In Asia, as elsewhere, the policy approach to redistributing growth dividends has focused on ways to generate more growth. income earning opportunities for a rapidly expanding workforce.1 The problem: the absorption of labor into rewarding and productive employment. In national social accounts.2 The adoption of Western employment concepts by these societies. are characterized by a high standard of living and a concentration of income-generating work. In C-n wage activities, the poor are classified as fully employed, the (open) unemployed probably. The result is a plethora of terms and vague associations between an employment problem and a poverty problem, which has led to national policies to alleviate poverty by reducing unemployment through expansion. However, such employment leads, in the context of an industrialization strategy concludes that, while unemployment can be reduced for: the relatively well-off residents of one of the 'two big' cities, the lower income groups are difficult to reach. take advantage of current employment programs at all,3.
However, under a strategy of accelerated industrialization, the types of investment policies likely to be implemented would be of limited benefit to the majority of the workforce. In a capital-intensive sector and to prevent the expansion of this sector in the production of goods that are produced or can be produced by small-scale labor. The main drawback of this dualistic development is the possible loss of opportunities to link small-scale production with large-scale, capital-intensive industries. In most of Asia. nations over 70 percent of the .population1$ . rural; 80 percent of those who are defined as . being in poverty they live in rural areas.
Two policy approaches – changing price signals and increasing the use of idle capacity – would only have consequences. the use of labor in a very small sector01. activity. An accelerated rural development strategy shifts the focus from the development of an industrial core to the development of local, agriculturally based regions. Such an assumption ignores both the structural rigidities and external economic relationships of developing countries. Effective economic and political power is concentrated in the hands of an urban elite; with a heavy dependence of the domestic economy on international markets centered in North America.
It could not be demonstrated that there was a large surplus of labor in the countryside. Demand patterns were not favorable to the pure color of goods that were manufactured in a labour-intensive manner. The landowners and the wealthy did not necessarily invest their savings to promote the growth of the domestic economy. to attempt.
RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS IN THE PHILIPPINES
The economic potential of rural areas has been identified in the context of national economic growth and the country's socio-political stability. Lack of industrialization of the agricultural sector; i.e. the development of agri-business and agri-processing. Promote the establishment and development of social, political and cultural structures in rural areas which are responsive to the needs of the rural population.
The well-being and progress of rural areas are mainly, but not entirely, dependent on agricultural development. Other sectors such as health, civic education and family planning can further enhance the development of rural areas. The development of rural areas using the systems approach involves the introduction of all these elements into the farm system.
But this must be preceded by a definition and analysis of the conditions existing in the farm system. This part of the paper will attempt to identify specific post-war rural development programs undertaken by the government. Much of the material is taken from the report on Philippine rural development strategies submitted to the Asian Center for Development Administration on May 26, 1975 by the Institute of Philippine Culture.
The achievements of National Resettlement and Rehabilitation (NARRA) were better compared to its predecessors. The rural banking system was established in June 1952 with the passage of the Rural Banking Act (R.A. 720). It was noted in Spanish chronicles in the 16th century, among which is the story of Ex.
In November 1974, it became part of the Rural Development Program Department of the OAP where it remained until the formal establishment of the FSDe. Since the rural tenure does not entitle workers to regular transportation, daily allowances and other allowances, the program involves a degree of sacrifice on the part of government employees. The existence of several programs designed to raise the eocle-econcmtc cooditlons of the rural sector is known.
Almost all programs of the government and civil groups are aimed at achieving this goal. Much of the literature on rural development programs focuses on administrative problems to the exclusion of conceptual problems.
COMPARATIVE CASE STUDIES OF TWO HOUSING COOPERATIVES IN THE PHILIPPINES·
Overall, this study aimed to explore some factors that may be related to the success or failure of housing cooperatives in the Philippines. The number of members and their growth since each cooperative was first registered until the time of the study. This study used a combination of a case study approach and a survey of selected members of each of the two cooperatives studied.
The main tool for data collection was minutes, documents and an interview, which was conducted among the selected respondents of the cooperatives. For the purpose of selecting household cooperatives to be used as an example. studies, master list of housing cooperatives. Personal interviews conducted among senior officials of the department provided the basis for ranking the housing cooperatives according to the level of performance. "Success".
Although Dallao City Homesite and Housing Cooperative and Kasangyanga .. ervlce Cooperative, Jolo, Sulu are tied for first place. In the exercise, the bulk of the Interview helped the researcher to select the successful first ~moat. Pleasant Hills Housing and Service Cooperative, which had the lowest overall rating, was. Pre-testing of the questionnaire was conducted in two 'other housing units in Metro-Manila.
The two case studies suggest some insights into the factors that led to the success of one and the failure of the other. The socio-economic position of the members has a significant bearing on the success or failure of the housing cooperative. The results of the study show that there were no significant differences in terms of the range of education levels achieved.
In both cases, members with no formal education and those with postgraduate education were at the other extreme. The majority of DCHHCI members (57.52%) were professionals (engineers, doctors, lawyers and civil servants), while in PHHSCI, a higher percentage of members (47.34%) were employed in unskilled and semi-skilled jobs. In PHHSCI than in DCHHCI (4.4%), but the capitalization of members was higher in the latter.6.
FleUR
DCHHCI a PHHSCI:COMPARI80N OF TYPEI OCCUPATION OF MEIlIERS AI OF THE TillE OF THEIR RE"STRATION
- PRES. MARCOS APPROVES NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTALCODE
- LOCAL GOVERNMENTS SHARE IN URBAN RENEWAL
- GOVERNMENT ADOPTS SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PLAN
- ENERGY DEPARTMENT CREATED The Department of Energy was recently
- METRO MANILA COMMISSION STRENGTHENS BARANGAY
- HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PLANNERS TO GOTO YEMEN
- CLEARING HOUSE CREATED FOR METRO-MANILA PROJECTS
Document analysis of the minutes of the meetings showed that there were differences in the way the two cooperatives ran their businesses. In the DCHHCI, the procedure for holding meetings followed a fairly uniform and orderly pattern consistent with the provision of the cooperative's bylaws. 34;monopolistic practices" of the president.9 Half of those interviewed responded that they contributed to the meeting's discussions while the rest 70CHHCI.
This could be due to the “too much relationship between the leaders and the rest of the members.” Another feature of the PHHSCI that the other cooperative lacked was the direct or indirect participation of five agencies in the operation of the cooperative. In the case of the two housing cooperatives, education and training on cooperative principles did not seem to have any significant relationship with success or failure.
The majority of respondents (83%) had attended these seminars, although seventy-five percent (75%) of the seventy-three. Table 2 shows the cooperative's total grain income and the percentage of entry fees.11. But there seemed to be a better application of the training that members of the DCHHCI received than that of the members of the PHHSCI.
The main sources of financing for the cooperatives were loans and donations from philanthropic societies. These financial aids were insufficient and not well paid by the cooperative's managers. Cal recently joined the faculty of the Department of Environmental Planning (lEp) as an assistant professor.
One hundred students, including thirty-one new ones, were enrolled at the Institute for Environmental Planning (IEP) for the first semester of the 1977-78 academic year. The National Housing Authority (NHA) has signed agreements with thirteen of the seventeen local governments in Metro Manila to improve their slums. As Director-General of the NEDA, the Secretary of Economic Planning, Gerardo Sicat is empowered to recommend changes in the Plans to the President.
The PERC awaiting formal approval from the First Lady and Metro Manila Governor Imelda R. Masters in Urban and Regional Planning Program of the Institute of Environmental Planning, University of the Philippines.
