MASTIC would like to thank all individuals and organizations for their help and contributions to the successful completion of the Malaysian Science and Technology Indicators Report 2006. Malaysia Science and Technology Indicators Report 2006 Malaysia Science and Technology Indicators Report 2006 Malaysia Science and Technology Indicators Report 2006 iii.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
LIST OF ORGANISATIONAL ABBREVIATIONS
Malaysian Science and Technology Indicators 2006 Report Malaysian Science and Technology Indicators 2006 Report Malaysian Science and Technology Indicators Report 2006 v.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The key findings that emerged from this study are as follows: i) There has been a steady increase in the total number of students registering for science and mathematics subjects at both the SPM and STPM levels. There was a significant increase in the number of students pursuing Arts and other non-science and engineering courses during this period.
INTRODUCTION
PREAMBLE
Particular attention has been paid to the promotion of R&D and the development of S&T personnel. This biennial report represents the seventh volume published by the Malaysian Science and Technology Information Center (MASTIC), Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation.
HOW THE REPORT WAS PREPARED
These include the Science and Technology Policy 2, the National Biotechnology Policy, the Industrial Master Plan 3 and the Ninth Malaysia Plan, among others. The infrastructure for STI has been expanded and strengthened with the establishment of several new research and technology development and promotion institutions, including specific initiatives to advance information and communication technology and biotechnology.
ORGANISATION OF THE REPORT
EDUCATION IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this chapter is to present an overview of the state of science and technology education in Malaysia, from the upper secondary school level where science-related subjects are first developed, to the tertiary education level that includes Bachelor's programs. , Master's and Doctorate level. An analysis of the data obtained will then be made with a view to assessing the state of progress of science and technology education in this country over the past three years or so.
EDUCATION IN SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS AT THE SECONDARY AND PRE-UNIVERSITY LEVEL
- Science and Mathematics at the SPM Level
- Science and Mathematics at the STPM Level
Data obtained from educational institutions in the public and private sectors will be used to compare enrollment in arts and science-related fields of study to assess the extent to which the government's efforts to increase the country's science and technology workforce are being achieved. The data collected will cover at least a three-year period, if not longer, in order to detect any noticeable trends.
EDUCATION IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYEDUCATION IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
- TERTIARY EDUCATION IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
- Public Educational Institutions
- Enrolment in First Degree Courses
- Graduations in First Degree Courses at Public Educational Institutions, 1994-2004
- Enrolment in Graduate Degree Courses
- Graduations In Post-Graduate Degree Courses
- TERTIARY EDUCATION IN S&T IN PRIVATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
- Enrolment in First Degree Courses
- Graduation in First Degree Courses
- Enrolment in Post-Graduate Degree Courses
- Graduations in Post-Graduate Courses
- Enrolment in Other Programs (Certificate / Diploma / Advanced Certificate / Advanced Diploma) at Private Educational Institutions, 2003-2005
- Graduations in Other Programs (Certificate / Diploma / Advanced Certificate / Advanced Diploma) at Private Educational Institutions, 2003-2005
- SOME GENDER COMPARISONS
- Gender Comparison for Enrolment in First Degree Courses in Public Educational Institutions from 2003 to 2005
- Gender Comparison for Enrolment in First Degree Courses in Private Educational Institutions from 2003 to 2005
- CONCLUSION
Tertiary science and technical education is provided by both public and private educational institutions, with the majority being provided by public educational institutions. Enrollment in undergraduate programs at private educational institutions (university level) within fields of study, 2003-2005.
HUMAN RESOURCE FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
HUMAN RESOURCE FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYHUMAN RESOURCE FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
- INTRODUCTION
- NATIONAL HEADCOUNT AND FTE
- Human Resource by Qualification
- Human Resource by FTE
- Research Personnel (headcount) by Sector, Nationality and Types of Research (2004)
- Participation of Women in R&D
- Researchers by Selected Field of Research (FOR), 2004
- Researchers by Selected Socio-Economic Objectives (SEO), 2004
- International Comparison
- HUMAN RESOURCE IN GRIs
- HUMAN RESOURCE IN IHLs
- HUMAN RESOURCE IN PRIVATE SECTOR By Headcount
In terms of headcount and FTE, the majority of R&D personnel came from the agricultural sector. Figure 3.17 shows the distribution of R&D personnel in the top ten IHR in 2004.
Chapter 3HUMAN RESOURCE FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYEDUCATION IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
- CONCLUSION
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIESRESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
- INTRODUCTION
- R&D Expenditure by Sectors, Types, Field of Research and Socio-Economic Objectives
- SOURCES OF FUND IN 2004
- OUTSOURCED R&D
- R&D IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR
- R&D IN GRIs
- R&D IN IHLs
- SOME SUGGESTED KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS (KPIs) Funding agencies recognise the need of performance measures to demonstrate the
- CONCLUSION
This trend continued into 2002, with a slight drop in 2004 with Applied Research contributing 55.4% of the national BEO, followed by Experimental Development (28.5%) and Basic Research (16.1%). Manufacture of office, accounting and computer machinery – RM414.5 million (20.4% of total private sector expenditure). However, the research intensity (GDP/GDP ratio) decreased from 0.69 in 2002 to 0.63 in 2004, mainly due to the larger increase in the national GDP during the same period following the strong rate of economic growth.
The total GERD of the public and private sectors has shown an increase from RM2,500.6 million in 2002 to RM2,843.8 million in 2004, with the private sector contributing 71.5% of the total expenditure.
PUBLIC SUPPORT FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION
PUBLIC SUPPORT FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATIONPUBLIC SUPPORT FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION
- INTRODUCTION
- APPLICATION AND APPROVAL FOR S&T-RELATED GRANT SCHEMES
Science, technology and innovation (STI) are widely recognized as strategic factors that support productivity growth, competitiveness of enterprises, economic performance and the achievement of social goals of nations. Box 5.1 provides a brief description of the various direct and indirect support measures adopted in a number of countries to promote R&D and innovation activities. ARTICLE ROOM 5.1: Selected literature reviews on the adoption of fiscal incentives, support measures and R&D fiscal policy for promoting R&D and innovation activities.
Source: Van Pottelsberghe, B., Nysten, S., Megally, E. 2003), Working Paper 'Evaluation of Current Tax Incentives for Business R&D in Belgium', Solvay Business School, Universite libre de Bruxelles, http://www . belspo/stat/rap/scRDJune03.pdf OECD (1996) Fiscal measures to promote research and development and innovation.
PUBLIC SUPPORT FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATIONPUBLIC SUPPORT FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATON
- Commercialisation of R&D Fund (CRDF )
R&D&C Funding Mechanism in 9MP
TechnoFundScienceFund
- Demonstrator Application Grant Scheme (DAGS)
- Multimedia Super Corridor R&D Grant Scheme (MGS)
- Industry R&D Grant Scheme (IGS)
- Industrial Technical Assistance Fund (ITAF)
- DOUBLE DEDUCTION FOR TAX PURPOSES
- R&D INVESTMENT INCENTIVES
- PROBLEMS FACED BY INDUSTRY IN APPLYING FOR R&D INCENTIVES
- Chapter 5PUBLIC SUPPORT FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATIONINNOVATION IN MANUFACTURING SECTOR
Despite the introduction of the CRDF, the number of applications and approvals under this scheme has stagnated in recent years as revealed in Figure 5.3. This number of applications did not deviate significantly from the figure applied during the period 2000-2002. A disturbing observation is the small number of projects that were approved during the last two years, namely 2004-2005.
Support from programs such as the IGS has contributed to the success stories of a number of local companies internationally.
INNOVATION IN THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR
CONCLUSION
This chapter revealed that the government has introduced both fiscal and non-fiscal incentives to promote R&D in the country. Accessibility is essential as the effectiveness of various R&D incentive schemes – both fiscal and non-fiscal – is dependent on their administrative design. There has been a marked decrease in the number of applicants and approvals for almost all the R&D grant schemes.
Such a decline does not bode well in our efforts to strengthen our companies' capabilities and capacity to compete in global markets.
INNOVATION IN MANUFACTURING SECTORINNOVATION IN MANUFACTURING SECTOR
- INTRODUCTION
- SHARE OF INNOVATING FIRMS
- Industry Distribution
- Ownership Distribution
- Size Distribution
- Age Distribution
- Geographical Distribution
- Innovation Types
- Turnover Distribution
- Ownership Structure
- INNOVATION DRIVERS
- Innovation Objectives
- Sources of Information for Innovation
- INNOVATION-RELATED INVESTMENT
- INNOVATION EFFECTS
- Innovation-related Turnover
- Intellectual Property Registration
- INNOVATION OBSTACLES
- LONGITUDINAL EVIDENCE: 1997-1999, 2000-2001 and 2002-2004 Surveys
- Size Distribution
- New Products
- Innovation Expenditure
- CONCLUSION
This chapter provides the state of innovation in the manufacturing sector in Malaysia, including changes from previous years. The share of firms reporting process, product, and project innovations in progress remained strong in the 2002-2004 survey. Government support (incentives, grants, loans and other incentives) scored the highest (235 firms) in 2002-2004 in the category of great importance (Figure 6.15).
Inter-temporal innovative firms in the manufacturing sector experienced either an increase or a decrease in size over the period 1997-2004.
TRADE IN TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
The previous chapter presented a largely rosy report on the state of innovation in the manufacturing sector, although the proportion of firms reporting a reduction in innovation expenditure rose sharply between 2002 and 2004. in the balance of payments of royalties. This chapter presents the state of technology trade in Malaysia, focusing on trade in goods and services.
To maintain comparative significance with the statistics used in the past, this chapter uses the classifications defined in the previous reports.
TRADE IN MANUFACTURED GOODS
- Manufactured Imports
- Manufacturing Trade Balance
A small increase in the share of high-tech and medium-high-tech goods in Malaysia's manufactured export structure in 2003–2004. The share of high-tech goods in manufactured imports decreased, while the share of medium-high-tech goods increased slightly in 2003–2004. Electrical machinery and equipment recorded the only positive trade balance among the medium-high technology manufactured goods in Figure 7.8).
However, the trade balance of all other medium and high technology manufacturing industries has been negative with nominal values deteriorating in 2003-2004.
TRADE IN SERVICES
- Payments and Receipts
- Main Contributors to Payments and Receipts
- Royalties
- Contract and Professional Charges
- Construction and Engineering Fees
The biggest improvement in the services account was recorded in construction and engineering costs. With the exception of 2003, these movements in the period 1999-2004 were reflected in an increase in the construction and engineering balance. The United States remained the largest recipient of contractual and professional payments during this period, although its share has declined since 2002 (see Figure 7.19).
Overall, the construction and engineering trade accounts have shown a significant increase in income and a positive balance in the other category in 2004.
CONCLUSION
However, the erosion in labor is not reflected in any slowdown in high-tech exports. While the trade balance of major high-tech exports was positive, that of major medium-high-tech industries was negative in the period 2003-2004. Office, accounting and computer machinery, as well as radio, television and telecommunications equipment recorded the highest trade surpluses among high-tech manufacturing industries in 2003-2004.
Electrical machinery and equipment recorded the only positive trade balance among the medium-high technology manufactured goods in 2003-2004.
PUBLICATIONS AND CITATIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- METHODOLOGY
- OVERVIEW OF PUBLICATIONS OF MALAYSIA AND ASEAN
- STRATEGIC FIELDS OF RESEARCH IN MALAYSIA (2001-2005)
- Applied Physics/Condensed Matter/Material Sciences
- Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
- GLOBAL COMPARISON OF PUBLICATIONS
- CITATION TRENDS IN MALAYSIA
- AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTION AND IMPACT
- SCIENTIFIC COLLABORATION AND COOPERATION
- SOME CITATION TRENDS
- CONCLUSION
Comparing the current graph with Figure 8.6(b) of the S&T Indicators 2004 report, there have been many significant changes in the last 5 years. The majority of the articles in Physical Chemistry/Chemical Physics are published in the journal Acta Crystallographica E, which has an Impact Factor on it. Malaysia's Share of World Production in Applied Physics/. 126 Malaysian Science and Technology Indicators 2006 Report Malaysian Science and Technology Indicators 2006 Report 127 .
The citation counts of a paper reflect the impact of the paper in the specific field or subfield.
PATENTING IN MALAYSIA
- INTRODUCTION
- PATENT APPLICATIONS FILED AND GRANTED IN MALAYSIA FROM 1996 – 2005
- Patent Applications Filed in Malaysia, 1996-2005
- Patents Granted in Malaysia, 1996-2005
- Patents Granted in Malaysia by Field of Technology
- Patent Applications and Patents Granted in Malaysia by Country
- TIMELINE IN GRANTING OF PATENT IN SELECTED COUNTRIES The time taken for a patent application to mature to grant in Malaysia is about 60 months or 5
- PATENTS GRANTED BY THE UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADE MARK OFFICE (USPTO) FOR SELECTED COUNTRIES
- INVENTOR AWARDS
- CONCLUSION
This decrease is largely due to the decrease in the number of applications submitted by non-Malaysians. The increase is largely due to the increase in the number of approved patents for non-Malaysians. This represents a 100% increase in the number of patents issued in chemistry and metallurgy.
This represents an almost tripling of the number of patents in the field of electricity.
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN MALAYSIAINFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN MALAYSIA
- INTRODUCTION
- ICT INFRASTRUCTURE AND ACCESS
- ICT INDUSTRY
As shown in Figure 10.2, DELs in Malaysia can be classified into residentially owned and business owned. Overall, the total number of subscriptions for DELs in Malaysia recorded a slight decrease from about 4.67 million to 4.37 million during the period 2002-2005. The total number of subscribers and penetration rate for DELs in Malaysia recorded a slight decline in 2002-2005.
For example, as shown in Figure 10.7, the broadband subscription penetration rate in Malaysia in 2005 is 1.86.
Major exporters of ICT goods, 2003
E-COMMERCE
In terms of e-commerce activities, most e-commerce activities were business-to-business (B2B) versus business-to-consumer (B2C). B2B activities accounted for nearly 70% to 78% of the e-commerce market from 2002 to 2004, and these trends are expected to continue in the coming years.
INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS
Regionally, Malaysia ranks among the top three ASEAN countries in terms of penetration of telephone lines, mobile phones and Internet subscriptions per 100 inhabitants, as shown in Figure 10.14. Malaysia's position in these selected indicators, with the exception of mobile phone penetration, is well below the levels observed in OECD countries such as the US, UK, Australia and Japan. Malaysia is among the top three ASEAN countries in terms of telephone lines, mobile phones and internet subscriptions per 100 inhabitants.
Malaysia's ICT prices are competitive on most indicators, except for broadband costs, where we are even more expensive than most OECD countries.
CONCLUSION
Indonesia Thailand Singapore Japan New Zealand Finland Korea UK Australia US France Netherlands Germany Malaysia. Philippines Singapore Thailand Indonesia France New Zealand Germany Netherlands Australia Japan Finland USA UK Malaysia. Source: Communication and Multimedia: Selected Facts and Figures (Q1), Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission, 2006 and World Competitiveness Yearbook 2006.
PUBLIC AWARENESS, KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS
PUBLIC AWARENESS, KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE
- INTRODUCTION
- THE FINDINGS
- Perceived Interest in Science and Technology
- Perceived Knowledge in Science and Technology
- Attitude Towards Science and Technology
For example the statement: "The oxygen we breathe comes from plants", to which they must give a true/false answer. Malaysians were least interested in 'using nuclear technology' (where only 33.6% were in the interested and very interested category), followed by space exploration (44.3%), and economics and trade (44.5%). Perceived knowledge is defined as 'the public's perceptions of what they know about science and technology', and is measured by the respondents' answers to 11 items in Question 14 of the 'Public's Awareness of Science and Technology Malaysia 2004' in which they were asked . to say whether they had good, average, poor or no knowledge about the 11 issues.
Malaysians' attitudes towards S&T were measured in terms of their responses to questions and 21 of 'The Public's Awareness of Science and Technology Malaysia 2004'.
