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THE 10th ISLAMIC BANKING, ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2022
(iBAF 2022)
Blood Donation Among Muslim Young Adults (Extended Abstract)
Syadiyah Abdul Shukor
Faculty of Economics and Muamalat, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia E-mail: [email protected] (corresponding author)
Nur Shahira Mohamad Nor
Jabatan Perdagangan, Politeknik Kota Bharu, KM24, Kok Lanas, 16450 Ketereh, Kelantan Malaysia E-mail: [email protected]
1. INTRODUCTION
Blood is a vital component needed in medical institutions to save lives in several circumstances, including operations, blood disorders, injuries, pregnancy difficulties, transplants, and many other diseases. Donating blood in Islam is permitted if it is not harmful to the donor’s health and well-being and when it is deemed helpful to other Muslims that need it. Early this year, the Health Ministry of Malaysia has extended urgent plea for the public to donate blood as a surge in demand has led to a depleted inventory at the NBC (Arumugam, 2022). Thus, the need for blood donation is high.
Previous studies have demonstrated distinguishing characteristics between blood donor and non-blood donor (Ling et al. 2018; Beerli-Palacio and Santana, 2015). Young people are less inclined to donate blood than older persons, according to Marantidou et al. (2007). Similar findings were found in studies conducted by Kasraian (2010), Volken et al. (2013), and Ou et al. (2015). The authors reported that higher responses rates were among older donors. Therefore, this study investigates the drivers, barriers, and facilitators of blood donation among Muslim young adults in Malaysia who are both donors and non-donors. By analysing the difference between donors and non-donors’ behaviour, specific marketing program can be suggested to increase participation among Muslim young adults in blood donation. In addition, blood donation can contribute to the achievement of Goal 3 of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which is “Health and Welfare for All”.
2. METHODS
Using convenience sampling, a total of 198 completed survey questionnaires were received in this study. The survey questionnaire was divided into two main sections. The first section contained general questions on respondents’ demographic information (such as gender, age, and location) and blood donation experience including previous experience in blood donation and blood type. In section two, respondents were asked about their views and opinions on drivers, barriers, and facilitators to donate blood. All items were measured by asking respondents questions in the form of a five-point Likert scale ranging from “1” (strongly disagree) to “5” (strongly agree).
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Descriptive Analysis
Table 1 illustrates the respondents’ profile and blood donation experience. In total, 74.7% of the respondents were females and 25.3% per cent were males. The information on age showed that more than half (87.9%) aged between 18 and 24 years old and the remaining (12.1%) aged between 25 and 34 years old. With regards to the respondents’ location, 40.6% came from East of Malaysia, followed by South of Malaysia (23.4%), Central (20.3%), and Sabah & Sarawak (1.0%). Out of 198 respondents, 75 respondents or 37.9% have donated blood while 123 respondents or 62.1% have not donated blood.
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Table 1. Demographic Profiles and Blood Donation Experience.
Description (n=198)
Frequency (%)
Demographic Profile
Gender Male 50 25.3
Female 148 74.7
Age 18 - 24 174 87.9
25 - 34 24 12.1
Location
North (Perlis, Penang, Kedah, Perak) 29 14.7
East (Pahang, Kelantan, Terengganu) 80 40.6
Central (Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Putrajaya) 40 20.3
South (Negeri Sembilan, Melaka, Johor) 46 23.4
Sabah & Sarawak 2 1.0
Blood Donation Experience Experience in
donating blood
Yes (Donor) 75 37.9
No (Non-Donor) 123 62.1
Blood Type
Type A 26 13.3
Type B 30 15.4
Type AB 15 7.7
Type O 59 30.3
Not sure 65 33.3
3.2. Chi-Square test of independence
Chi-square statistics were used to examine association between gender (male and female) and experience in donating blood (yes and no). Based on Table 2, there is significant association between gender and experience in donating blood. Females are more likely than males have the experience to donate blood (x2 = 4.101, df = 1, p<0.05).
3.3. Independent t-test
An independent samples t-test was conducted to compare between donor and non-donor on the drivers, barriers, and facilitators to donate blood. As shown in Table 3, there were significant differences (t(188) = 2.721, p<0.05) in the mean scores of drivers to donate blood with mean score for donor (M =4.0078 SD = .57484) was higher than non-donor (M =3.7717, SD = .58634). In addition, significant differences (t(189) = -6.146, p<0.001) in the mean scores of barriers to donate blood with mean score for non-donor (M =2.8884 SD = .66121) was higher than donor (M =2.1290, SD = .87545). This result shows that non-donor perceived more barriers to donate blood as compared to donors. Finally, no significant differences were found between donor and non-donor in terms of facilitator to donate blood (t(189) = -1.457, p=0.147).
Table 2. Crosstabulation Table (Gender * Experience in Donating Blood).
Gender Total
Female Male Do you have an
experience donating blood?
Yes
Count 62 13 75
% within Do you have an experience donating blood? 82.70% 17.30% 100.00%
% within What is your gender? 41.90% 26.00% 37.90%
No
Count 86 37 123
% within Do you have an experience donating blood? 69.90% 30.10% 100.00%
% within What is your gender? 58.10% 74.00% 62.10%
Total
Count 148 50 198
% within Do you have an experience donating blood? 74.70% 25.30% 100.00%
% within What is your gender? 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymptotic Significance
(2-sided) Exact Sig.
(2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 4.011a 1 0.045
Likelihood Ratio 4.165 1 0.041
Fisher's Exact Test 0.063 0.032
Linear-by-Linear Association 3.991 1 0.046
N of Valid Cases 198
a 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 18.94.
b Computed only for a 2x2 table
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Table 3. Independent Samples Test.
Mean SD
Levene's Test for Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean Difference
Std. Error Difference
95% Confidence Interval of the
Difference Lower Upper Drivers to
donate blood
Donor 4.0078 .57484 .010 .922 2.721 188 .007 .23616 .08680 .06493 .40738 Non-
Donor 3.7717 .58634 2.733 155.220 .007 .23616 .08640 .06548 .40683 Barriers to
donate blood
Donor 2.1290 .87545 .951 .331 -6.146 189 .000 -.75939 .12356 -1.00312 -.51565 Non-
Donor 2.8884 .79738 -6.006 139.081 .000 -.75939 .12644 -1.00938 -.50939 Facilitator
to donate blood
Donor 3.2726 .66121 .438 .509 -1.457 189 .147 -.13709 .09408 -.32267 .04848 Non-
Donor 3.4097 .61062 -1.429 140.644 .155 -.13709 .09595 -.32678 .05259
5. CONCLUSION
This study investigates the drivers, barriers, and facilitators of blood donation among Muslim young adults in Malaysia who are both donors and non-donors. Results showed that females were more likely than males have the experience to donate blood. Also, donor showed a significant higher mean scores of drivers to donate blood while non-donor showed a higher means in terms of barriers to donate blood. This finding suggests that to motivate non-donors to donate blood, barriers that prevent them from doing so should be addressed.
References
Arumugam, T. (2022). Malaysia’s blood centre calling for ‘type O heroes’. New Straits Times. Available from https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2022/03/782995/malaysias-blood-centre-calling-type-o-heroes
Beerli-Palacio, A., and Martín-Santana, J. D. (2015). How to increase blood donation by social marketing. International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing, 12(3), 253-266.
Kasraian, L. (2010). Causes of discontinuity of blood donation among donors in Shiraz, Iran: cross-sectional study. Sao Paulo Medical Journal, 128, pp. 272-275.
Ling, L. M., Hui, T. S., Tan, A. K., and Ling, G. S. (2018). Determinants of blood donation status in Malaysia: Profiling the non-donors, occasional donors and regular donors. Kajian Malaysia: Journal of Malaysian Studies, 36(1). pp. 43-62.
Marantidou, O., Loukopoulou, L., Zervou, E., Martinis, G., Egglezou, A., Fountouli, P., Dimoxenous, M., Parara, M., Gavalaki, M. and Maniatis, A. (2007). Factors that motivate and hinder blood donation in Greece. Transfusion Medicine, 17(6), pp. 443-450.
Ou, Y., Yau, K. K. W., Poon, C. M., Hui, Y. V., Lee, S. S., and Lee, C. K. (2015). Donation frequency and its association with demographic characteristics–a 1‐year observational study. Transfusion Medicine, 25(6), pp. 366-373.
Volken, T., Weidmann, C., Bart, T., Fischer, Y., Klüter, H., and Rüesch, P. (2013). Individual characteristics associated with blood donation:
A cross-national comparison of the German and Swiss population between 1994 and 2010. Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy, 40(2), pp. 133-138.
