Despite its proximity to the epicenter of the earthquake, Malaysia escaped the kind of damage that struck countries thousands of kilometers away. Structures and buildings in Malaysia are designed in accordance with British Standard (BS) which neglects seismic loading. This research aims to strengthen the fatigue life of; ed concrete beam-column connection under moderate earthquake loading.
It was observed that the maximum displacement of the structure under the earthquake load is 5.45 mm, while the fatigue damage of the structure due to the equivalent cyclic load is 28%. Meanwhile, a structure in Malaysia that has undergone an earthquake with VI MMI will have 72% of fatigue remaining. I would like to personally convey my appreciation to furaimi, and others who contributed directly and indirectly to the completion of this project.
In addition to the local earthquakes, Nast Malaysia is also affected by tremors resulting from large earthquakes over the Southern Philippines and North Sulawesi. Figure 1 shows the frequencies of cartquakc that occurred in Malaysia and the maximum modified Mercalli scale observed in each state. The seismic design philosophy relies on providing the structure with sufficient ductility that allows the structure to dissipate seismic energy.
Most of the structures and buildings in Malaysia are made of concrete and designed according to the RS Rooster.
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Until the IXth century, f'cw factual descriptions of earthquakes were recorded, and the natural cause of earthquakes was little understood. Those who did look at natural causes reached conclusions that seem fanciful today; one popular theory was that earthquakes were caused by air rushing out of kavcros deep in the Iiarrth's interior. The curliest known earthquakes in the Americas were in Mexico in the late 14th century and in Peru in 1471, but descriptions of the cf%rts were not well documented.
By the 17th century, descriptions of the effects of earthquakes were being published around the world - although these accounts were often exaggerated or distorted. When seismic waves reach the surface of the earth in such places, they give rise to what is known as strong ground motion. Strong ground motions cause buildings and other structures to move and shake in a variety of complex ways.
The intensity scale consists of a series of certain key reactions such as people waking up, movement of furniture, damage to chimneys, and finally - total destruction. Although numerous intensity scales have been developed over the past several hundred years to evaluate the effects of earthquakes, the one currently used in the United States is the Modified Mcrcalli Intensity Scale. It has no mathematical basis; instead, it is an arbitrary ranking based on observed etlccts.
The lower numbers on the intensity scale usually refer to how people feel the earthquake. The name -fatigue- is based on the concept that a material becomes "fatigued" and fails at a stress level below the nominal strength of the material. Since fatigue cracks generally initiate at the surface, the surface condition of the stressed ciTect component will have an effect on its fatigue life.
Surface roughness is important because it is directly related to the level and number of stress concentrations on the surface. The Ibc rainflow counting algorithm (also known as the "rainflow counting method") is used in the analysis of fatigue data to convert a spectrum of varying stresses into a series of simple stress reversals. Although there are a number of cycle-counting algorithms for such an application, the rainilow method is the most popular.
Project Workflow
34;MUM
All strain gauges were pasted along the centerline of the reinforcing bar in such a way that the local bending effect could be eliminated. This earthquake was chosen because it is a moderate type*carthgtutkc with an average peak acceleration of 4Ocm/s'. According to Modified Merculli Intensity, a Type VI earthquake can cause minor damage to the structure and cause anyone to overturn.
Ilse ruinflow methyl most commonly used 11 r .. converts random mcasurcmcnts to cycles and has been standardixcd. the ruinflow procedure opcrutcs at Mining hall cyclcs whcrc significant cluingcs in reslx)nsc direction occur.. I'hcsc half'-cyclcs arc then matchcd to protlucc full cyclcx.. l he output is scrics of cyclcs with calculatcd moan- values, not necessarily /crn, and atnplitudcs. Mechanical engineers in particular regularly use fatigue dwnagc calculation as part of the design process. Assuming no recovery between load events, the remaining part of the lätiguc culutcity aller an event I -1''1)/. So if H)/ is equal to 0.60, approx. 4Q0 of clement litiguc available for future events. This chapter will give details about the result of dice test and static test.
Dynamic test data was not processed, so there is no dynamic test data. Extensive strength tests were carried out on the cubes for K days and 14 days to verify the designed concrete strength. The deflection of the sample increases continuously with the applied load until the plastic limit is reached. The nonlinear response of IBC is caused by two major conflicts, namely cracking of concrete under tension, and yielding or crushing of concrete under tension.
Non-linkaritic also arises from the interaction of the constituents of rcinfiorccd concrete, such as bond slip between rreinforcing steel and surrounding concrete, aggregate interlocking at a crack and pin action of the reinforcing steel crossing a crack. According to the Modified McCalli Intensity Scale (MMIS), an earthquake with an average peak acceleration of 40cm/s' is classified as type V1. This earthquake was chosen because it is a moderate earthquake and the earthquake is certain that this type of earthquake can occur in Malaysia.
According to the Malaysian Mctcorological Deportment, there are many carthyuahc with an intensity of VI or morc in Malaysia. A bad situation would occur if an earthquake with an intensity of VI or higher occurs. It is assumed that the belt is supported at both ends and that a point load is located at the center of the beam.
The strain caused by this earthquake can be calculated by determining the stress value for each displacement during the seismic period. Using this result, considerable precautions can be taken if this type of earthquake occurs again and casualties can be prevented.
IIAP"1'I? R 5
III Felt quite noticeable indoors, especially on the upper floors of buildings, but many people do not recognize it as an earthquake. VIII Damage minor in specially designed structures. is considered cruel in ordinary, substantial buildings, which partially collapse. great in poorly built structures. X Some well-built wcxxicn structures have been destroyed; most of the masonry and frame structures have been destroyed with foundations, the ground is severely cracked.
XI Fcw, if any structure (masonry) remains standing.. pipes completely out of order. the bow falls and the ground slides! bunch of land It can cause serious damage to aruax several hundred miles across.
