Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Aquaculture Department
SEAFDEC/AQD Institutional Repository http://repository.seafdec.org.ph
Institutional Reports Quarterly Research Reports
1980
Growth and survival of Penaeus
monodon Fabricius zoeae on different diatom feeds
Suñaz, F. P.
Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
Suñaz, F. P. (1980). Growth and survival of Penaeus monodon Fabricius zoeae on different diatom feeds. SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department Quarterly Research Report, 4(3), 7–11.
http://hdl.handle.net/10862/2372
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G ro w th and survival o f Penaeus
m o n o d o nF ab riciu s zoeae on d iffe r e n t d ia to m feeds
F . P. S u ñaz
P en ae us m o n o d o n la rvae reared u p t o M 1 stage in 3 0 0 - l fib e rg la s s ta n k s w e re fe d w it h (1 ) m ix e d d ia to m s , (2 ) S k e le to n e m a c o s ta tu m , (3 ) C h a e to c e ro s c a lc itra n s an d (4 ) C. g ra c ilis . F e e d in g levels w e re m a in ta in e d b e tw e e n 5 0 t o 1 0 0 x 1 0 3 c e lls /m l. T w o ru n s w it h t w o re p lic a te s each w e re d o n e . T h e d iff e r e n t d ia to m s w e re s e le cte d as th e y are w id e ly u se d , a v a ila b le a n d can e a s ily be mass c u ltu r e d u n d e r lo c a l c o n d itio n s . T h e s tu d y w a s c o n d u c te d t o d e te r m in e th e m o s t s u ita b le fo o d f o r P. m o n o d o n zoea.
R e su lts are s u m m a riz e d in F ig u re 1. H ig h e s t m ea n s u rv iv a l ra te w a s o b ta in e d w it h la rva e fe d w it h C. g ra c ilis (6 2 .9 0 % ) fo llo w e d b y m ix e d d ia to m s (6 0 .4 3 % ). N o s ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e (P 0 .0 5 ) w as fo u n d a m o n g these value s. M ean s u rv iv a l rates f o r C. c a lc itra n s an d S. c o s ta tu m fe d la rvae w e re 4 3 .2 8 % a n d 8 .9 5 % , re s p e c tiv e ly (T a b le 1).
G re a te s t m o r ta litie s o c c u rre d in th e e a rly zoea stages ( Z 1 t o Z 2 ) f o r la rva e fe d S. c o s ta tu m and la te zoea stage ( Z 3 to M 1 ) f o r th o s e fe d C. c a lc itra n s . T h is c o u ld b e d u e t o t h e fo o d size p re fe re n c e o f th e larvae (F r o s t, 1 9 7 2 ; M a r tin , 1 9 7 0 ). T a k a n o (1 9 6 8 ) in d ic a te d t h a t S. c o s ta tu m (8 -1 0 u) c o u ld n o t s u p p o r t th e la rval stages o f b r in e s h r im p a n d i t w a s p re s u m e d t h a t th e c e ll size m ig h t b e t o o b ig f o r th e e a rly la rv a l stages. S im ila r ly , Y a n g (1 9 7 5 ) o b se rve d t h a t in it ia l ly s h rim p larvae ca n o n ly in ge st p a r tic le size o f 3 -5 u a n d t h a t fo o d sizes o f 3 -8 u p ro v id e so m e o f th e b e s t la rv a l fo o d o f v a rio u s p e n a e id species. C. g ra c ilis (4 -6 u) fa lls w i t h in t h is size range. M ix e d d ia to m p o p u la tio n s c o n ta in a w id e range o f p a r tic le sizes e n a b lin g th e la rvae t o e a s ily se le c t th e
Figure 1. Mean daily survival of P. m onodon larvae (N 6—M 1) fed different types of
diatoms.
Table 1 . Survival and grow th o f P. m onodon larvae (N —M 1 ) fed d iffe re n t types o f diatoms
TR E A TM E N T S
Number o f larvae Survival rate1 (%)
Zoeal period (days)
In itia l Final
Mixed diatoms 15,000 9,065 60.43a 5
S. costatum 15,000 1,343 8.95c 6
C. gracilis 15,000 9,435 6 2 .9 0 a 5
C. calcitrans 15,000 6,468 43.28b 6
1
Values w ith the same superscript are n o t significantly d iffe re n t fro m each o th e r at P < 0.05
The larvae fed C. gracilis and mixed diatom s were observed to grow faster and larger than those in C. calcitrans and S. costatum tanks as shown by the to ta l number o f days in the zoeae period (Table 1). Frost (1972) found th a t the size o f the p h yto p la n kto n cells a ffe ct n o t only the feeding rate b u t the survival and grow th rates o f the animal as w ell. This means th a t more food is ingested and more nutrients required fo r grow th are assimilated. Furtherm ore, non- synchronous metamorphosis was apparent in tanks fed S. costatum and C. calcitrans especially fro m Z 3 to M 1. Some larvae were already in the M 1 stage. This is a strong ind ica tio n o f unsui
table diet.
Food densities in the larval experimental tanks were m onitored and observed (Fig. 2).
Cell counts were generally lower in th e morning than in the late a fternoon. This implies th a t the food population may drop during the night as a result o f either increased feeding b y the
larvae o r slower rate o f cell m u ltip lic a tio n due to the absence o f lig h t, o r b o th .
The C. gracilis population in the larval tanks were observed to be most stable (Fig. 2).
A t a concentration o f 50 to 100 x 103 cells/ml no sudden d ro p occurred. The larval rearing media were clear and very little sediments were observed accumulating on the ta n k b o tto m .
In C. calcitrans— fed tanks, sim ilar observations were noted except th a t the d ia to m popu
lation increased very rapidly. Estimated cell concentration w ould usually go beyond 100 x 103
cells/ml particularly in the afternoon. Regular d ilu tio n o f the w ater media had to be done in
Figure 2. Characteristics of food population as observed in P. monodon larval rearing tanks.
m a in ta in e d w it h in th e d e s ire d level o n ly u n t il th e seco nd d a y an d th e n it g ra d u a lly d r o p p e d b e lo w 5 0 x 1 0 3 c e lls /m l. R e g u la r a d d itio n o f m ix e d c u ltu re s had to b e d o n e . C o lla p s e o f S. c o s ta tu m p o p u la tio n o c c u rre d even as e a rly as th e seco nd d a y a n d s e d im e n ts s ta rte d a c c u m u la tin g o n th e ta n k b o tto m .
S im ila r tre n d s w e re also o b serve d in th e c u ltu r e o f the se fo o d o rg a n is m s . C. g r a c ilis and C. c a lc itr a n s w e re easier t o m a in ta in in large o u t d o o r ta n k s f o r lo n g e r p e rio d s and d e n s itie s o f 1 x 1 0 6 c e lls /m l c o u ld e a s ily be a tta in e d . S. c o s ta tu m , o n th e o th e r h a n d , c o u ld n o t s ta y f o r a lo n g p e rio d at h ig h d e n s ity . T h e c e lls w o u ld s ta rt t o c lu m p to g e th e r as s o o n as pe a k g r o w th is re a che d a n d c o lla p s e o f c u ltu re s w o u ld r e a d ily f o llo w . C u ltu re s c o u ld n o t e a s ily b e su sta in e d e s p e c ia lly u n d e r d ir e c t s u n lig h t o r w h e n th e w a te r te m p e r a tu r e rose a b o v e 2 8 ° C . M ix e d d ia to m s a tta in e d o n ly a m a x im u m d e n s ity o f 4 0 x 1 0 4 c e lls /m l. A s th e w a te r m e d iu m w a s c o a rs e ly f i l te re d , d iv e rs e c o m m u n itie s a lw a y s d e v e lo p e d a n d e c o lo g ic a l succe ssio n w o u ld e a s ily o c c u r. In o r d e r t o a v o id su cce ssio n , c o n s ta n t re n e w a l o f c u ltu re s had t o b e d o n e .
M a n y h a tc h e rie s have re p o rte d th e use o f m ix e d species o f c u ltu r e as fo o d f o r th e zoea larvae w i t h c o n s id e ra b le success. T h is m a y b e t r u e f o r s h r im p c u ltu r e as th e d iv e rs e c o m m u n itie s t h a t d e v e lo p are m o s t o fte n b e n e fic ia l a n d s u ita b le f o r th e la rva e as th e y m e ta m o rp h o s e fr o m h e rb iv o ro u s e a rly zoe a t o o m n iv o ro u s la te zoe a and m y s is . H o w e v e r, th e re are a lso m a n y d is ad van ta ge s o f m ix e d d ia to m s . S pecies c o m p o s itio n is v e ry d e p e n d e n t o n th e seasonal v a r ia b ility o c c u r r in g in th e n a tu ra l w a te rs . U n d e s ira b le species s o m e tim e s p r e d o m in a te a n d c a n n o t be s o rte d o u t. W h e n th is ha p p e n s h a tc h e ry o p e ra tio n s m a y b e c o m p le te ly s to p p e d . C o m p le te d e p e n d e n c e o n s u n lig h t do e s n o t e n c o u ra g e h ig h d e n s ity c u ltu r e s th u s la rg e r c u ltu r e v o lu m e s a re necessary.
O n th e o th e r h a n d , spe cia l s k ills a n d te c h n iq u e s and s o p h is tic a te d a p p a ra tu s re q u ire d f o r u n ia lg a l c u ltu re s are n o t necessary.
T h e re s u lts o f th is s tu d y in d ic a te t h a t m ix e d d ia to m s a n d C. g r a c ilis are m u c h b e tte r fo o d f o r P. m o n o d o n zoea. A d d it io n o f z o o p la n k to n such as r o tife r s is a lso re c o m m e n d e d as e a rly as Z 3 sin ce th e la rvae s ta rts to be o m n iv o ro u s a t th is stage.
L ite ra tu re d cited:
F ro s t, W .B . 1 9 7 2 . E ffe c ts o f size and c o n c e n tr a tio n o f fo o d p a rtic le s o n th e fe e d in g b e h a v io r o f th e m a rin e p la n k to n ic c o p e p o d, C a Ia nu s p a c ific u s . L im n o l. O c e a n o g r., 1 7 :8 0 5 - 8 1 5 .
M a r tin , J .H . 1 9 7 0 . P h y to p la n k to n - z o o p la n k to n re la tio n s h ip s in N a ra g a n se tt B ay. 4 . T h e season
al im p o r ta n c e o f g ra zin g . L im n o l. O c e a n o g r., 1 5 : 4 1 3 4 1 8 .
T a k a n o , H . 1 9 6 7 . R e a rin g e x p e rim e n ts o f b r in e s h rim p o n d ia to m d ie t . B u ll. T o k a i. Reg. F ish . Res. L a b . 5 2 :1 - 1 0 .
Y a n g , W .T . 1 9 7 5 . A m a n u a l f o r la rg e -ta n k c u ltu r e o f p e n a e id s h r im p t o p o s tla rv a l stages. M ia m i,
