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Overview of Research Methods, Instruments and Data Analysis in Social

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C o n d u c t i n g r e s e a r c h r e q u i r e s p r o p e r p l a n n i n g a n d i n v o l v e s s y s t e m a t i c s t e p s . O n e o f t h e s t e p s i s c h o o s i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e r e s e a r c h m e t h o d s . T h e r e s e a r c h m e t h o d s c h o s e n n e e d t o b e a b l e t o c o l l e c t t h e t y p e s o f d a t a t h a t w i l l a n s w e r t h e r e s e a r c h o b j e c t i v e s o r r e s e a r c h q u e s t i o n s . T h e r e a r e t h r e e m e t h o d s t o c o l l e c t d a t a w h i c h a r e a q u a l i t a t i v e m e t h o d t o c o l l e c t q u a l i t a t i v e d a t a , a q u a n t i t a t i v e m e t h o d t o c o l l e c t q u a n t i t a t i v e d a t a a n d m i x e d m e t h o d s ( a c o m b i n a t i o n o f q u a l i t a t i v e a n d q u a n t i t a t i v e m e t h o d s ) t o c o l l e c t b o t h t y p e s o f d a t a w h i c h a r e q u a l i t a t i v e a n d q u a n t i t a t i v e d a t a .

Overview of Research Methods, Instruments and Data Analysis in Social

Tuan Sarifah Aini Syed Ahmad (Dr.)

Akademi Pengajian Bahasa, UiTM Kampus Seremban

Figure 1 Research methods

F o r a q u a l i t a t i v e m e t h o d , s e v e r a l c o m m o n i n s t r u m e n t s a r e u s e d , s u c h a s s u r v e y s u s i n g o p e n - e n d e d q u e s t i o n n a i r e s , i n t e r v i e w s a n d o b s e r v a t i o n s . A s f o r i n t e r v i e w s , r e s e a r c h e r s c a n o p t f o r o n e - t o - o n e i n t e r v i e w s o r f o c u s g r o u p i n t e r v i e w s . A f o c u s g r o u p i n t e r v i e w m a y c o n s i s t o f f o u r t o e i g h t p a r t i c i p a n t s ( C r e s w e l l , 2 0 1 4 ) o r s i x t o t e n p a r t i c i p a n t s ( G a w l i k , 2 0 1 8 ) . T h e d a t a c o l l e c t e d c a n b e a n a l y s e d b y u s i n g a t h e m a t i c a p p r o a c h . T h e a n a l y s i s c a n b e c o n d u c t e d m a n u a l l y o r b y u s i n g c e r t a i n a p p l i c a t i o n s s u c h a s N V I V O ( h t t p s : / / w w w . q s r i n t e r n a t i o n a l . c o m / n v i v o - q u a l i t a t i v e - d a t a - a n a l y s i s - s o f t w a r e / h o m e / ) o r A T L A S . t i ( h t t p s : / / a t l a s t i . c o m / ) .

F o r q u a n t i t a t i v e d a t a c o l l e c t i o n , t w o c o m m o n i n s t r u m e n t s e m p l o y e d i n s o c i a l s c i e n c e r e s e a r c h s u r v e y s u s i n g c l o s e d e n d e d q u e s t i o n n a i r e s a r e t e s t s a n d q u a s i - e x p e r i m e n t s . T h e d a t a c o l l e c t e d c a n b e a n a l y s e d u s i n g t y p e s o f a n a l y s i s : ( 1 ) d e s c r i p t i v e s t a t i s t i c s a n d / o r ( 2 ) i n f e r e n t i a l s t a t i s t i c s . D e s c r i p t i v e s t a t i s t i c s a r e u s e d t o s u m m a r i s e t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a d a t a s e t i n t e r m s o f c e n t r a l t e n d e n c y b y u s i n g p e r c e n t a g e s , m e a n s , m o d e , a n d m e d i a n a n d m e a s u r e d i s p e r s i o n b y u s i n g r a n g e , s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n , q u a r t i l e d e v i a t i o n a n d v a r i a n c e . T h e r e s u l t s o f t h e a n a l y s i s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n c h a r t s , g r a p h s a n d t a b l e s . I n f e r e n t i a l s t a t i s t i c s a r e u s e d f o r e s t i m a t i o n o f p a r a m e t e r s a n d t e s t i n g o f h y p o t h e s e s .

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h t t p s : / / w w w . s o c s c i s t a t i s t i c s . c o m / h t t p s : / / o n l i n e s t a t b o o k . c o m /

h t t p s : / / e z s p s s . c o m /

S o m e e x a m p l e s o f a n a l y s e s f o r i n f e r e n t i a l s t a t i s t i c s a r e c o r r e l a t i o n t e s t s , r e g r e s s i o n s , t - t e s t s a n d A N N O V A . W h e n c o n d u c t i n g a n y a n a l y s i s f o r i n f e r e n t i a l s t a t i s t i c s , c e r t a i n a s s u m p t i o n s n e e d t o b e f o l l o w e d . T h e r e a r e s e v e r a l w e b s i t e s t h a t c a n b e r e f e r r e d t o f o r u n d e r s t a n d i n g s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s s u c h a s :

1 . 2 . 3 .

Figure 2 Instruments and data analysis

C o n v e r g e n t P a r a l l e l - t o d e v e l o p a c o m p l e t e a n d v a l i d u n d e r s t a n d i n g

S e q u e n t i a l E x p l a n a t o r y - t o e x p l a i n t h e m e c h a n i s m s o r r e a s o n s b e h i n d q u a n t i t a t i v e r e s u l t s

S e q u e n t i a l E x p l o r a t o r y - t o t e s t o r g e n e r a l i z e q u a l i t a t i v e f i n d i n g s

E m b e d d e d E x p e r i m e n t - t o e n h a n c e a q u a n t i t a t i v e e x p e r i m e n t a l s t u d y b y i n c l u d i n g a s e c o n d a r y q u a l i t a t i v e c o m p o n e n t t o e x p l o r e t h e p r o c e d u r e s o r p r o c e s s o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t

E m b e d d e d C a s e S t u d y - t o e n h a n c e a q u a l i t a t i v e c a s e s t u d y b y i n c l u d i n g a s e c o n d a r y q u a n t i t a t i v e c o m p o n e n t t o e n r i c h t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e c a s e

C o n c u r r e n t C o n v e r s i o n - t o i d e n t i f y q u a n t i t a t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p s a m o n g v a r i a b l e s t h a t i n c l u d e a t l e a s t o n e v a r i a b l e t h a t i s a q u a n t i f i c a t i o n o f q u a l i t a t i v e f i n d i n g s

C o n c u r r e n t M u l t i l e v e l - t o e x a m i n e m u l t i p l e l e v e l s ( e . g . , s t u d e n t s , t e a c h e r s , p r i n c i p a l s , a n d d i s t r i c t s )

M u l t i p h a s e - t o c o n d u c t a p r o g r a m o f s t u d i e s a i m e d a t a c h i e v i n g a n o v e r a l l o b j e c t i v e s u c h a s d e v e l o p i n g a n d e v a l u a t i n g a p r o g r a m

T r a n s f o r m a t i v e - t o c o n d u c t r e s e a r c h t h a t e m p o w e r s i n d i v i d u a l s a n d a d v o c a t e s f o r s o c i a l j u s t i c e .

F o r m i x e d m e t h o d s , t h e i n s t r u m e n t s u s e d a r e l i k e m e n t i o n e d a b o v e . H o w e v e r , r e s e a r c h e r s n e e d t o s e l e c t t h e r e s e a r c h d e s i g n f o r m i x e d m e t h o d s . M i x e d m e t h o d s r e s e a r c h d e s i g n i s a s e t o f p r o c e d u r e s c o l l e c t i n g , a n a l y s i n g , a n d “ m i x i n g ” b o t h q u a n t i t a t i v e a n d q u a l i t a t i v e m e t h o d s i n a s t u d y t o u n d e r s t a n d a r e s e a r c h p r o b l e m ( C r e s w e l l & P l a n o , 2 0 1 5 , p . 4 8 9 ) . T h e f o l l o w i n g a r e n i n e m i x e d m e t h o d s r e s e a r c h d e s i g n s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e r e s e a r c h p u r p o s e ( C r e s w e l l & P l a n o , 2 0 1 5 , p . 3 9 1 ) :

1 . 2 . 3 . 4 .

5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 .

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I t i s c r u c i a l t o h a v e a c l e a r u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d k n o w l e d g e i n r e s e a r c h m e t h o d s , i n s t r u m e n t s a n d d a t a a n a l y s i s . C h o o s i n g t h e i n a p p r o p r i a t e m e t h o d s , i n s t r u m e n t s a n d d a t a a n a l y s i s m a y w a s t e r e s e a r c h e r s ’ r e s o u r c e s i n c o m p l e t i n g t h e i r r e s e a r c h .

R e f e r e n c e s

P l a n o C l a r k , V . L . , & C r e s w e l l , J . W . ( 2 0 1 5 ) . U n d e r s t a n d i n g r e s e a r c h : A c o n s u m e r ’ s g u i d e . C r e s w e l l , J . W . ( 2 0 1 4 ) . R e s e a r c h D e s i g n : q u a l i t a t i v e , q u a n t i t a t i v e , a n d m i x e d m e t h o d s

a p p r o a c h e s ( 4 t h e d . ) . C a l i f o r n i a : S A G E P u b l i c a t i o n s I n c .

G a w l i k , K . ( 2 0 1 8 ) . F o c u s g r o u p i n t e r v i e w s . I n Q u a l i t a t i v e m e t h o d o l o g i e s i n o r g a n i z a t i o n s t u d i e s ( p p . 9 7 - 1 2 6 ) . P a l g r a v e M a c m i l l a n , C h a m .

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