national practice and legislations. As agreed upon in the ASEAN guidelines, these local CAs will be responsible for notifying other ASEAN CAs and other relevant in- ternational organizations on current laws and regula- tions regarding chemicals in aquaculture. This is in view of increasing trade among ASEAN member countries.
6.3 Regulations on the introduction of
implementing the ‘Philippine National Aquasilvicul- ture Program’. A memorandum of agreement has been signed between the two institutions as principals. The program involves reforestation of denuded mangrove areas and use of these reforested areas and existing man- groves for the culture of fish and other fishery products without cutting down a single tree. Abandoned areas covered by fishpond lease agreements (FLAs) as deter- mined jointly by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), Department of Agricul- ture (DA), and the LGUs shall also be restored to their original mangrove state (Flores, et al. 2014).
6.4.3 Integrated Agri-Aquaculture System Integrated Agri-Aquaculture (IAA) combines the pro- duction of crops, livestock, and aquatic animals in a limited system and is conducive for small farmholding by maximizing production in a small area and using the different waste components from each product.
One type of such integrated production system is aquaponics. It is the integration of recirculating fish production systems with hydroponic plant production to use the fertilizers efficiently. The integration of these two systems leads to the removal of nutrients (primarily nitrates and phosphates) from the system, omitting the need for water changes and thus conserving water. How- ever, water is needed to fill the initial system. Aquapon- ic systems recirculate water to use nutrients efficiently, thus producing food in a sustainable manner with little environmental impact. Removal of nutrients from fish effluent through plant nutrient uptake is an efficient and productive method of filtration (Licamele 2009).
An aquaponics system is a symbiotic joining of aqua- culture and hydroponics. The nutrient wastes produced by fish are circulated to the plant growing component and used by plants as fertilizers. Instead of building up in the aquaculture system, nutrients generated from fish waste serve as liquid fertilizer to hydroponically grown plants. The hydroponic component serves as a biofil- ter so that the water can be circulated back to the fish culture component of the system (White et al. 2008).
Therefore, the aquaponics system is an efficient way to upcycle nutrients from aquaculture to crop production, thus avoiding eutrophication problems associated with aquaculture wastes.
Rice-fish-vegetable integrated production is widely practiced in many Asian countries like China, Vietnam, India, and Bangladesh. However, there is limited adoption in the Philippines. This type of pro- duction system is ideally suited for small farmholdings in rural communities. This type of farming provides several advantages: (a) maximize use of land and water resources over a limited area; (b) integrated pest man- agement system by reducing the use of pesticides since fish feed on larvae and juveniles of pests in rice fields;
(c) minimize the use of fertilizer in rice since fish waste is a source of nutrients for the growing rice and other crops; and (d) improve resource utilization by diversi- fying crops produced in a limited area. The BFAR has been promoting the integrated culture of rice and fresh- water prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) through pilot demonstration sites in the province of Laguna using just 1,000 m2 of rice fields, with 10 percent devoted to prawn and the rest to rice. Figure 39 illustrates the layout of the farm. Cost and return analysis for this set- up proved to be significantly better for the integrated rice-prawn system compared to monoculture of rice (Casbadillo, unpublished). Figure 41 shows the cost and return for this simple setup.
IAA is not as widely popular in the Philippines as in other Asian countries. For instance, rice-fish cul- ture poses problems in synchronizing harvest of the two main crops. Many rice farmers feel that digging deeper ditches in specific areas in the rice field limits the area devoted to rice. Since the primary crop is rice and the side crop is fish, traditional rice farmers have to learn the technology of fish culture in tandem with their rice production effort. Although the BFAR promotes this, the agencies responsible for rice production do not. It is mainly the ‘fish’ people who are promoting integration with crops. Another hindrance to the adoption of IAA is the limitation in the use of traditional agricultural chemicals such as pesticides since these are toxic to fish.
Many farmers find it difficult to veer away from pesti- cides and fertilizer use in their rice field, despite the fact that one of the significant features of IAA is integrated pest management: using fish to control rice pests and weeds. Moreover, the use of fertilizers is also minimized since fish excretory products are sources of nutrients for the growing rice.
6.4.4 Feeding Management System which Involves Improvement of Feeding Practices for Cultured Aquatic Animals
Proper feed management results in efficient use of feed with reduced feed wastage, resulting in high feed efficiency (low FCR). In the Philippines, it has been shown that skip feeding or alternate day feeding strat- egy for Nile tilapia is effective and efficient in both
pond (Bolivar, Jimenez, and Brown 2006) and lake- based cages (Cuvin-Aralar et al. 2012). FCRs were significantly lowered, but no reduction in growth was observed. The improved performance attained by the skip feeding strategy may be a result of reduced feed waste either through more complete feed consumption by fish and/or improved nutrient absorption. Skip feed- ing or alternate day feeding is both an economical and ecologically sound alternative to Nile tilapia culture in both ponds and lake-based culture systems.
Another feeding management strategy that has shown to be effective in reducing feed wastage and improving feed efficiency is the use of maintenance feeding (MF) and submaximum feeding (SF). Exper- imental studies using this type of feed management where the fish are given MF and subsequently SF gave 30 percent less feed wastage, as measured by fecal out- put, compared to control (given full daily feed ration).
Mean FCR of fish given the MF/SF ration was only 0.8, which is significantly lower than 1.6 for fish given the full ration. Growth rates of fish also did not differ and full catch-up growth occurred in the MF/SF ra- tion. This study shows that feeding fish in cycles of MF Figure 41: Schematic diagram of farm
layout (top-top view; bottom- cross-sectional view) of rice- prawn culture in Laguna based on a 1,000 m2 area
Irrigation
Irrigation canal
Prawn Dike area Dike
0.5 m
1 m Are for Prawn
Are planted to rice
Planted to rice Pipe with net cover
Figure 42: Cost and return for rice monoculture and rice-prawn integrated culture for a
1,000 m2 plot from pilot studies of the BFAR
PhP
Rice Mono Rice + Prawn 14,000
0 4,000 2,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000
Cost Gross income Net income
Source: Casbadillo unpublished.
followed by SF may be an applicable feed management strategy to reduce feed costs and at the same time im- prove effluent quality of the aquaculture water without affecting growth (Ali et al. 2010). Studies on this type of feed management in local aquaculture commodities should also be conducted to determine if it can be ad- opted locally.
6.4.5 Biofloc Technology
Biofloc Technology (BFT) is considered an environ- ment-friendly and efficient system to produce aquacul- ture products, since nutrients could continuously be recycled and reused. The sustainable approach of such a system is based on the growth of microorganism in the culture medium, benefited by the minimum or zero water exchange. These microorganisms (biofloc) have two major roles: (a) maintenance of water quality, by the uptake of nitrogen compounds generating ‘in situ’
microbial protein and (b) nutrition, increasing cul- ture feasibility by reducing FCR and decreasing feed costs (Emerenciano, Gaxiola, and Cuzon 2013). As a closed system, BFT has the advantage of minimizing the release of effluents into water bodies as opposed to traditional culture systems where water drained from ponds and tanks in the course of the grow out results in eutrophication of receiving water bodies. In BFT,
‘waste’-nitrogen from uneaten feed and cultured organ- isms is converted into proteinaceous feed available for those same organisms. Instead of ‘downcycling’, a phenomenon often found in an attempt to recycle, the
technique actually ‘upcycles’ by closing the nutrient loop. Hence, water exchange can be decreased with- out deterioration of water quality and, consequently, the total amount of nutrients discharged into adjacent water bodies may be decreased (Lezama-Cervantes &
Paniagua-Michel 2010).
BFT gained prominence as a sustainable meth- od to control water quality, with the added value of producing proteinaceous feed in situ from a combina- tion of plankton and heterotrophic bacteria (Crab et al.
2012) that are able to provide nutrients to the cultured species. The technology has been used in the culture of various species like Nile tilapia (Avnimelech 2007) and marine shrimps (Ballester et al. 2010; Emeren- ciano, Ballester, and Cavalli 2011; Emerenciano et al.
2012; Brito et al. 2014), with positive results in terms of better growth and survival but with differences in the degree of the beneficial effect of BFT among the differ- ent species. In the BFT culture system, the floc makes the water turbid. Most fish farmers have the idea of clear water being much better than turbid water, thus BFT goes against what fish farmers expect (Avnimelech 2009). One of the issues against BFT is the require- ment for vigorous aeration in the system to enable the floc to remain in the water column, or else the system will not function. Oxygen requirement in BFT typi- cally ranges from 5 to 8 mg oxygen per liter per hour, another reason for the need for aeration (Hargreaves 2013). Electricity cost, needed to provide the aeration required, in the Philippines is quite prohibitive, thus limiting the adoption of BFT.
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