MODELLING OF THE OPERATIONS OF FLOOD DIVERSION BARRAGE DURING DRY SEASON
Suhaila Bt Mahamod
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530 Bachelor of Engineering with Honours
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P. KHIDMAT MAKLUMAT AKADEMIK UNIMAS
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UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
R13a BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS
Judul: MODELLING OF THE OPERATIONS OF FLOOD DIVERSION BARRAGE DURING DRl' SEASON
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2009/2010
Saya SUHAILA BT MAHAMOD
(HURUF BESAR)
mengaku membenarkan tesis * ini disinipan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
I. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.
2. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.
3. Membuat pendigitan untuk membangunkan Pangkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan.
4. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.
5. ** Sila tandakan ( 0 ) di kotak yang berkenaan 0
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SULZT (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).
TERI I A D (Mengandungi maklumat TER}lAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/
badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan).
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('I'ANDATANGAN PENU'LIS) (TANIIATANGAN PENYELIA)
nlamat tetap: F118 LORONG 13,
KG l3l IARU NELAYAN, PROFESSOR FREDERIK J. PUTUHENA
Nama Penyelia 45300 SG 13F, SAR, SELANGOR.
Tarikh:
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Tarikh:
Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi ljazah Doktor Falsafah, Sarjana dan Sarjana Muda.
Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT dan TERHAD.
The following Final Year Project Report:
Title : MODELLING OF THE OPERATIONS OF THE SARAWAK RIVER FLOOD DIVERSION BARRAGE DURING DRY SEASON
Name : SUHAILA BT MAHAMOD
Matric No. : 17849
has been read and approved by:
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PROF. FREDERIK J. PUTUHENA Date
Project Supervisor
Pusat 4"ldnlat Mak; umat Akademik UNIVERS1Ti M;,. LAYSIA SARAWAK
MODELLING OF THE OPERATIONS OF THE SARAWAK RIVER FLOOD DIVERSION BARRAGE DURING DRY SEASON
SUHAILA BINTI MAHAMOD
A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the awards of the degree of Bachelor Degree with Honours
(Civil Engineering) 2010
Faculty of Engineering
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
2010
Dedicated to my beloved family and all people who
involve in my research
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praise is to Allah Subhananahu Wa Ta'ala that I have now completed my project.
All these will not be possible without the help of some very special people who has always been there for me throughout the process of completing my project. Therefore, I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. Federik J. Putuhena for his guidance, dedication and supervised me during to complete my theses. The co-operation and his spirit teaching me during doing my thesis really appreciated.
My special thanks to Nur Afnie Faryisha bt Mohd Hamzah and Dr Hii Ching Poon for they patience teaching me in using the InfoWork software, for his support and encouragement complete my project really appreciate. Not forgetting the civil lab technician Pn Shafini Bt Hamdan for her co-operations and helped me in the process of completing my project.
My heartfelt appreciation also to my beloved parents, sister and brothers who giving nee support to complete my project, their prayer and encouragement really thankful. To all my friends that supported me, I would like to thank them for their help, support and their interest for finishing this project.
i
ABSTRAK
Flood bypass channel adalah sistem tebatan banjir kedua bagi negeri Sarawak yang dibina dari Tanjung Paroh ke Batang Salak. Tujuan tebatan banjir ini dibina adalah bertujuan untuk mencegah banjir di Bandar Kuching semasa musim hujan dan air pasang. Dalam masa yang sama model ini dapat membantu masalah kualiti air di sepanjang Sungai Sarawak semasa musim kering. Pada musim kering, paras air di
`Kuching Water Front' mesti berada dalam yang paras tertentu bagi tujuan keindahan dan tarikan pelancongan. Sistem tebatan banjir akan dibuka bagi menyalurkan air untuk penyimpanan air dan pembersihan sungai di sepanjang Sungai Sarawak semasa musim kering. Penyimpanan air yang lama menyebabkan tahap kualiti air di Sungai Sarawak akan menurun dan pertambahan bendasing di Sungai Sarawak. Penyelidikan ini membincangkan tentang senario pelaksanaan sistem benteng tebatan banjir pada musim kering semasa pinto flood bypass channel ini dibuka bagi penyimpanan dan pembersihan dihilir Sungai Sarawak dengan menggunakan Infoworks River Simulations (RS). Segala perincian model dan data yang diperlukan dibentangkan di dalam laporan ini. Keputusan kajian ini telah dijalankan dikeratan rentas S46 (Kuala Maong) yang dihasilkan oleh Infoworks RS dimana hidrograf akan menunjukan aras air dan profil keratan rentas semasa musim kering. Keputusan dari penyelidikan ini menunjukkan bahawa model tebatan banjir yang kedua membantu menaikan aras air sungai walaupun tidak terlalu banyak tetapi dapat mengekalkan aras air Sungai Sarawak ketika musim kering.
ABSTRACT
Flood bypass channel is the second barrage for Sarawak where it is built from Tanjung Paroh to Batang Salak. The purpose of flood bypass channel to prevent the flooding during the wet season and king tide. At the same time, this modelling able to solve the water quality problem along the Sarawak River during dry season. During the dry season, the water flow at `Kuching Water Front' must be minimum at the certain level for tourist attraction and aesthetic view. The flood bypass channel modelling gates will be open to drain the water for storage and replenish frequently along the Sarawak River during dry season. Long storage time of water makes the water quality decrease and smelly during the dry season. This research discusses the use offlood bypass channel for low water level scenario and the effect on water quality with the flood bypass channel gates were opened, were closed and were opened and closed using Info Works (RS). All details and data on modelling approach are presented in this report. This study has been carried out at cross section S46 (Kuala Maong) generated by InfoWorks RS where the hydrograph of stage water level and cross section profile are showed. The results from this research showed the Second Barrage increases the water level; even not too much but still can maintain the water level of Sarawak River during the dry.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS
Acknowledgment Abstrak
Abstract List of Tables List of Figures
List of Abbreviations List of SymbolsChapter 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Sarawak River 1.1.1 Kuching Barrage
1. 1.2 Flood Diversion Channel 1.2 Problem of Statement
1.3 Objectives of Research 1.4 Scope of Research 1.5 Project Outline
Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Dry Season 2.1.2 Wet Season 2.2 Barrage System
2.2.1 Farakka Barrage 2.2.2 Marine Barrage
2.3 Tidal Effect on Water Quality 2.4 River Classifications in Malaysia 2.5 Water Quality Parameter
PAGES
1
11 111 V11 viii X xi
1 3 5 7 7 8 8
10
11
11
12
13
15
19
20
26
2.5.1 Dissolved Oxygen 27
2.5.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand 29
2.5.3 Chemical Oxygen Demand 30
2.5.4 pH 31
2.5.5 Ammonia Nitrogen 32
2.5.6 Suspended Solids 33
2.6 Water Quality data of Sarawak River 33
2.6.1 Sample of water Quality 35
2.6.2 Graph Of water Quality 36
2.7 Application of Inforworks (RS) Software 42 2.7.1 Infoworks Flow and Water Quality Simulation 43
2.8 Conclusion 45
Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 Collecting Data from Resources Available 50 3.3 Export Data to Inforworks (RS) Software 50
3.4 Boundary Condition 51
3.5 Sarawak River Model Development 53
3.6 Calibration and Validation Event 52
3.7 Simulation of the Second Barrage Operations 54 Scenarios
3.8 Study the Characteristic of Water Quality 55 3.9 Scenario of Flood Diversion Channel
Operations during dry season 56
3.9.1 Scenario 1 57
3.9.2 Scenario 2 57
3.9.3 Scenario 3,4 and 5 58
Chapter 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Simulations Results of Second Barrage 61
V4. 1.1 Scenario I- All gates is opened 62 4.1.2 Scenario 2 - All gates is closed 64
4.1.3 Scenario 3, 4 and 5 65
4.2 Discussion 69
Chapter 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion 70
5.2 Recommendations 71
REFERENCES 73
Appendix
Pusat ! i_tllamat ýmaKlUmal tlxauemzr liivl', 'º ':;;:, °, NI-Al AYSIA S ARAWAK
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGES
2.1 Classifications WQI-DOE 21
2.2 The River Classifications based on the DOE-WQI 21
2.3 INWQ River Classification 22
2.4 Sub index Parameter to calculate DOE-WQI 22 2.5 General Rating Scale for the Water Quality 24 2.6 Interim National River Water Quality Standards 25
2.7 Water Quality Index on March 2007 35
2.8 Water Quality Index on April 2007 36
3.1 Operation gates of Flood Diversion Channel 56
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURES PAGES
1.1 Location of Sarawak River 2
1.2 Kuching Barrage 4
1.3 Barrage Operations 4
1.4 Equipment of Flood Diversion Channel 6
1.5 Location of Flood Diversion Channel 6
2.1 Location of Farakkah Barrage 14
2.2 Farakkah Barrage 14
2.3 Location of Marine Barrage 16
2.4 Marine Barrage 17
2.5 Marine Barrage 17
2.6 Marine Barrage operation 18
2.7 Oxygen sag curve based on pollution loading 28
2.8 Oxygen sag curve constituents 28
2.9 Location of Water Quality monitoring 34
2.10 Dissolved Graph 37
2.11 Biochemical Oxygen Demand Graph 38
2.12 Chemical Oxygen Demand Graph 39
2.13 pH Graph 40
2.14 Total Suspended Solid Graph 41
3.1 Flow Chart Study 49
3.2 Triangulated Irregular Networks (TIN) of Sarawak River 50
3.3 Stage-Time Boundary Graph 52
3.4 Flow-Time Boundary Graph 52
3.5 Link and Node of Sarawak River 53
3.6 Location of Flood Diversion Channel at Sarawak River 55
3.7 Operations of Kuching Barrage 59
3.8 Second Barrage Operation in Scenario 1 59
3.9 Second Barrage Operations in Scenario 2 59
3.10 Second Barrage Operation in Scenario 3,4 and 5 60
4.1 Location of Maong River 62
4.2 Cross section and water level hydrograph in Scenario 1 63 4.3 Cross section and water level hydrograph in Scenario 2 65 4.4 Cross section and water level hydrograph in Scenario 3 66 4.5 Cross section and water level hydrograph in Scenario 4 67 4.6 Cross section and water level hydrograph in Scenario 5 68
ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AN BOD COD CBOD
DID Sarawak DOE
DO DTM ESRI
ESRI Arclnfo ESRI ArcGrid ESRI ArcView GeoPlan
GIS Info Works
Info Works RS
ISIS
NERC RS ss WQI
Ammonia Nitrate
Biochemical Oxygen Demand Chemical Oxygen Demand
Carbonaceous Biochemical Oxygen Demand Department of irrigations and Drainage Sarawak Department of Environment Malaysia
Dissolved Oxygen Digital Terrain Model
Environmental Sciences Research Institute A GIS software package of ESRI
A GIS software package of ESRI A GIS software package of ESRI
Geographical Plan, a GIS tool of InfoWorks RS Geographical Information System
A licensed hydraulic modelling software of Wallingford Software Ltd. UK
River Simulations, a modelling software package of InfoWorks A licensed hydraulic modelling software of Wallingford Software Ltd. UK
National Environment Research Council River Simulation
Suspended Solids Water Quality Index
LIST OF SYMBOLS
oC
CO
E HO2 kni mg/L N NO 3NO O
, S sq. km
'7
SO 4
Degree celcius Carbon Dioxide East
Water Kilometer
Milligram per Litre North
Nitrate Nitrite Oxygen Sulfide
Kilometer square (km2) Sulfate
xi
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Sarawak River
The Sarawak River or Sungai Sarawak is a river in Sarawak state of Malaysia. It is an important source of water and transportation for the inhabitants in southwestern Sarawak (Wikipedia, 2009). The regulation Scheme of Sarawak River involved closure of the river by two causeways that were constructed over the Santubung River and Sarawak River. The functions of Kuching barrage at Sarawak River is to prevent the upstream passage of sea water from flooding and to control the river water from draining out or overflowing. The barrage consists of 5 radial gates to control the Sarawak River which are 125 m long by 25 m wide ship lock and 435 m long four lane Road Bridge over both barrage and lock.
Sarawak River is located between 109° 36' E and 1150 40' E and latitude 00 50'
N and 5° N (See Figure 1.1). The drains catchment area of Sarawak River is 2375
sq. km and the length of main rivers is 125 km. The Sarawak River has two main
tributaries which are Sg. Sarawak Kanan and Sg. Sarawak Kiri which drained the
upper catchment with the main river flowing through the city centre along the lower
reaches. Topography of Sarawak River catchment varies from a highly mountainous in the south bordering the West Kalimantan, Indonesia at 1233 metres above mean sea level (Land and Survey Datum). The temperature of Sarawak varies from 23°C to 32°C, with the tropical climate that hot and humid all year round. The annual rainfall of Kuching city is 4200 mm per year with a maximum of 5000 mm per year, monsoon season from November until March carries heavy rains within the catchment and division while only 15% of the rainfall is recorded in the period during April to September (dry season).
Figure 1.1: Location of Sarawak River (http: //www. did. sarawak-gov)
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1.1.1 Kuching Barrage
The Kuching barrage is consist of five radial gates, with a 125 m long by 25 m wide ship lock and 435 m long four lane Road Bridge over both barrage and lock.
The purpose of Kuching barrage is to avoid the salty sea water from going upstream
the Sarawak River, so that saline water would not be pumped into our water
treatment plant. This water treatment plant by the Kuching Water Board was
supplying treated water to the people of Kuching and the surrounding areas. The
barrage with gates was to control the flow of water pouring out of the barrage and
into the sea so that water in the upper stream of the Sarawak River could be
maintained consistently a certain level. With the level at certain at the upper stream
the Kuching water front could look scenic. Besides that, barrage gates also to avoid
the tide water from going up the Sarawak River that can flood the Kuching City areas
but by blocking water from high tides going upstream to Kuching make the mouth of
the Sarawak river swell up and make a suffer at coastal areas because the flooding
(See Figure 1.2 and Figure 1.3).
Figure 1.2: Kuching barrage (Sarawak River Board, 2009)
Figure 1.3: Barrage Operations (Sarawak River Board, 2009)
4
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U N i "v r x<J 0 1 MA LA Y SLA SAkLA WAK
1.1.2 Flood Diversion Channel
According to Sarawak River Board 2009, Flood Diversion Channel (second
barrage) has taken off the ground recently to divert Sarawak River upstream to
Batang Salak in Santubong. This barrage and a causeway will be constructed
somewhere at Kg Paroh. The diversion channel is constructing of 8km along channel
and the width of channel is 250m. This channel is included equipment with tidal
gates and barrage to control the Sarawak River flow through the center of city. This
channel consist of 3 gates with the sluice gates 25 m width and 18 m gates depth. By
using Infowork (RS) software, the barrage control method that used to operate this
channel is used time method. Besides that, the component of diversion channel are
including bypass channel, bunds, access road, rock fill dam and two bridges. The
purpose of this diversion channel is to solve the flooding that occur in the Sarawak
City by diverting flood water from the upper catchment of Sarawak River to the
Salak River. This flood diversion channel are known as the second barrage for
replacement the water outlet that might be found to allow the flood water go to South
China Sea. The construction of diversion channel also will be effect a portion of the
Kuching Wetland National Park and also minimize the impact on flora and fauna life
(See Figure 1.4 and Figure 1.5).
Low-level Bridge
& Tidal Gate
Rockfill Caucseway Barrage/
Shiplock/
Overhead Bridge
250m bw Flood Diversion Channel (500m reserve)
Earth Bund r . - - . ° ý -
Ellb 'IF
Figure 1.4: The equipment of flood bypass channel
Figure 1.5: Location of flood bypass channel
6
1.2 Problem Statement
According to Ali Menon and and Murtedza Mohamed, (1999) the historical records for the water quality of Sarawak River show a decline in quality since 1987 with the quality index sliding down to below 80 in 1993. The parameter that was responsible for the decline was total suspended solids (TSS) and ammoniacal nitrogen in the Sarawak River. During the dry season, starting from June to August the level of water will be decrease therefore will effect on water quality along the Sarawak River. The construction of flood bypass channel is to prevent flooding during wet season and at the same time also may solve the water quality dilemma during the low tide in Sarawak River. Moreover, during the dry season the water level at Water front area must be maintained at certain level for tourist attraction and aesthetic value for industries of Sarawak country.
1.3 Objective of this research
To identify the impact of Flood Bypass Channel operation or second barrage operation at downstream with special attention to the river flushing and water quality issue for Sarawak River. The objective of this research is to study the water level effect of second barrage operation during dry season when the gates of second barrage are;
i) Fully opened
ii) Fully closed
iii) Opened and closed
1.4 Scope of research
The study area is concentrated 30 km along of Sarawak River. This research is to know the effect of barrage operation on water level in Sarawak River during dry season and at the same time water quality during the dry season. This research is used the Infoworks Simulations (RS) version 9.0 Software. The functions of Infoworks Simulation (RS) can model a rivers system to analyze its behavior in different circumstances. This software will be applied to design the flood bypass channel and its barrage as a mean to increase the water level and improve the water quality in Sarawak River.
1.5 Project Outline
This project report is consisting of 5 chapters. In chapter 1, are including introduction, problem of statement, objective research and the purpose the content of the project.
In chapter 2, Literature Review, it consists of the studies and the researches that describe the project. The studies and researches are from books and journals that related to the project. In this chapter, the emphasis is on the overview of the Flood Division Channel Operation that effect on water level and will influence on water quality of Sarawak River during dry season.
Chapter 3 is about the methodology. In this chapter, it will discuss how to carry out the project, how to solve the problem occurred and the way to improve the project. It will also discuss how to analyze the project and selecting a right method to carry out the project.
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