f•zHt}:: ¾2-

s_ !,!_'?..]ct. 98\:! %~-'jS::

±~rJ:,':'_

4~oJl If..i-2 moJ1A1 140% ⁰]7}..2.__ii_ ?t.2..°i :1

0

JSl"i 4'-lloJJ.>.1:.C i!'li~l~I t+e+;J:i:f. 7-%1~1:c ll¾oJJJ.1 222%5'. nH-'1- ','9.l."-,9, 4 m

JJ}?-1 ~iHQ ~±tt~..2_4, :I ⁰]5}21 T{JoJJJ,i~

71£1

QoJ] 7},Y7-l1 L}E)-1;.J-tj-. )]~~ 9j tHT~ -f'r':JO}t:it'-}5:. aj;:';~oJ]~ Ai~T7} A1-'j±s} !r..];:

~/J-

⁰1 LtE-l-4.i!. 9)~~ 3:Jo]

cf. pH

-31-

Al:£~.2.21 oH*:£JOil cc1-e ~~~:£~ ~

BSPE 99751-00-1202-4