The Characteristics of The Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course (AC- WC) Using SIR20 Solid Rubber Compound
Adina Sari Lubis1*, Zulkarnain Abdul Muis1, Andy Putra Rambe1, Derry Williyanda Nasution1, Fadilla Fitri1
1 Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
*Corresponding Author: [email protected] Accepted: 15 June 2022 | Published: 30 June 2022
DOI:https://doi.org/10.55057/ajfas.2022.3.2.4
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Abstract: Mixing natural rubber with asphalt can improve asphalt performance resistance to cracks and increase asphalt attachment to aggregates. The latex type is a natural rubber that can be directly used as an additive in asphalt mixture. Mixing asphalt with natural rubber and latex type in solid forms such as Standard Indonesian Rubber (SIR) should be made first in rubber asphalt master mixture (called masterbatch). So that the mixture is more homogeneous, making it more accessible in the process of mixing into the asphalt. This study aims to determine the characteristics of the Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course (AC-WC) using SIR 20 solid-rubber compound in the form of a masterbatch. This research began with the manufacture of masterbatch, which is mixing SIR 20 solid-rubber compound and asphalt into a kneader machine with a ratio of 1:1. It is then formed into a black sheet using an open mill machine, after which it is inserted into the enumerator machine to produce small cylindrical granules measuring 5 mm. Then the masterbatch granules are included in the asphalt mixture with some variations of asphalt content to obtain the Optimum Asphalt Content (OAC) value. Based on the OAC value, test objects made with several SIR 20 solid-rubber compound content variations. The Marshall test has conducted to determine the value of stability and flow. Based on the optimum contents obtained, test objects are created for Wheel Tracking Machine (WTM) testing to determine the value of dynamic stabilities. From the results of this study, it is known that the use of SIR 20 solid rubber compounds in the form of masterbatch can improve the performance of AC-WC concrete asphalt mixtures, with the optimum SIR 20 solid rubber compound content of 7%.
Keywords: natural rubber asphalt, standard Indonesian rubber 20, masterbatch, Marshall test, wheel tracking machine
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1. Introduction
To avoid damage that occurs to asphalt pavement, the quality of asphalt pavement can be improved, among others, by modifying the asphalt by adding additives to the asphalt. Polymer is one of the added materials used for asphalt modification (Prastanto et al., 2018c). One polymer that can be used for modified asphalt is natural rubber. Mixing natural rubber with asphalt can improve asphalt performance by increasing asphalt attachment to aggregates. It is because natural rubber is an elastomeric polymer with high elasticity properties, so adding natural rubber to the
asphalt mixture can increase the elasticity of asphalt. (Prastanto et al., 2018b). The type of natural rubber that can be directly used in asphalt mixtures is latex rubber because mixing latex into asphalt is more manageable than other rubber types. Mixing asphalt with different types of latex rubber in solids such as Crepe, Ribbed Smoked Sheet (RSS), and Standard Indonesian Rubber (SIR) should first be made in the form of a parent mixture of rubber and asphalt, called masterbatch. So that the mixture is more homogeneous, making it more accessible in the process of mixing into asphalt (Leksminingsih, 2019). In addition to improving the quality of asphalt mixtures, natural rubber as an additive to produce polymer asphalt appeals to the central government through the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing Indonesia. That is to apply the national rubber supply as a mixture of asphalt as one of the efforts to increase domestic rubber consumption to increase the price of rubber that is experiencing a decrease (Azahar et al., 2016).
Some research on the addition of natural rubber to asphalt mixtures has been done. The use of natural rubber type RSS on modified asphalt indicates that a concentration of 6% is the most effective (Vichitcholchai, & Panmai, Jaratsri, Na-Ranong, 2012). Natural rubber is depoliticized mechanically for 24 minutes with a 3% rubber concentration in asphalt can reduce mixing time, increase flaccid points, and decrease penetration (Prastanto, 2014). SIR 20 natural rubber is depolymerized as an additive to asphalt, indicating that the natural rubber concentration of 5% of asphalt meets SNI requirements and has better properties than asphalt without additives (Prastanto et al., 2015). The addition of a natural concentration compound based on SIR 20 rubber in 60/70 penetration asphalt at a temperature of 150 °C indicates that the speed of the stirrer in the optimized engine is 6000 rpm. SIR 20 rubber compounds produced from a semi-efficient vulcanization system (KP2) dose of 5-7% can form the highest quality rubber asphalt (Prastanto et al., 2018c).
Compared to conventional asphalt, asphalt with a natural rubber mixture has a lower penetration value and higher flaccid point. The use of rubber can improve the characteristics of asphalt mixtures, namely by increasing the value of stability (Prastanto et al., 2018a). The rubber asphalt mixture using 20/7% SIR natural rubber against asphalt using 80:20 masterbatch (80% natural rubber and 60/70 Pen asphalt 20%) indicates that the stability value (through Marshall testing) for the rubber asphalt mixture is higher than the minimum required value (Susanto & Suaryana, 2019).
However, it is not yet known how the dynamic stability of the asphalt mixture (which reflects the resistance of the asphalt mixture to cracks, deformation conditions in the pavement) is known through WTM testing.
This research was conducted to determine the effect of using SIR 20 solid rubber compound in the form of a masterbatch on the characteristics of AC-WC concrete asphalt mixture. Masterbatch, a mixture of solid natural rubber compound SIR 20 and asphalt prepared with a ratio of 1:1, is made before being mixed into rubber asphalt. The asphalt used is 60/70 penetration asphalt. SIR 20 solid rubber compounds are used with variations of 0%, 3%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 9% against asphalt weight.
Marshall testing determines the value of stability and flow, and Wheel Tracking Machine (WTM) testing determines dynamic stability. Examination of modified asphalt using Laston Interim Special Specification with Asphalt Containing Natural Rubber (SKh-1.6.25) refers to the Bina Marga General Specification 2018.
2. Theory
Modified Asphalt
Modified asphalt is hard asphalt coupled with additives to improve the quality of asphalt. One of the additives that can enhance the quality of asphalt is natural rubber (Setyoko and Lukiawan, 2019). Asphalt modification using natural rubber serves to improve the quality of asphalt, among others: it can reduce deformation problems that often occur in road pavement, can increase resistance to cracks, and can increase asphalt attachment to aggregates (Prastanto, 2014). In addition, the use of natural rubber is believed to improve the adhesion and elasticity of asphalt as a binding material in asphalt mixtures (Sofyan, 2017). Natural rubber mixed into the asphalt will cause the asphalt to get thicker and more rigid but remain elastic (Susanto, 2019).
Natural rubber is a hydrocarbon compound produced through the clumping of sap from the tapping of the Hevea Brasiliensis tree. The sap is then known as latex, a white liquid that comes out of the stem of a plant that is tapped and frozen when exposed to free air, then known as a cup lump.
Natural rubber consists of several types: rubber, conventional natural rubber, concentrated latex, tire rubber, reclaimed rubber, technical specification rubber, and rubber compound (Setiawan &
Andoko, 2008). Natural rubber often used for asphalt modification is liquid natural rubber in latex, solid natural rubber in the form of SIR, and used tire waste that has been smoothed.
Standard Indonesian Rubber (SIR) 20
Standard Indonesian Rubber (SIR) is a natural rubber obtained by processing rubber material derived from the sap of the trunk of the Hevea Brasiliensis tree mechanically with or without chemicals, and its quality is determined by technical specifications and referred to as crumb rubber.
Crumb rubber production is divided into two, namely: (1) high-grade production derived from garden latex raw materials and (2) low-grade production derived from low-quality clump raw materials. SIR 20 is one of the crumb rubber groups of low-grade production derived from low- quality clump raw materials, namely cup lump, ground lump, and low-quality crepe. The raw material is processed to become a 35kg chunk with a size (70×35×16.25) cm (Pasaribu et al., 2008), called SIR 20 solid rubber compound.
3. Material and Methods
Materials used include coarse aggregates, fine aggregates, fillers, asphalt pens: 60/70, and solid rubber compound SIR 20 in the form of masterbatch. Masterbatch is a parent mixture of rubber and asphalt before being mixed into rubber asphalt. The manufacture of masterbatch by mixing the solid rubber compound SIR 20 and asphalt using a ratio of 1: 1 into the kneader machine, then the mixing results are removed in the form of large clumps. The lump is inserted into an open mill machine for the milling process into a black sheet that serves as a softening of the mixture, called mastication. Then the black sheet is inserted into the counting machine so that a round-shaped masterbatch is obtained with a diameter of 5 millimeters.
First performed material examination, including examination of asphalt property and aggregate physical properties that refer to the following regulations:
1) Examination of aggregate physical properties: Specific Gravity and Coarse Aggregate Absorption (SNI 03-1969-1990), Specific Gravity and Fine Aggregate Absorption (SNI 03- 1970-1990), Aggregate Abrasion (SNI 03-2417-1991)
2) Asphalt property examination: Asphalt Penetration (SNI 06-2456-1991), Asphalt Softening Point (SNI 2334:2011), Specific Gravity Asphalt (SNI 2441:2011).
The results of the examination of asphalt property must meet the General Specification of Bina Marga 2018 on The Terms of Mixed Asphalt Pen. 60/70.
The manufacture of test objects is divided into three stages:
1) Manufacture of test objects to get the Optimum Asphalt Content (OAC) value, using asphalt without the addition of SIR 20 solid rubber compound as much as three pieces for each asphalt content for Marshall test objects 30 minutes and 24 hours, as well as the manufacture of PRD test objects with variations obtained from the value of Pb. Variations in asphalt interval contents of 0.5% of the PB value obtained is 5%, 5.5%, 6%, 6.5%, and 7%.
2) The manufacture of test objects uses optimum asphalt content (OAC) values with the addition of SIR 20 rubber compounds of 3 pieces per asphalt content for Marshall test objects 30 minutes and 24 hours, as well as the manufacture of PRD test objects with variations of 0%, 3%, 5%, 6%, 7%, and 9% against asphalt weight.
3) Wheel Tracking Machine (WTM) test object manufacturing: based on asphalt mixture with the addition of SIR 20 solid rubber compound with optimum content, made a printed test object measuring 400 mm x 300 mm x 70 mm.
Against the rubber asphalt test object, tested with Marshall test equipment (SNI 06-2489-1990), which consists of:
1) Test object testing to get Optimum Asphalt Content (OAC) with five asphalt contents.
2) Test object testing uses Optimum Asphalt Content (OAC) with the addition of SIR 20 solid rubber compounds with variations in contents of 0%, 3%, 5%, 6%.7% and 9% against asphalt weight.
Marshall testing is performed to determine the characteristics of the AC-WC concrete asphalt mixture and determine the stability of the plastic discharge (flow) of the asphalt and aggregate mixture. The values of each Marshall parameter, such as stability, flow, VIM, VMA, VFB, Marshall Quotient, must meet the requirements as in the Laston Interim Special Specification Containing Natural Rubber (2018) on Asphalt Modification Requirements with Natural Rubber.
Furthermore, WTM testing is conducted following the Manual for Design and Construction of Asphalt Pavement–Japan Road Association, JRA (1980). This test determines the dynamic stability where the paved mixture can receive repeated loads caused by the tire wheels contained in the WTM testing tool. The main components of the WTM are the Wheel Tracking Compactor (test object compactor) and wheel tracking machine. Deformation is recorded through sensors on the limbs of the loading wheel connected with the control tool; the resulting data is in the form of loading time, several trajectories, flow depth, deformation speed, and dynamic stability.
4. Result
Results from this study include material examination results, Marshall test results, and Wheel Tracking Machine (WTM) testing results.
Material Examination Results
Material examination results include the results of aggregate property examination, asphalt property examination, and additive examination as follows:
1) Aggregate Property Examination Results
The results of the aggregate abrasion examination with Los Angeles machinery can be seen in Table 1. The aggregate specific gravity test results are shown in Table 2, and the aggregate gradation results used for the AC-WC concrete asphalt mixture are the ideal gradations.
Table 1: Abrasion Examination Results with Los Angeles Machine
No Testing Testing Methods Specifications Test Results
1 Abrasion with a Los Angeles machine
SNI 2417:2008 Max. 30% 13%
Table 2: Results of the aggregate specific gravity examination
No Testing Requirement Test
Result
Min Max
1 Coarse Aggregate
2,5 -
Bulk specific gravity 2.678 gr/cc
App-specific gravity 2.758 gr/cc
SSD specific gravity 2.707 gr/cc
Absorption - 3% 1.081 %
2 Fine Aggregate
2,5 -
Bulk specific gravity 2.597 gr/cc
App-specific gravity 2.696 gr/cc
SSD specific gravity 2.634 gr/cc
Absorption - 3% 1.411 %
3 Filler
specific gravity 2,5 - 3,080
2) Asphalt Properties Examination Results
The results of the asphalt property examination can be seen in Table 3.
Table 3: Asphalt Property Examination Results Without and With the Addition of SIR 20 Solid Rubber Compound
Testing Spec. Asphalt Content
0% 3% 5% 6% 7% 9%
Penetration 250C (0,1 mm) Min. 50 66.6 57.8 57.3 57.2 56.2 50.1
Softening Point (0C) ≥ 52 50 53.4 53.4 53.6 54 54.8
Specific Gravity (gr/cc) ≥ 1.0 1.011 1.023 1.025 1.026 1.025 1.045
From the results of the examination of asphalt properties, it can be known some of the following:
1) Asphalt Penetration.
From Table 3, it is seen that the value of asphalt penetration decreases as the content of solid rubber compound SIR 20 increases in the form of a masterbatch, and all of these penetration values are smaller when compared to penetration values without the addition of masterbatch.
Decreased penetration occurs because the process of thawing rubber in asphalt with excess heat resulting in cross-bonding in the rubber is severed. It forms the active side of crumb rubber, and the broken bond will bind to asphaltene. The bonds formed with asphaltene will increase the molecular weight of asphaltene, thus increasing the adhesion and cohesion bonds on asphalt. Strong adhesion and cohesion bonds will make asphalt hard, as seen from the decrease in asphalt penetration value and increasing asphalt flaccid point value (Singh et al., 2013).
2) Asphalt Softening Point.
From Table 3, the softening point value of asphalt containing the solid rubber compound SIR 20 in masterbatch has increased compared to no addition. The increase in softening point is inversely proportional to asphalt penetration, where if the asphalt has a small penetration value, then the softening point will have a more excellent value. Hard asphalt has a tighter molecular density and heavier molecular weight, so the resistance to friction on asphalt will be more excellent (Fang et al., 2016).
3) Additive Examination Results
The additives used here in this research are in the form of solid rubber compound SIR 20.
Examination of additives is carried out on SIR 20 rubber and SIR 20 solid compound rubber contained in Table 4 and Table 5.
Table 4: Examination Result of SIR 20
No Analysis Testing Methods SIR 20 Result
1 Dirt content (%) ISO 249 Max. 0.20 0.08
2 Ash contents (%) ISO 247 Max. 1.00 0.53
3 Vaporizing contents (%) ISO 248 Max. 0.80 0.27
4 Po ISO 2007 Min. 30 35-37
5 PRI ISO 2930 Min. 50 75
6 Nitrogen (%) ISO 1656 Max. 0.60 0.29
Table 5: SIR 20 Solid Rubber Compound Examination Results
No Analysis Testing Methods Result
1 Acetone extract, (%) ASTM D 297-15 4.22
2 Ash content, (%) 90.91
3 Type of polymer ASTM D 3677-10 (2015) IR
4 Polymer content, (%) LP-PPK* 0.29
5 Carbon content, (%) 4.58
Marshall Test Object Test Results
Marshall's test results before using the Optimum Asphalt Content (OAC) value can be seen in Table 6, while Marshall's test results using OAC values with the addition of SIR 20 solid rubber compounds in the form of masterbatch can be seen in Table 7.
Asphalt content for the manufacture of Marshall test objects before optimum asphalt content (OAC) is obtained using the formula: Pb = 0,035(%CA) + 0,045(%FA) + 0,18(%FF) + K = 0,035(57) + 0,045(36,5) + 0,18(6,5) + 1 = 5,8%
Table 6: Marshall Testing Results Before OAC Marshall
Parameters
Spec. Asphalt Content
5% 5.5% 6% 6.5% 7%
Density, gr/cc - 2.35 2.36 2.38 2.36 2.34
VIM, % 3-5 6.04 4.76 3.46 3.64 3.38
VMA, % Min. 15 16.38 16.34 16.29 17.52 18.36
VFB, % Min. 65 63.15 70.85 78.76 81.58 79.21
Stability, kg Min. 800 960 1009 1036 1055 1002
Flow, mm 2-4 3.20 3.43 3.60 4.00 4.73
VIM PRD, % Min. 2 - 2.38 2.19 2.06 -
MQ, kg/mm Min. 250 300 294 288 264 212
IKS, % Min. 90 96.14 95.84 93.34 92.61 91.92
Table 7: Marshall Test Results with the Addition of SIR 20 Solid Rubber Compound in Masterbatch Form Marshall
Parameters
Spec. Asphalt Content
0% 3% 5% 6% 7% 9%
Density, gr/cc - 2.37 2.38 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.40
VIM, % 3-5 3.77 3.47 3.38 3.30 3.28 3.07
VMA, % Min. 15 16.56 16.15 16.05 15.97 15.96 15.54
VFB, % Min. 65 77.22 78.51 78.96 79.31 79.46 80.27
Stability, kg Min. 900 1084 1433 1373 1345 1446 1322
Flow, mm 2-5 3.60 4.13 3.50 3.53 3.40 3.73
VIM PRD, % Min. 2 2.38 2.36 2.31 2.28 2.20 2.01
MQ, kg/mm Min. 250 301 347 392 381 425 354
IKS, % Min. 90 93.54 90.30 93.44 93.68 95.09 94.33
In this study, the Optimum Asphalt Content (OAC) plan used for paved mixtures was 6%. From the results of Marshall's test without and with the addition of solid rubber compound SIR 20 in a masterbatch, the following are known:
1) Stability
Table 7 shows that the stability value of the paved mixture with the addition of a solid rubber compound SIR 20 in the form of a masterbatch is greater than that of the stability value without addition. The highest stability value is obtained at the content of solid rubber compound SIR 20 in a masterbatch of 7%. While the stability value without the addition of a solid rubber compound SIR 20 in the form of a masterbatch is much lower. A high stability value can be interpreted that asphalt can fill the cavities between aggregate grains well so that the adhesion bond and cohesion of asphalt with aggregates become stronger (Wiranata et al., 2019). That certainly has a positive impact on road pavement.
2) Flow
In Table 7, it is seen that the flow value at the content of solid rubber compound SIR 20 in the form of masterbatch is 5%, 6%, 7% lower compared to no addition. While the flow value obtained at the content of solid rubber compound SIR 20 in the form of masterbatch is 3% and 9% higher than no addition. It is indicated that flow values in Marshall testing for paved mixtures containing natural rubber have varying flow values, whereas flow values show low resistance to good deformation. However, the flow value must be limited so as not to be too low because the flow value that is too low will cause the road's pavement to become stiff and prone to cracks (Sulaiman et al., 2018).
3) Void In Mix (VIM)
In Table 7, the resulting VIM value decreases as the content of the SIR 20 solid rubber compound increases in the form of a masterbatch. It causes the pavement layer to become watertight because air cannot enter the pavement, thus preventing oxidation that makes asphalt fragile (Febrianto, Setyawan and Sarwono, 2014).
4) Void in Mineral Aggregate (VMA)
Table 7 shows that a VMA value with a solid rubber compound content of SIR 20 in a masterbatch is lower than a VMA value with no addition.
5) Void Filled Bitumen (VFB)
Table 7 shows that the resulting VFB value increases as the content of the SIR 20 solid rubber compound increase in the form of a masterbatch in the paved mixture. VFB that is too small will produce a low stability value due to the shifting of aggregate grains so that asphalt is unable to maintain the aggregate in place when it is charged (Wiranata and Fermi, 2018).
While a considerable VFB value indicates that the asphalt can fill the cavity between the aggregate grains so that the adhesion bond and asphalt cohesion with the aggregate is more potent and produces a high stability value (Wiranata et al., 2019). The high value of VFB is caused by the rubber content contained in the paved mixture so that the paved mixture is more resistant to damage and moisture (Prastanto et al., 2019).
6) Marshall Quotient (MQ)
In Table 7, the highest MQ value is at solid rubber compound SIR 20 in the form of masterbatch 7%, while the lowest MQ value is at the content of solid rubber compound SIR 20 in the form of masterbatch 0%. Low MQ will cause the paved mixture to be more flexible so that it tends to be plastic and flexible, so it will facilitate road pavement to change shape when receiving high traffic loads. While the high MQ value causes the pavement of the road will be stiff and will easily experience cracks (Darunifah, 2007).
From all the results of Marshall's test, it is known that the addition of a solid rubber compound SIR 20 in the form of a masterbatch influences the characteristics of the AC-WC concrete asphalt mixture, with the optimum content obtained at 7%.
Wheel Tracking Machine (WTM) Test Results
WTM test results showed the planned AC-WC concrete asphalt mixture's dynamic stability value and deformation speed. WTM test results without and with the addition of SIR 20 solid rubber compounds in the form of masterbatch by 7% to the weight of asphalt can be seen in Table 8.
Table 8: WTM Test Results without and with the Addition of Solid Rubber Compounds in the Form of Masterbatch
Time (min)
Number of Passes
Average Deformation Speed (mm) Information No additions With the addition
of 7%
0 0 0.00 0.00
1 21 1.32 0.34 DS = Dynamic Stability
5 105 2.46 0.87 RD = Rate of Deformation
Speed
10 210 3.19 1.31 Type of AC-WC Mixture
15 315 3.80 1.69
30 630 5.89 2.02
45 946 6.53 2.22
60 1261 7.42 2.51
No Description Average Test Results Unit Specifications
1 DS 706.3 2121.3 track/mm ≥ 2000
2 RD 0.0595 0.0198 mm/min
Dynamic stability value with the addition of SIR 20 solid rubber compound in a 7% masterbatch is higher than without the addition of SIR 20. The addition of SIR 20 solid rubber compound in a masterbatch can increase resistance to dynamic deformation and rutting compared to oil asphalt.
(Suaryana and Sofyan, 2019). Paved mixtures resulting from WTM testing using natural rubber can increase resistance to deformation or grooves caused by wheel load (Litbang et al., n.d.).
5. Conclusion
From the results of this study, it is known that the use of SIR 20 solid rubber compound in the form of masterbatch with contents of 0%, 3%, 5%, 6%, 7%, and 9% of asphalt weight affects the characteristics of AC-WC concrete asphalt mixture. Some of the conclusions obtained are:
1) All contents of the SIR 20 solid rubber compound in the form of masterbatch are varied into a penetration asphalt mixture. 60/70 meets the specifications. The addition of SIR 20 solid- rubber compound in the form of masterbatch into the asphalt pen. 60/70 with contents of 3%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 9% to the weight of asphalt can increase the physical properties of asphalt.
However, restrictions are needed in using SIR 20 solid rubber compounds in the form of masterbatch because the penetration value continues to decrease along with too much addition.
In contrast, the soft point value does not experience a significant change in value.
2) Changes in the physical properties of asphalt are seen based on a decrease in penetration values and an increase in the soft point value caused by the compound content of solid rubber SIR 20 in the form of a masterbatch. This asphalt can withstand the plastic discharge of pavement at high temperatures, resulting in rutting and permanent shape changes.
3) The greater the content of solid rubber compound SIR 20 in the form of masterbatch on the paved mixture, the higher the resulting stability value. Still, at the content of solid rubber compound, SIR 20 in the form of masterbatch 9% decreased stability value.
4) At the content of solid rubber compound, SIR 20 in the form of masterbatch 5%, 6%, and 7%
has a smaller flow value compared to no addition, where the paved mixture with a small flow value will cause the pavement to become stiff and shaken so that the pavement will easily crack. While at the content of 3% and 9%, the resulting flow value is higher than without addition.
5) The greater the content of solid rubber compound SIR 20 in the masterbatch added to the asphalt pen. 60/70 resulted in minor VIM and VMA values, but the VIM and VMA values are still within the permissible limits. It indicated that adding a solid rubber compound SIR 20 in the form of a masterbatch makes the pavement watertight to prevent oxidation that can cause the pavement to become brittle. Decreased value of VIM interpreted that the asphalt can fill the cavities contained in the aggregate (VMAs) well.
6) The greater the content of solid rubber compound SIR 20 in the masterbatch added to the asphalt pen. 60/70 resulted in the resulting VFB value also getting greater. It shows that asphalt can fill the cavity between aggregate grains resulting in adhesion bonds and asphalt cohesion with more substantial aggregates resulting in high stability values.
7) The addition of a SIR 20 solid rubber compound in the form of a masterbatch to the characteristics of an AC-WC concrete asphalt mixture based on Marshall testing showed that the optimum content of addition to the study was 7%.
8) Wheel Tracking Machine (WTM) testing on paved mixtures using SIR 20 solid rubber compounds in masterbatch at a content of 7% has a higher value than paved mixtures without addition. It shows that the addition of a SIR 20 solid rubber compound in the form of a masterbatch can increase resistance to dynamic deformation that occurs due to repeated loads by tire wheels crossing test objects during WTM testing and being able to increase resistance to rutting. WTM testing uses a SIR 20 solid rubber compound in the form of a masterbatch at a content of 7%, meeting the required specifications.
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