LITERATURE REVIEW: CONCEPTS
2.13 Informal Learning and Job Performance
Lohman (2005) stated that employee learning has a positive effect on increasing their knowledge, a skill that would affect performance. Watkins and Marsick (1996) stated that learning is important, as learning can improve individual and organization performance. Several studies confirmed that informal learning had significantly associated with competencies development (Rowold and Kauffeld 2008;
Choi and Jacobs 2011). Park and Choi (2016) found that both formal and informal learning were significant and positively related to job performance. In addition, informal learning had more powerful impact than formal learning. Given this discussion, we offer the following hypothesis:
H19: There is a relationship between Informal learning and Job Performance
Table 2.8 Relationship between Independent Variables and Dependent Variables
Independent Variable
Mediator Dependent Variable
Topic Result Authors
Job Demand - Burnout Antecedents of Job Burnout among Bank Employees
Positive Zafar, Zahra, and Zia (2014)
The job demands-resources model of burnout Positive Demerouti et al.
(2001) The Role of Personal Resources in the Job
Demands-Resources Model
Positive Xanthopoulou et al.
(2007) Burnout and work engagement : The JD-R
approach
Positive Bakker et al. (2014) Job Control - Burnout A Test and Refinement of the Demand–
Control–Support Model in the Construction Industry
Negative Janssen, Bakker, and De Jong (2001)
Explaining worker strain and learning: how important are emotional job demands?
Negative Taris and Schreurs (2009) Job demands, job resources, and their
relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi-sample study
Negative Schaufeli and Bakker (2004)
46
Table 2.8 (Continued)
Independent Variable
Mediator Dependent Variable
Topic Result Authors
Social Support - Burnout Chronic job burnout and daily functioning: A theoretical analysis
Negative Bakker and Costa (2014) The Role of Personal Resources in the Job
Demands-Resources Model
Negative Xanthopoulou et al.
(2007) A Test and Refinement of the Demand–
Control–Support Model in the Construction Industry
Negative Janssen et al. (2001)
Job Demand - Informal
Learning
Influencing Work-Related Learning: The Role of Job Characteristics and Self-Directed Learning Orientation in Part-Time Vocational Education
Positive Gijbels et al. (2010)
Job resources and emotional exhaustion: The mediating role of learning opportunities
Positive Van Ruysseveldt et al. (2011)
Job Control - Informal
Learning
Influences of Formal Learning, Personal Characteristics, and Work Environment Characteristics on Informal Learning among Middle Managers in the Korean Banking Sector
Positive Choi (2009)
47
Table 2.8 (Continued)
Independent Variable
Mediator Dependent Variable
Topic Result Authors
Job Control - Informal
Learning
Influencing Work-Related Learning: The Role of Job Characteristics and Self-Directed Learning Orientation in Part-Time Vocational Education
Positive Gijbels et al. (2010)
Social Support - Informal
Learning
Explaining worker strain and learning: how important are emotional job demands?
Positive Taris and Schreurs (2009) Influencing Work-Related Learning: The Role
of Job Characteristics and Self-Directed Learning Orientation in Part-Time Vocational Education
Positive Gijbels et al. (2010)
Self-efficacy - Job Demand Does self-efficacy matter for burnout and sickness absenteeism? The mediating role of demands and resources at the individual and team levels
Negative Consiglio et al.
(2013)
A multilevel analysis of the demands-control model: Is stress at work determined by factors at the group level or the individual level?
Negative Van Yperen and Snijders (2000)
48
Table 2.8 (Continued)
Independent Variable
Mediator Dependent Variable
Topic Result Authors
Self-efficacy - Job Control A Work Psychological Model that Works Expanding the Job Demands-Resources Model
Positive Xanthopoulou (2007) Does self-efficacy matter for burnout and
sickness absenteeism? The mediating role of demands and resources at the individual and levels
Positive Consiglio et al.
(2013)
Self-efficacy - Social
Support
The Role of Personal Resources in the Job Demands-Resources Model
Positive Xanthopoulou et al.
(2007) Relationship between social support and self-
efficacy in women psychiatrists
Positive Wang et al. (2015) Self-efficacy - Burnout Does self-efficacy matter for burnout and
sickness absenteeism? The mediating role of demands and resources at the individual and team levels
Negative Consiglio et al.
(2013)
A longitudinal study of teacher burnout and perceived self-efficacy in classroom
management
Negative Brouwers and Tomic (2000)
49
Table 2.8 (Continued)
Independent Variable
Mediator Dependent Variable
Topic Result Authors
Self-efficacy - Informal
Learning
Influences of Formal Learning, Personal Characteristics, and Work Environment Characteristics on Informal Learning among Middle Managers in the Korean Banking Sector
Positive Choi (2009)
Administrative assistants’ informal learning and related factors
Positive Cho and Kim (2016) Self-efficacy Job Demand Burnout Does self-efficacy matter for burnout and
sickness absenteeism? The mediating role of demands and resources at the individual and team levels
Partial Consiglio et al.
(2013)
Self-efficacy Job Resources (Job Control
and Social support)
Burnout Does self-efficacy matter for burnout and sickness absenteeism? The mediating role of demands and resources at the individual and team levels
Partial Consiglio et al.
(2013)
Burnout - Job
Performance
The survey job burnout status and its relation with the performance of the employees (Case study: Bank)
Negative Gorji et al. (2011)
50
Table 2.8 (Continued)
Independent Variable
Mediator Dependent Variable
Topic Result Authors
Burnout - Job
Performance
Emotional Dissonance, Burnout, and In-Role Performance Among Nurses and Police Officers
Negative Bakker and Heuven (2006)
Chronic job burnout and daily functioning: A theoretical analysis
Negative Bakker and Costa (2014) The Effect of Job Burnout Dimension on
Employees’ Performance
Negative Gorji (2011)
Informal Learning
- Job
Performance
The effects of formal learning and informal learning on job performance: the mediating role of the value of learning at work
Positive Park and Choi (2016)
Improving Job Performance: Workplace Learning is the First Step
Positive Daryoush, Silong, Omar, and Othman
(2013)
51