Notes on an Isolated Population of Brachymeles taylori Brown

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Notes on an Isolated Population of

79 INTRODUCTION

^{‘ŽȱŽ—žœȱ}BrachymelesȱŒ˜—œ’œœȱ˜ȱœŽŸŽ›Š•ȱœ™ŽŒ’Žœȱ˜ȱ‹ž››˜ ’—ȱ

œ”’—”œȱŒ‘Š›ŠŒŽ›’£Žȱ‹¢ȱœ–˜˜‘ǰȱžœ’˜›–ȱ‹˜’ŽœȱŠ—ȱ‹¢ȱŸŠ›¢’—ȱ

Ž›ŽŽœȱ˜ȱ›ŽžŒ’˜—ȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ—ž–‹Ž›ȱ˜ȱ’’œȱ˜›ȱŒ˜–™•ŽŽȱ•˜œœȱ˜ȱ

•’–‹œȱǻ›˜ —ȱǭȱ•ŒŠ•ŠǰȱŗşŞŖǼǯȱ‘ŽœŽȱŒ‘Š›ŠŒŽ›’œ’Œœȱ–Š”Žȱ‘’œȱ›˜ž™ȱ

˜ȱ œ”’—”œȱ Ž¡ŒŽ••Ž—ȱ ‹ž››˜ Ž›œȱ ’—ȱ •˜˜œŽǰȱ ‘ž–žœȱ œ˜’•ǯȱ ‘Žȱ Ž—žœȱ  Šœȱ

’—’’Š••¢ȱ ‘˜ž‘ȱ ˜ȱ ‹Žȱ Ž—Ž–’Œȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ‘’•’™™’—Žœȱ ž—’•ȱ ‘Žȱ ›ŽŒŽ—ȱ

’œŒ˜ŸŽ›¢ȱ ˜ȱ  ˜ȱ œ™ŽŒ’ŽœǰȱB. apusǰȱ ˜—ȱ ˜›—Ž˜ȱ ǻ’”’Šǰȱ ŗşŞŘǼȱ Š—ȱB.

miriamaeȱǻŽ¢Ž›ǰȱŗşŝŘǼȱ’—ȱ‘Š’•Š—ǰȱ˜›–Ž›•¢ȱ™•ŠŒŽȱž—Ž›ȱ‘ŽȱŽ—žœȱ

ŠŸŽ Š”Žž–ȱǻ’•Ž›ǰȱ’Žœ–˜œǰȱ•ŒŠ•Šȱǭȱ›˜ —ǰȱIn PressǼǯȱ

Š›•¢ȱ œž’Žœȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ œ™ŽŒ’Žœȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ Ž—žœȱBrachymelesȱ žœ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ

–˜›™‘˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱŠ™™›˜ŠŒ‘ȱ’—Œ•žŽȱ‘˜œŽȱ‹¢ȱŠ¢•˜›ȱǻŗşŗŝǼǰȱ›˜ —ȱǻŗşśŜǼǰȱ

›˜ —ȱŠ—ȱŠ‹˜›ȱǻŗşŜŝǼǰȱ›˜ —ȱŠ—ȱ•ŒŠ•ŠȱǻŗşŞŖǼǰȱ•ŒŠ•ŠȱǻŗşŞŜǼȱŠ—ȱ

•ŒŠ•ŠȱŠ—ȱ›˜ —ȱǻŗşşşǼǯȱ—ȱ‘Ž’›ȱ›ŽŸ’œ’˜—ȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŽ—žœǰȱ›˜ —ȱŠ—ȱ

•ŒŠ•ŠȱǻŗşŞŖǼȱ›ŽŒ˜—’£Žȱŗřȱœ™ŽŒ’ŽœǯȱŠŽ›ǰȱ›˜ —ȱŠ—ȱǯȱ•ŒŠ•ŠȱǻŗşşśǼȱ

ŽœŒ›’‹ŽȱŠ—˜‘Ž›ȱœ™ŽŒ’Žœȱ›˜–ȱ‘Žȱ’œ•Š—ȱ˜ȱŠŠ—žŠ—Žœǰȱ‹›’—’—ȱ

‘Žȱ˜Š•ȱ—ž–‹Ž›ȱ˜ȱŗŚǯȱŠŽ›ȱœž’Žœȱžœ’—ȱ‘Žȱ–˜•ŽŒž•Š›ȱŠ—ȱ•’—ŽŠŽȱ

Š™™›˜ŠŒ‘Žœȱ‹¢ȱ’•Ž›ǰȱ’Œ˜ǰȱž¢ŠȱŠ—ȱ›˜ —ȱǻŘŖŖşǼȱŠ—ȱ’•Ž›ȱŠ—ȱ›˜ —ȱ ǻŘŖŗŖǼȱ›Žœž•Žȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ’œŒ˜ŸŽ›¢ȱ˜ȱŗŖȱ–˜›Žȱ—Ž ȱœ™ŽŒ’Žœǰȱ‹›’—’—ȱ‘Žȱ

˜Š•ȱ —ž–‹Ž›ȱ ˜ȱ ‘’•’™™’—Žȱ Ž—Ž–’Œȱ œ™ŽŒ’Žœȱ ˜ȱ ŘŚȱ Š—ȱ •ŽŠ’—ȱ ˜ȱ Šȱ

‹ŽĴŽ›ȱž—Ž›œŠ—’—ȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŽŸ˜•ž’˜—Š›¢ȱ›Ž•Š’˜—œ‘’™œȱ˜ȱ™˜™ž•Š’˜—œȱ

’—ȱ‘ŽȱŸŠ›’˜žœȱ›Ž’˜—œȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ‘’•’™™’—Žœǯȱ˜ȱŠŽǰȱŘŜȱœ™ŽŒ’Žœȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ

Ž—žœȱBrachymelesȱŠ›Žȱ›ŽŒ˜—’£Žǰȱ’—Œ•ž’—ȱB. apusǰȱ˜ž—ȱ˜—ȱ˜›—Ž˜ȱ ǻ’”’ŠǰȱŗşŞŘǼȱŠ—ȱB. miriamaeȱ›˜–ȱ‘Š’•Š—ȱǻ’•Ž›ȱŽȱŠ•ǯǰȱIn PressǼǯȱȱ

Žȱ™›ŽœŽ—ȱ’—ȱ‘’œȱ™Š™Ž›ȱ˜ž›ȱꗍ’—ȱ˜ȱŠȱ™˜™ž•Š’˜—ȱ˜ȱB. taylori

˜ŒŒž››’—ȱ ˜—ȱ Šȱ œ–Š••ȱ ˜ž›Ȭ‘ŽŒŠ›Žȱ ’œ•Žȱ ‘Šȱ  Šœȱ ˜›–Žȱ —ŽŠ›ȱ ‘Žȱ

–’•Žȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŠ˜ȱ’ŸŽ›ȱ’—ȱ—˜›‘ ŽœŽ›—ȱŽ›˜œǯȱ‘’œȱœ”’—”ȱ ŠœȱŠ‹•Žȱ

˜ȱœž›Ÿ’ŸŽȱ˜—ȱ‘’œȱ’œ•ŽȱŠ—ȱ‘Šȱ›Ž–Š’—Žȱ’œ˜•ŠŽȱ›˜–ȱ‘Žȱ›Žœȱ˜ȱ

‘Žȱœ™ŽŒ’Žœȱ™˜™ž•Š’˜—ȱ˜—ȱ–Š’—•Š—ȱŽ›˜œȱœ•Š—ȱ˜›ȱŠ—ȱž—”—˜ —ȱ

™Ž›’˜ȱ˜ȱ’–Žǰȱ‹žȱ’ȱ’œȱ—˜ȱ”—˜ —ȱ ‘Ž‘Ž›ȱ’ȱ’œȱŽ—Ž’ŒŠ••¢ȱ’œ’—Œȱ

›˜–ȱ ‘Žȱ ˜‘Ž›ȱ ™˜™ž•Š’˜—œȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ œ™ŽŒ’Žœǯȱ Ž˜›Š™‘’Œȱ ’œ˜•Š’˜—ȱ ’œȱ

˜Ž—ȱ’—Ÿ˜”ŽȱŠœȱŠ—ȱ’–™˜›Š—ȱŠŒ˜›ȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ˜›–Š’˜—ȱ˜ȱ—Ž ȱœ™ŽŒ’Žœȱ ǻŠ–˜—ȱǭȱž••’Š–ǰȱŗşşřǼǯ

Site Description

ž—˜ȱ’œ•ŽȱǻŗŖǚřŗȇřřǯřȈȱDzȱŗŘŘǚŚşȇȱśŞǯśȈȱǼȱ’œȱŠȱœ–Š••ȱ̊ǰȱ•ŽŠȬœ‘Š™Žȱ

’œ•Žȱ•˜ŒŠŽȱŠ‹˜žȱŗǯśȱ”–ȱž™œ›ŽŠ–ȱ›˜–ȱ‘ŽȱŠ˜ȱ’ŸŽ›ȱ–˜ž‘ȱŠ—ȱ

Š‹˜žȱřśŖȱ–ȱ˜ —œ›ŽŠ–ȱ›˜–ȱ‘ŽȱŠ˜ȱ›’Žȱ’—ȱ—˜›‘ ŽœȱŽ›˜œȱ

œ•Š—ǯȱœȱ™›ŽœŽ—ȱ•Š—ȱŠ›ŽŠȱ’œȱŽœ’–ŠŽȱŠȱ˜ž›ȱ‘ŽŒŠ›Žœǯȱ‘Žȱ’œ•Žȱ E. ALCALA, A. BUCOL, L. AVERIA, & J. LINAUGO

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’Ÿ’Žœȱ‘ŽȱŠ˜ȱ’ŸŽ›ȱ’—˜ȱ ˜ȱ›’ŸŽ›ȱŒ‘Š——Ž•œǯȱ‘Žȱ—˜›‘Ž›—ȱŒ‘Š——Ž•ȱ

’œȱŠ‹˜žȱŗŖŖȱ–ȱ ’ŽȱŠ—ȱ›ž—œȱŠ•˜—ȱ‘ŽȱŠȬŠœŠ—ǰȱŠ˜ȱœ’Žȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ

Š˜ȱ’ŸŽ›ǰȱ ‘’•Žȱ‘Žȱœ˜ž‘Ž›—ȱŒ‘Š——Ž•ȱ’œȱŠ‹˜žȱśŖȱ–ȱ ’ŽȱŠ—ȱ›ž—œȱ

Š•˜—ȱ‘Žȱž•ž™Š—Š—ȱœ’Žȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŠ˜ȱ’ŸŽ›ȱǻ’ž›ŽȱŗǼǯȱ‘Žȱ’œ•Žȱ’œȱ

™›Ž˜–’—Š—•¢ȱ ˜ŸŽ››˜ —ȱ  ’‘ȱ ™•Š—Žȱ Š—ȱ  ’•ȱ ›ŽŽœǰȱ ’—Œ•ž’—ȱ Gmelina arborea, Bambusa sp., Ficus sp.ǰȱŠ—ȱ˜Œ˜œȱ—žŒ’Ž›Šȱǻ’ž›ŽȱŘǼǯȱȱ

œ–Š••ȱ™˜›’˜—ȱǻŒŠȱŗȱ‘ŠǼȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ’œ•Žȱ‘Šœȱ‹ŽŽ—ȱŒ•ŽŠ›Žȱ˜›ȱŒ˜›—ȱŠ—ȱœ ŽŽȱ

™˜Š˜ȱŠ›–’—ǯȱNypa fruticansȱ›˜ œȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ‹Š—”œȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ’œ•ŽȱŠ•˜—ȱ

‘Žȱœ˜ž‘Ž›—ȱŒ‘Š——Ž•ǯȱ

MATERIALS AND METHODS

‘Žȱ™˜™ž•Š’˜—ȱ˜ȱBrachymeles tayloriȱ›˜ —ȱŠ—ȱŠœœ˜Œ’ŠŽȱŸŽ›Ž‹›ŠŽȱ

œ™ŽŒ’Žœȱ˜—ȱž—˜ȱœ•Žȱ Ž›Žȱœž›ŸŽ¢Žȱ‹¢ȱŠȱ ˜Ȭ™Ž›œ˜—ȱŽŠ–ȱ’—ȱž•¢ȱ

Figure 1. 6LWH PDS VKRZLQJ WKH LVOHW·V UHODWLYH SRVLWLRQ GRZQVWUHDP RI %DJR %ULGJH DQGLWVFORVHUDIÀQLW\WRWKH3XOXSDQGDQULYHUEDQN6RXUFH1$6$:RUOG:LQG

BRACHYMELES TAYLORI BROWN IN BAGO RIVER

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Š—ȱŒ˜‹Ž›ȱǻ™Š›ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ ŽȱœŽŠœ˜—ǼȱŠ—ȱ’—ȱŽŒŽ–‹Ž›ȱŘŖŖşȱŠ—ȱ™›’•ǰȱ ŘŖŗŖȱ ǻ›¢ȱ œŽŠœ˜—Ǽȱ ’—ȱ  ŽœŽ›—ȱ Ž›˜œȱ œ•Š—ȱ ˜›ȱ Šȱ ˜Š•ȱ ˜ȱ Řŗȱ •Š‹˜›ȱ

‘˜ž›œǯȱŽ—ȱ™•˜œȱ–ŽŠœž›’—ȱŗŖ–ȱ¡ȱŗŖ–ȱǻŗŖŖ–^Řȱ’—ȱŠ›ŽŠǼȱ Ž›ŽȱŒŠ›Žž••¢ȱ

œŽŠ›Œ‘Žȱ‹¢ȱ’’—ȱ ’‘ȱœ‘˜ŸŽ•œȱ‘›˜ž‘ȱ‘Žȱ‘’Œ”ǰȱ•˜˜œŽȱ‘ž–žœȱœ˜’•ȱ

Š—ȱ‹¢ȱž›—’—ȱ˜ŸŽ›ȱŽŒŠ¢’—ȱ•˜œǰȱ•ŽŠŸŽœǰȱŠ—ȱŒ˜Œ˜—žȱ‘žœ”œȱ’—ȱŠ›ŽŠœȱ

˜ŸŽ››˜ —ȱŠ—ȱœ‘ŠŽȱ‹¢ȱ›ŽŽœǯȱ‘Žȱ™•˜ȱ–Ž‘˜ȱ Šœȱœž™™•Ž–Ž—Žȱ  ’‘ȱ ‘Žȱ Œ›ž’œ’—ȱ –Ž‘˜ȱ Œ˜—œ’œ’—ȱ ˜ȱ Šȱ ‘˜›˜ž‘ȱ œŽŠ›Œ‘ȱ ˜ȱ Š••ȱ

™˜œœ’‹•Žȱ–’Œ›˜‘Š‹’Šœȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱœ”’—”ȱǻ•ŒŠ•Šǰȱ•ŒŠ•Šǰȱǭȱ˜•’—˜ǰȱŘŖŖŚǼǯȱ

—ȱŠ’’˜—ǰȱŗŘȱ™•˜œȱ˜ȱŗŖ–¡ŗŖ–ȱœ’£Žȱǻœ’¡ȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ—˜›‘ȱ‹Š—”ȱŠ—ȱœ’¡ȱ’—ȱ

‘Žȱœ˜ž‘ȱ‹Š—”ȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŠ˜ȱ’ŸŽ›Ǽȱ Ž›ŽȱœŽŠ›Œ‘Žȱ˜›ȱ‘Žȱ™›ŽœŽ—ŒŽȱ˜ȱ

‘Žȱœ”’—”ǯȱȱ˜Š•ȱ˜ȱŗŚȱŠž•ȱœ™ŽŒ’–Ž—œȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱœ”’—”ȱŠ—ȱ˜—Žȱœ™ŽŒ’–Ž—ȱ

˜ȱ‘Žȱ‹ž››˜ ’—ȱœ—Š”ŽȱǻPseudorabdion mcnamaraeǼȱ Ž›ŽȱŒ˜••ŽŒŽȱŠœȱ

Ÿ˜žŒ‘Ž›ȱœ™ŽŒ’–Ž—œǯȱȱ

Š™ž›ŽȱŠ–™‘’‹’Š—ǰȱ›Ž™’•Žœȱǻ˜‘Ž›ȱ‘Š—ȱ‘Žȱœ”’—”ȱŠ—ȱ‘Žȱœ—Š”ŽǼǰȱ

‹’›œǰȱŠ—ȱ–Š––Š•œȱ Ž›Žȱ›Ž•ŽŠœŽȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ ’•ȱŠŽ›ȱ’Ž—’ęŒŠ’˜—ǯȱ‘Žȱ

Ÿ˜žŒ‘Ž›ȱœ™ŽŒ’–Ž—œȱ Ž›Žȱę¡Žȱ’—ȱŗŖƖȱ˜›–Š•’—ȱŠ—ȱ•ŠŽ›ȱ™›ŽœŽ›ŸŽȱ

’—ȱŝŖƖȱŽ‘Š—˜•ǯȱȱŒ˜ž™•Žȱ˜ȱœ™ŽŒ’–Ž—œȱ Ž›ŽȱŠ•œ˜ȱ™›ŽœŽ›ŸŽȱ’—ȱşśƖȱ

Ž‘Š—˜•ȱ˜›ȱ™˜œœ’‹•ŽȱȱŠ—Š•¢œ’œǯȱ‘ŽœŽȱŠ›ŽȱŒž››Ž—•¢ȱœ˜›ŽȱŠȱ‘Žȱ

˜˜•˜ȱ ǯȱ ˜—£Š•Žœȱ Šž›Š•ȱ ’œ˜›¢ȱ žœŽž–ȱ ǻ˜›–Ž›•¢ȱ ’••’–Š—ȱ

—’ŸŽ›œ’¢Ȭ’˜•˜¢ȱžœŽž–Ǽǯȱ

Figure 2. Dorso-lateral view of the pentadactyl Brachymeles taylori found on Pungtod islet.

E. ALCALA, A. BUCOL, L. AVERIA, & J. LINAUGO

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RESULTS

‘ŽȱŠ¡˜—˜–’Œȱ’Ž—’ęŒŠ’˜—ȱ Šœȱ‹ŠœŽȱ˜—ȱŠȱœŠ–™•Žȱ˜ȱŗŚȱœŽ¡žŠ••¢ȱ

–Šž›Žȱ ’—’Ÿ’žŠ•œǰȱ ęĴ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ ŽœŒ›’™’˜—ȱ ˜ȱBrachymeles tayloriȱ ’—ȱ

’•Ž›ȱŠ—ȱ›˜ —ȱǻŘŖŗŖǼȱǻ’ž›ŽȱŘǼǯȱ‘’œȱœ™ŽŒ’Žœȱ’œȱ‘Žȱ–˜œȱŒ˜––˜—ȱ

œ™ŽŒ’Žœȱ ˜—ȱ Ž›˜œȱ œ•Š—ǯȱ ’£Žȱ –ŽŠœž›Ž–Ž—œȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ‘›ŽŽȱ œ™ŽŒ’Žœȱ of Brachymelesȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ’œ•Š—ȱ˜ȱŽ›˜œȱ Ž›Žȱ˜‹Š’—ŽȱǻŠ‹•ŽȱŗǼǯȱ‘Žȱ

’œ•Žȱ ™˜™ž•Š’˜—ȱ ˜ȱB. tayloriȱ œŽŽ–œȱ œ–Š••Ž›ȱ ‘Š—ȱ ‘Žȱ Ž›˜œȱ œ•Š—ȱ

™˜™ž•Š’˜—ǯȱ

˜ȱŽŽ›–’—Žȱ‘Žȱ˜Š•ȱ™˜™ž•Š’˜—ȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ’œ•ŽǰȱŽ—ȱŗŖ–ȱ¡ȱŗŖ–ȱ™•˜œȱ  Ž›Žȱœž›ŸŽ¢Žǯȱ‘Žȱ˜Š•ȱ—ž–‹Ž›ȱ˜ȱŠž•ȱŠ—ȱœž‹Šž•ȱœ”’—”œȱŒŠž‘ȱ

Š—ȱ›Ž•ŽŠœŽȱŠŽ›ȱ’Ž—’ęŒŠ’˜—ȱ’—ȱ‘ŽȱŗŖȱ™•˜œȱŒ‘˜œŽ—ȱ‘Š™‘Š£Š›•¢ȱ  ŠœȱŚŗȱǻ–ŽŠ—ǰȱŚǯŗƹŘǯŞȱǻǼǯȱ¢ȱŽ¡›Š™˜•Š’˜—ǰȱ‘Žȱ˜Š•ȱ™˜™ž•Š’˜—ȱ˜ȱB.

tayloriȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ’œ•Žȱ ŠœȱŽŽ›–’—Žȱ˜ȱ‹ŽȱŠ‹˜žȱŞŖŖȱ’—’Ÿ’žŠ•œǰȱ‹ŠœŽȱ

˜—ȱ‘Žȱ‘Š‹’Š‹•ŽȱŠ›ŽŠȱ ’‘ȱ›ŽŽœȱŠ—ȱ‘’Œ”ȱ˜›Š—’Œȱ›˜ž—ȱ–ŠŽ›’Š•ȱ˜ȱ

Š‹˜žȱ ˜ȱ‘ŽŒŠ›Žœǯ

‘Žȱ ‘Š‹’Šœȱ ˜ȱB. tayloriȱ ’—Œ•žŽȱ ‘ž–žœǰȱ ŽŒŠ¢’—ȱ •˜œȱ Š—ȱ

Œ˜Œ˜—žȱ ‘žœ”œȱ Š—ȱ ›˜ž—ȱ •’ĴŽ›ǰȱ Šœȱ ŽŠ›•’Ž›ȱ ›Ž™˜›Žȱ ‹¢ȱ•ŒŠ•Šȱ Š—ȱ

Ž¢ŽœȱǻŗşśŝǼǯȱ‘ŽœŽȱœ’Žœȱǻ’ž›ŽȱřǼȱ‘Š›‹˜›ȱ‘Žȱ™›Ž¢ȱ˜›Š—’œ–œȱ˜ȱ‘’œȱ

œ™ŽŒ’ŽœȱœžŒ‘ȱŠœȱŽ›–’ŽœǰȱŒ›’Œ”ŽœǰȱŽŠ›‘ ˜›–œǰȱŠ—ȱœ˜ȱ˜—ǯ

Figure 3. Ground litter forming part of the skink habitat (foreground). More skinks were observed in ground litter under the trees (background).

BRACHYMELES TAYLORI BROWN IN BAGO RIVER

83

•œ˜ȱ˜‹œŽ›ŸŽȱ Ž›ŽȱŠȱ˜ŠȱŠ—ȱœŽŸŽ›Š•ȱ›Ž™’•Žœǰȱ’—Œ•ž’—ȱRhinella marina, Lamprolepis smaragdina philippinica, Eutrophis multifasciata,

Š›Š—žœȱ —žŒ‘Š•’œǰȱ Ž””˜ȱ ŽŒ”˜ǰȱ Ž–’ŠŒ¢••žœȱ ›Ž—Šžœǰȱ ‘¢—Œ˜¢™‘•˜™œȱ

‹›Š–’—žœǰȱ Ž›‹Ž›žœȱ ›¢—Œ‘˜™œǰȱ Š—ȱŠ•Š–Š›’Šȱ Ž›ŸŠ’œ’ǯȱ  Ž—¢ȱ œ™ŽŒ’Žœȱ

˜ȱ ‹’›œȱ Š—ȱ ˜ž›ȱ œ™ŽŒ’Žœȱ ˜ȱ –Š––Š•œȱ ǻ‘›ŽŽȱ ˜ȱ  ‘’Œ‘ȱ  Ž›Žȱ ›ž’ȱ

‹ŠœǼȱ Ž›ŽȱŠ•œ˜ȱ˜‹œŽ›ŸŽǯȱ¡ŒŽ™ȱ˜›ȱ‘ŽȱBrachymelesȱŠ—ȱ‘Žȱœ—Š”Žȱ PseudorabdionǰȱŠ••ȱ˜ȱ‘ŽœŽȱœ™ŽŒ’Žœȱ Ž›Žȱ›Ž•ŽŠœŽȱŠŽ›ȱŒ˜••ŽŒ’˜—ȱŠ—ȱ

’Ž—’ęŒŠ’˜—ǯȱ

DISCUSSION Origin of the islet and present threats

ȱ ’œȱ •’”Ž•¢ȱ ‘Šȱ ‘Žȱ ’œ•Žȱ  Šœȱ œŽ™Š›ŠŽȱ ›˜–ȱ ‘Žȱ –Š’—•Š—ȱ ‹¢ȱ ‘Žȱ

˜›–Š’˜—ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ —˜›‘ȱ Š—ȱ œ˜ž‘ȱ Œ‘Š——Ž•œȱ ˜ȱ Š˜ȱ ’ŸŽ›ǯȱ Š›•’Ž›ȱ

ŠŒŒ˜ž—œȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ Œ‘Š——Ž•œȱ ™Šœœ’—ȱ Š•˜—œ’Žȱ ‘Žȱ ’œ•Žȱ ’—’ŒŠŽȱ ‘Šȱ

‘Žȱ œ˜ž‘ȱ Œ‘Š——Ž•ȱ žœŽȱ ˜ȱ ‹Žȱ ‘Žȱ •Š›Ž›ȱ Š—ȱ ŽŽ™Ž›ȱ Œ‘Š——Ž•ǯȱ ‘’œȱ

Œ˜—ꐞ›Š’˜—ȱ•ŠŽ›ȱŒ‘Š—ŽȱǻŒ’›ŒŠȱŗşśŖȂœǼȱ ’‘ȱ‘Žȱ›ŽžŒ’˜—ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ

œ˜ž‘ȱ Œ‘Š——Ž•ȱ Š—ȱ ‘Žȱ Œ›ŽŠ’˜—ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ —˜›‘ȱ Œ‘Š——Ž•ȱ Šœȱ ‘Žȱ –Š“˜›ȱ

›Š’—ŠŽǰȱ™›˜‹Š‹•¢ȱŠœȱŠȱ›Žœž•ȱ˜ȱ—Šž›Š•ȱȃ›ŽȬŒ‘Š——Ž•’—ǯȄ

‘Žȱ ŽŸ’Ž—ŒŽȱ ˜›ȱ ‘Žȱ ’œ•ŽȂœȱ œŽ™Š›Š’˜—ȱ –Š¢ȱ ‹Žȱ ’—Ž››Žȱ ‹¢ȱ

‘Žȱ ™›ŽœŽ—ŒŽȱ ˜ȱ Š–™›˜•Ž™’œȱ œ–Š›Š’—Šȱ ™‘’•’™™’—’ŒŠǰȱ Ž””˜ȱ ŽŒ”˜ǰȱ Hemidactylus frenatus,ȱŠ—ȱPseudorabdion mcnamaraeȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ’œ•Žǯȱ‘ŽœŽȱ

œ™ŽŒ’Žœȱ Ž›Žȱ™›˜‹Š‹•¢ȱŒŠ››’Žȱ‹¢ȱ‘Žȱ’œ•ŽȱŠȱ‘Žȱ’–Žȱ˜ȱœŽ™Š›Š’˜—ǰȱ  ‘’•Žȱ‘Žȱ›Žœȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ›Ž™’•Žœȱ•’œŽȱŠ‹˜ŸŽȱŒ˜ž•ȱ‘ŠŸŽȱŒ˜•˜—’£Žȱ‘Žȱ

’œ•Žȱ‹¢ȱ›Š’—ȱ˜›ȱœ ’––’—ȱ‘Žȱ—Š››˜ ȱŒ‘Š——Ž•ǯȱ

ȱ’œȱŠ•œ˜ȱ™˜œœ’‹•Žȱ‘ŠȱŠ••žŸ’Š•ȱœ’•ȱŠŒŒž–ž•ŠŽȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ’œ•Žȱ‘›˜ž‘ȱ

‘Žȱ™›˜ŒŽœœȱ˜ȱŠ›ŠŠ’˜—ǰȱŠȱŒ˜––˜—ȱ™‘Ž—˜–Ž—˜—ȱ˜—ȱ›’ŸŽ›ȱŒ˜ž›œŽœȱ

Œ•˜œŽȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŽœžŠ›¢ȱǻ˜›’ǰȱŘŖŖŚDzȱ˜ž‘Š›ǰȱŘŖŖŝDzȱ•ŠŒ”ǰȱŘŖŖşǼǯȱ‘’œȱ

¢™Žȱ˜ȱ˜›–Š’˜—ȱŠ™™ŽŠ›œȱ˜ȱœž™™˜›ȱ‘Žȱž—˜ȱ’œ•Žȱ˜›’’—ǯȱ‘Žȱ

’œ•Žȱ ’œȱ •˜ŒŠŽȱ ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ ›’ŸŽ›ȱ ŽœžŠ›¢ȱ —ŽŠ›ȱ ‘Žȱ ›’ŸŽ›ȱ ‹Ž—ȱ ǻ’ž›Žȱ ŗǼǰȱ  ‘’Œ‘ȱŠŸ˜›œȱ‘Žȱ›Š™™’—ȱ˜ȱœ’•ȱŠ—ȱ˜›Š—’Œȱ–ŠŽ›’Š•œǯ

ȱ’œȱ”—˜ —ȱ‘Šȱ‘ŽȱŽŠ›•¢ȱž•ž™Š—Š—ȱŒŠŠœ›Š•ȱœž›ŸŽ¢ȱ’—ȱŗşŖŜȱ

’—’ŒŠŽȱ ‘Šȱ ‘Žȱ ’œ•Žȱ  Šœȱ –˜›Žȱ ‘Š—ȱ ꟎ȱ ‘ŽŒŠ›Žœȱ ’—ȱ Š›ŽŠǰȱ ˜—Žȱ

‘ŽŒŠ›Žȱ •Š›Ž›ȱ ‘Š—ȱ ’œȱ ™›ŽœŽ—ȱ Š›ŽŠȱ ˜ȱ ˜ž›ȱ ‘ŽŒŠ›Žœǯȱ ‘Žȱ œ˜ž‘Ž›—ȱ

œ’Žȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ’œ•Žȱ˜—ŒŽȱ‘ŠȱŠȱŽŽ™ȱŒ‘Š——Ž•ȱ‘ŠȱŠ••˜ Žȱ™˜›ȱ˜™Ž›Š’˜—œȱ

˜›ȱ œŒ‘˜˜—Ž›œȱ ›Š—œ™˜›’—ȱ œžŠ›ȱ ›˜–ȱ ‘Žȱ •ŠŽȱ ŗŞŖŖœȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ŽŠ›•¢ȱ ŗşŜŖœȱǻŠȬ˜—˜¢ǰȱŘŖŖřDzȱŠ›˜—ŠǰȱŗşřŞDzȱ˜–Ž›˜ǰȱŗşŝŚǼǯȱ‘ŽȱŒ‘Š——Ž•ȱ•ŠŽ›ȱ

‹ŽŒŠ–Žȱœ‘Š••˜ ǰȱŒŠžœ’—ȱ™˜›ȱ˜™Ž›Š’˜—œȱ˜ȱŒŽŠœŽǯ

‘Žȱ’œ•Žȱ‘Š‹’Šȱ–Š¢ȱ‹ŽȱŸž•—Ž›Š‹•Žȱ˜ȱ‹˜‘ȱ—Šž›Š•ȱŽŸŽ—œȱœžŒ‘ȱ E. ALCALA, A. BUCOL, L. AVERIA, & J. LINAUGO

84

Šœȱœ›˜—ȱ̘˜œȱŠ—ȱ‘ž–Š—Ȭ–ŠŽȱŠŒ’Ÿ’’ŽœȱœžŒ‘ȱŠœȱšžŠ››¢’—ǯȱ‘Žȱ

•ŠĴŽ›ȱ Šœȱ˜’—ȱ˜—ȱŠȱ‘Žȱ’–Žȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŸ’œ’œȱ˜›ȱ‘’œȱœž¢ǯȱž›‘Ž›–˜›Žǰȱ

‹ŽŒŠžœŽȱ ‘Žȱ ’œ•Žȱ ’œȱ Œ˜—›˜••Žȱ Š—ȱ –Š—ŠŽȱ ‹¢ȱ •Š—ȱ ˜ —Ž›œǰȱ ’ȱ ’œȱ

Ÿž•—Ž›Š‹•Žȱ˜ȱŠ›–’—ȱŠŒ’Ÿ’’Žœȱ‘ŠȱŒŠ—ȱ•ŽŠȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŽœ›žŒ’˜—ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ

œ”’—”ȱ‘Š‹’Šǯȱ‘Žȱ’œ•Žȱ’œȱ—˜ȱ˜—•¢ȱŠ—ȱ’–™˜›Š—ȱ‘Š‹’Šȱ˜›ȱ‘Žȱœ”’—”ȱ

‹žȱŠ•œ˜ȱ˜›ȱŘŗȱœ™ŽŒ’Žœȱ˜ȱ‹’›œǰȱ˜ž›ȱœ™ŽŒ’Žœȱ˜ȱ–Š––Š•œǰȱŠ—ȱŽ’‘ȱ

œ™ŽŒ’Žœȱ˜ȱ‘Ž›™Ž˜Šž—Šǯ

Population estimates and behavior

‘Žȱ Žœ’–ŠŽȱ ŞŖŖȱ ›ŠŒ‘¢–Ž•Žœȱ ’—’Ÿ’žŠ•œȱ ˜—ȱ ‘Žȱ ’œ•Žȱ ž›’—ȱ ‘Žȱ  ŽȱœŽŠœ˜—ȱŠ™™ŽŠ›ȱ˜ȱ‹ŽȱŠ—ȱŠŽšžŠŽȱ™˜™ž•Š’˜—ȱœ’£Žȱ‘ŠȱŒŠ—ȱŽ—œž›Žȱ

‘Žȱœž›Ÿ’ŸŠ•ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱœ™ŽŒ’Žœǯȱ‘ŽœŽȱ—ž–‹Ž›œȱŒ˜—˜›–ȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŽœ’–ŠŽȱ

˜ȱ ’•œ˜—ȱ ǻŗşşŘǼǰȱ  ‘˜ȱ ™›˜™˜œŽȱ ‘Šȱ Šȱ •ŽŠœȱ śŖŖȱ ’—’Ÿ’žŠ•œȱ Š›Žȱ

—ŽŽŽȱ˜ȱ”ŽŽ™ȱŠȱœ™ŽŒ’Žœȱ™˜™ž•Š’˜—ȱ‘ŽŠ•‘¢ȱ˜›ȱŠȱ•˜—ȱ™Ž›’˜ȱ˜ȱ’–Žǯȱ

˜ ŽŸŽ›ǰȱ˜ž›ȱŽœ’–ŠŽȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ™˜™ž•Š’˜—ȱœ’£Žȱž›’—ȱ‘Žȱ–˜—‘ȱ˜ȱ

™›’•ȱŘŖŗŖȱ Šœȱ•˜ ǰȱŒŠȱŘśȱ’—’Ÿ’žŠ•œȱ™Ž›ȱ‘Šǯȱœȱ¢Žǰȱ‘Žȱ›ŽŠœ˜—ȱ˜›ȱ

‘’œȱ’œȱ—˜ȱ”—˜ —ǯȱȱ–Š¢ȱ‹ŽȱžŽȱ˜ȱ‘Ž’›ȱ˜œœ˜›’Š•ȱ‘Š‹’ǰȱ–Š”’—ȱ‘Ž–ȱ

’ĜŒž•ȱ˜ȱ˜‹œŽ›ŸŽȱ’—ȱœžŒ‘ȱ–’Œ›˜‘Š‹’ŠœȱŠœȱ›˜ž—ȱꜜž›ŽœȱŠ—ȱœ˜’•ȱ

Œ›ŠŒ”œǯ

Table 1.

Summary of Morphological Characteristics among Selected Pentadactyl Species of the Genus Brachymeles.

Characteristics taylori* taylori** talinis** boulengeri**

(This study) (Siler & Brown)

˜Š•ȱ•Ž—‘ȱǻǼȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱŗŖşȬŗśŗ––ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱŗřŖǯřȬŗŝŜǯŝ––ȱ ŗşŗǯŝȬŘřŞǯŚ––ȱȱȱŗŘŚǯřȬŗŝřǯŗ––

ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻ–ŽŠ—ƽŗŘŞ––Ǽ

—˜žȬŽ—ȱȱǻǼȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱśŝȬŞŖ––ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱŜśǯŞȬşşǯؖ–ȱ ŗŖřǯŗȬŗŘŜǯŝ––ȱȱȱȱȱŜŖǯśȬşśǯś––

ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻ–ŽŠ—ƽŜś––Ǽ

¡’••ŠȬ›˜’—ȱǻ Ǽȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱřşȬŜř––ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱŚŜǯŜȬŜŜ––ȱ ȱȱŜŚǯŘȬşŖǯř––ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱřŜǯŘȬŜŗǯř––

ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻ–ŽŠ—ƽśŖ––Ǽ

’‘ȱ˜›œŠ•ȱœ›’™Žœȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȬȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱƸȱ˜›ȱȬȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱƸȱǻŒ˜—’—ž˜žœǼ

Š›”ȱ–’Ȭ˜›œŠ•ȱœ›’™ŽœȱȱȱȱȱƸȱǻ’—Ž›–’ĴŽ—ǼȱȱȱȱƸȱǻŒ˜—’—ž˜žœǼȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱƸȱ˜›ȱȬȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ

* Based on Pungtod Islet specimens (N=14).

**Based on Siler & Brown (2010).

BRACHYMELES TAYLORI BROWN IN BAGO RIVER

85 Species isolation

ȱŠ™™ŽŠ›œȱ‘Šȱ‘Žȱ’œ•Žȱ Šœȱ˜—ŒŽȱ™Š›ȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŽ›˜œȱ–Š’—•Š—ǯȱȱ‘Žȱ

’œ•Žȱ œ”’—”ȱ ™˜™ž•Š’˜—ȱ  Šœȱ ˜›’’—Š••¢ȱ ™Š›ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ Ž›˜œȱ –Š’—•Š—ȱ

™˜™ž•Š’˜—ȱ˜ȱBrachymeles tayloriǰȱ ‘Ž—ȱ’ȱ’ȱ‹ŽŒ˜–Žȱ’œ˜•ŠŽȱ›˜–ȱ‘Žȱ

Ž›˜œȱ™˜™ž•Š’˜—ǵȱŠœȱ‘Ž›Žȱ›Ž™ŽŠŽȱŒ˜•˜—’£Š’˜—ȱ‹¢ȱ’—’Ÿ’žŠ•œȱ

‘›˜ž‘ȱ Š’ȱ’œ™Ž›œŠ•ȱ›˜–ȱ‘Žȱž™™Ž›ȱ›ŽŠŒ‘Žœȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŠ˜ȱ’ŸŽ›ǵȱȱ

‘’œȱ’–ŽǰȱŠ••ȱ Žȱ”—˜ ȱ’œȱ‘Šȱ‘Žȱ’œ•Žȱ‘ŠœȱŽ¡’œŽȱœ’—ŒŽȱŗşŖŜǰȱ˜ŸŽ›ȱ

Šȱ ‘ž—›Žȱ ¢ŽŠ›œȱ Š˜ǯȱ ’˜Œ‘Ž–’ŒŠ•ȱ Š—ȱ Ž—Ž’Œȱ ŽŸ’Ž—ŒŽȱ ’œȱ —ŽŽŽȱ

˜ȱ ‘›˜ ȱ •’‘ȱ ˜—ȱ ‘ŽœŽȱ šžŽœ’˜—œȱ ˜ȱ ŽŽ›–’—Žȱ  ‘Ž‘Ž›ȱ ˜›ȱ —˜ȱ ‘Žȱ

’œ•Žȱœ”’—”ȱ™˜™ž•Š’˜—ȱ‘Šœȱœ’—’ęŒŠ—•¢ȱ’ŸŽ›ŽȱŽ—Ž’ŒŠ••¢ȱ›˜–ȱ‘Žȱ

–Š’—•Š—ȱ™˜™ž•Š’˜—ǯ

‘Žȱ Œ˜—ŒŽ™ȱ ˜ȱ œ™ŽŒ’Š’˜—ȱ ›Žœž•’—ȱ ›˜–ȱ ’œ˜•Š’˜—ȱ ‘Šœȱ ‹ŽŽ—ȱ

Ž•žŒ’ŠŽȱ‹¢ȱž—”ȱŠ—ȱŠ—Ž›ȱǻŗşşśǼǰȱ ‘˜ȱ™›˜™˜œŽȱ‘ŠȱŒŽ›Š’—ȱ

Š¡Šȱ’œ™Ž›œŽȱŠ—ȱŒ˜•˜—’£Žȱ›ŽŒŽ—•¢ȱ˜›–Žȱ’œ•Š—œȱ›˜–ȱ˜•Ž›ȱ’œ•Š—œȱ

ŒŠžœ’—ȱ—Ž ȱŒ˜•˜—’Žœȱ˜ȱŽŸŽ—žŠ••¢ȱŽŸŽ•˜™ȱ’—˜ȱ—Ž ȱœ™ŽŒ’Žœǯȱ—ȱ‘Žȱ

ŒŠœŽȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱž—˜ȱ’œ•Žȱœ”’—”ȱ™˜™ž•Š’˜—ǰȱ™‘¢œ’ŒŠ•ȱœŽ™Š›Š’˜—ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ

’œ•Žȱ›˜–ȱ‘Žȱ–Š’—•Š—ȱ‹¢ȱŠȱ›’ŸŽ›ȱ’œ˜•ŠŽȱ’ȱ›˜–ȱ˜‘Ž›ȱ™˜™ž•Š’˜—œȱ

˜ȱ ‘Žȱ œ™ŽŒ’Žœȱ ˜—ȱ ‘Žȱ –Š’—•Š—ȱ ǻŽ›˜œȱ œ•Š—Ǽǯȱ ȱ ’œȱ ™˜œœ’‹•Žȱ ‘Šȱ

‘’œȱœ™ŽŒ’ŽœȱŒ˜ž•ȱŽŸŽ—žŠ••¢ȱŽŸ˜•ŸŽȱ’—˜ȱŠȱ—Ž ȱœ™ŽŒ’ŽœȱŠœȱŠȱ›Žœž•ȱ˜ȱ

›Ž™›˜žŒ’ŸŽȱ’œ˜•Š’˜—ȱǻŠ¢›ǰȱŗşŚŘDzȱŠŒ›‘ž›ȱǭȱ’•œ˜—ǰȱŗşŜřǰȱŗşŜŝDzȱ

Š”Ž›ǰȱŘŖŖśǼǯȱ

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

ž—˜ȱ’œ•ŽȱŠ™™ŽŠ›œȱŠœȱ‘Žȱ˜—•¢ȱ›Ž–Š’—’—ȱ‘Š‹’Šȱ˜ȱBrachymeles ’—ȱ

‘ŽȱŸ’Œ’—’¢ȱ˜ȱ•˜ Ž›ȱŠ˜ȱ’ŸŽ›ǯȱ‘Žȱ›Žœȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŠ›ŽŠœȱ˜—ȱ‹˜‘ȱœ’Žœȱ

˜ȱ‘ŽȱŠ˜ȱ’ŸŽ›ȱ‘ŠŸŽȱž—Ž›˜—Žȱ‘Š‹’Šȱ–˜’ęŒŠ’˜—ȱŠœȱŠȱ›Žœž•ȱ˜ȱ

’—Ž—œ’ŸŽȱŠ›’Œž•ž›ŽȱŠ—ȱŽœŠ‹•’œ‘–Ž—ȱ˜ȱ‘ž–Š—ȱœŽĴ•Ž–Ž—œǯ

˜›ȱ‘’œȱ›ŽŠœ˜—ǰȱ Žȱ›ŽŒ˜––Ž—ȱ‘ŠȱŽě˜›œȱœ‘˜ž•ȱ‹ŽȱŽ¡Ž›Žȱ˜ȱ

Œ˜—œŽ›ŸŽȱ‘Žȱœ”’—”ȱŠ—ȱ˜‘Ž›ȱŠž—Šȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ’œ•ŽǯȱȱœȱŒ•˜œŽȱ™›˜¡’–’¢ȱ˜ȱ

ŠŒ˜•˜ȱ’¢ȱ–Š”Žœȱ’ȱŠȱŒ˜—ŸŽ—’Ž—ȱŽœ’—Š’˜—ȱ˜›ȱ ’••’ŽȱŽ—‘žœ’Šœœȱ

Š—ȱœžŽ—œȱž—Ž›Š”’—ȱ‹’›ȱ ŠŒ‘’—ȱŠ—ȱ ’••’Žȱœž’Žœǯ

œȱ˜›ȱ‘ŽȱŽ›˜œ’˜—ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ’œ•Žǰȱ Žȱ›ŽŒ˜––Ž—ȱž›‘Ž›ȱ’—ŸŽœ’Š’˜—ȱ

˜—ȱ‘ŽȱŽěŽŒœȱ˜ȱ›’ŸŽ›ȱœŒ˜ž›’—ȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ’œ•ŽȱŠ—ȱ‘Žȱ’–™ŠŒȱ˜ȱœŠ—ȱ

Ž¡›ŠŒ’˜—ȱ ˜—ȱ ‘Žȱ ›’ŸŽ›ȱ Œ‘Š——Ž•ȱ Š—ȱ œž››˜ž—’—ȱ Š›ŽŠœǯȱ Žȱ Š•œ˜ȱ

›ŽŒ˜––Ž—ȱœž’Žœȱ˜—ȱȱ˜ȱŽŽ›–’—Žȱ ‘Ž‘Ž›ȱ™Š—›Ž•Ȃœȱ‘Ž˜›¢ȱ ǻŠ¢›ǰȱŗşŚŘǼȱ˜ȱŒ˜—œ™ŽŒ’ęŒȱ™˜™ž•Š’˜—œȱŽŸ˜•Ÿ’—ȱ’—Ž™Ž—Ž—•¢ȱŠœȱŠȱ

›Žœž•ȱ˜ȱ™‘¢œ’ŒŠ•ȱœŽ™Š›Š’˜—ȱ‘Šœȱ˜ŒŒž››Žȱ’—ȱ‘’œȱ™Š›’Œž•Š›ȱŒŠœŽǯȱ E. ALCALA, A. BUCOL, L. AVERIA, & J. LINAUGO

86

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Žȱ  ’œ‘ȱ ˜ȱ ŠŒ”—˜ •ŽŽȱ ‘Žȱ ꗊ—Œ’Š•ȱ œž™™˜›ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ˜––’œœ’˜—ȱ ˜—ȱ ’‘Ž›ȱ

žŒŠ’˜—ȱ ǻǼȱ ‘›˜ž‘ȱ ‘Žȱ ›Š—Ȭ—Ȭ’ȱ ǻ Ǽȱ ™›˜›Š–ǯȱ Žȱ ‘Š—”ȱ ‘Žȱ Š˜ȱ

’ŸŽ›ȱ›˜“ŽŒȱŽŠ–ǰȱŽœ™ŽŒ’Š••¢ȱœǯȱ•–ŠȱŠ•Žœȱ˜›ȱœ‘Š›’—ȱ‘Ž›ȱ’–Žȱ ’‘ȱžœȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ

’œ•ŽȱŠ—ȱ›ǯȱŠž•ȱ•ŸŠ›Ž£ȱ˜›ȱ‘Ž•™’—ȱŠŒ’•’ŠŽȱ˜ž›ȱŸ’œ’ȱŠ—ȱŒ˜••ŽŒ’˜—œǰȱŠœȱ Ž••ȱŠœȱ‘Žȱ

›˜ŽŒŽȱ›ŽŠȱŠ—ȱ’••’Žȱž›ŽŠžȱǻǼȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŽ™Š›–Ž—ȱ˜ȱ—Ÿ’›˜—–Ž—ȱŠ—ȱ

Šž›Š•ȱŽœ˜ž›ŒŽœȱ˜›ȱŠ••˜ ’—ȱžœȱ˜ȱœŽŒž›ŽȱŠȱ ’••’Žȱ›Šž’˜žœȱǻŒ˜••ŽŒ’˜—Ǽȱ™Ž›–’ǯȱ

‘Š—”œȱŠ•œ˜ȱ˜ȱ’£Š•¢ȱ Š–˜ȱ˜›ȱ‘˜œ’—ȱžœȱž›’—ȱ˜ž›ȱœŠ¢ȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ’œ•ŽȱŠœȱ Ž••ȱŠœȱ˜ž›ȱ

ŠŸ’œŽ›œȱŠ—ȱ›ŽŸ’Ž Ž›œȱ›ǯȱ—Ž•ȱ•ŒŠ•ŠȱŠ—ȱ›ǯȱ›Ž—Œ’˜ȱŠŒ‘’ŒŠǯȱ

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The Anguilliform Eels