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Abstract : Diabetes Mellitus Problem Solved by Health Volunteer Community

Supparuk supaaim*

*Ubonratana Hospital , Khon Kaen Province

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease and a major health problem in Thailand. The objective of this study was to develop a problem-solving model for diabetes mellitus in a community, in the hope that it could reduce hemoglobinA1C and increase the quality of life of diabetes mellitus patients. The diabetes mellitus problem-solving activity was operated in six villages of Ubonratana District in Khoan Kaen Province. Fifty-two diabetes mellitus patients participated for six months in the problem-solving activity, which was operated by health volunteers; it involved promoting exercise, controlling diet and optimizing drug compliance. The problem-solving patterns were monthly meetings, home visits and health education. The average hemoglobinA1C of the diabetes mellitus patients was 9.9 percent, but after their participation it dropped to 8.7 percent. The quality-of-life score (WHO QOL short form 26) was 88.7; it increased to 101.1 after the activity. The changes in the average HbA1C and quality-of-life scores are statistically significant. The conclusion of this study was that a diabetes mellitus problem-solving activity in a community may be able to reduce HbA1C and increase the quality-of-life score.

Key words : health volunteers, diabetes mellitus, community health system, community participation

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Journal of Health Systems Research Vol. 2 No. 3 July-September (Supplement 6) 2008 ªï∑’Ë Ú ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °§.-°¬. (©∫—∫‡ √‘¡ ˆ) ÚııÒ

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π”¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“°¿“§ π“¡¡“«‘‡§√“–Àå√à«¡°—π°—∫‡®â“Àπâ“∑’Ë “∏“√≥ ÿ¢·≈–°≈ÿà¡Õ“ “ ¡—§√∑“ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢, °≈ÿà¡‡°…µ√æ÷Ëß µπ‡Õß, °≈ÿà¡·æ∑¬åæ◊Èπ∫â“π„π™ÿ¡™π. ª√–™ÿ¡‡æ◊ËÕ°”Àπ¥

°≈¬ÿ∑∏å°“√·°â‰¢ªí≠À“‡∫“À«“π„π™ÿ¡™π √à«¡°—π√–À«à“ß‡®â“

Àπâ“∑’Ë “∏“√≥ ÿ¢·≈–™“«∫â“π. À≈—ß®“°π—Èπ®÷ß¥”‡π‘π°“√·°â ªí≠À“‡∫“À«“π„π™ÿ¡™π ‚¥¬¡’™“«∫â“π·≈–°≈ÿà¡æ≈—ß™ÿ¡™π‡ªìπ ºŸâ¥”‡π‘πß“π ·≈–‡®â“Àπâ“∑’Ë “∏“√≥ ÿ¢‡ªìπæ’Ë‡≈’È¬ß.

‚¥¬°àÕµ—Èß‡ªìπ™¡√¡‡æ◊ËÕ àß‡ √‘¡„ÀâÕ“ “ ¡—§√„π™ÿ¡™π ∂“π’Õπ“¡—¬ ·≈–‚√ßæ¬“∫“≈ ®—¥°‘®°√√¡∑’Ë‡Õ◊ÈÕª√–‚¬™πå „π

°“√·°âªí≠À“‡∫“À«“π„π™ÿ¡™π‚¥¬¥”‡π‘πµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß π“π ˆ

‡¥◊Õπ ‚¥¬µâÕß¡’°“√ª√–™ÿ¡ √ÿªº≈°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√·°âªí≠À“‡∫“

À«“π„π™ÿ¡™π∑ÿ°‡¥◊Õπ ‚¥¬Õß§åª√–™ÿ¡µâÕßª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬‡®â“

Àπâ“∑’Ë “∏“√≥ ÿ¢, °≈ÿà¡Õ“ “ ¡—§√∑“ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢, °≈ÿà¡‡°…µ√

æ÷Ëßµπ‡Õß, ºŸâπ”™ÿ¡™π ·≈–™“«∫â“π. ‡¡◊ËÕ§√∫ ˆ ‡¥◊Õπ µ√«®√à“ß°“¬, «—¥√–¥—∫πÈ”µ“≈„π‡≈◊Õ¥, ª√–‡¡‘π§–·ππ

§ÿ≥¿“æ™’«‘µºŸâªÉ«¬‡∫“À«“πÀ≈—ß‡¢â“‚§√ß°“√, ª√–™ÿ¡ √ÿª‡æ◊ËÕ

∂Õ¥·∫∫§«“¡√Ÿâ∑’Ë‰¥â®“°°“√¥”‡π‘πß“π ‚¥¬„™â°√–∫«π°“√

∫√‘À“√§«“¡√Ÿâ.

®“°°“√¥”‡π‘πß“π °“√·°âªí≠À“‡∫“À«“π„π™ÿ¡™π‚¥¬

Õ“ “ ¡—§√„π™ÿ¡™π ¡’À¡Ÿà∫â“π‡¢â“√à«¡‚§√ß°“√¥—ßπ’È Ò ∫â“πÀπÕß·µâ À¡Ÿà ı µ”∫≈∫â“π¥ß Ú. ∫â“πÀπÕß·µâ À¡Ÿà ˆ µ”∫≈∫â“π¥ß Û. ∫â“πÀâ«¬∑√“¬ À¡Ÿà ÒÙ µ”∫≈∫â“π¥ß Ù. ∫â“π‚ππ√“»’ À¡Ÿà Ú µ”∫≈π“§”

ı. ∫â“πÀπÕß‰À≈ À¡Ÿà Ù µ”∫≈π“§”

ˆ. ∫â“π∑à“æ√–¬“≥√ß§å µ”∫≈»√’ ÿ¢ ”√“≠

º≈°“√»÷°…“

®“°°“√‡°Á∫¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¿“§ π“¡æ∫«à“ºŸâªÉ«¬‡∫“À«“π∑’Ë¡’

ªí≠À“‰µ≈â¡‡À≈«®“°‚√§‡∫“À«“π à«π„À≠à®–‰¡à¡“√—°…“Õ¬à“ß µàÕ‡π◊ËÕß, ºŸâªÉ«¬À≈“¬§π‰¡à¬Õ¡„™â¬“µ“¡·æ∑¬å —Ëß ‡π◊ËÕß®“°‰¡à

‡™◊ËÕ∂◊Õ„π√–∫∫°“√√—°…“·æ∑¬å·ºπªí®®ÿ∫—π ·≈–¬—ß‡ÀÁπ«à“

µπ‡Õß‰¡à¡’Õ“°“√º‘¥ª√°µ‘„¥Ê.

°‘®°√√¡µ“¡¢âÕµ°≈ß„π°“√·°â‰¢ªí≠À“‡∫“À«“π„π™ÿ¡

™π¡’¥—ßπ’È

Ò. µ—Èß°≈ÿà¡ÕÕ°°”≈—ß°“¬„πºŸâªÉ«¬‡∫“À«“π.

Ú. ÕÕ°‡¬’Ë¬¡ºŸâªÉ«¬‡∫“À«“π‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ°”≈—ß„®

∑ÿ°‡¥◊Õπ ·π–π”‡√◊ËÕßÕ“À“√·≈–°“√„™â¬“

‚¥¬Õ“ “ ¡—§√ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢„πÀ¡Ÿà∫â“π.

Û. ®—¥ª√–™ÿ¡„πÀ¡Ÿà∫â“π ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ§«“¡√Ÿâ·≈–°”≈—ß„®

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ºŸâªÉ«¬‡∫“À«“π

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(4)

Ù. „Àâ ÿ¢»÷°…“ºà“πÀÕ°√–®“¬¢à“« ‡πâπ‡√◊ËÕß °“√ÕÕ°°”≈—ß°“¬ °“√„™â¬“·≈–°“√§«∫§ÿ¡

Õ“À“√∑ÿ° —ª¥“Àå.

ı. ª√–™ÿ¡Õ“ “ ¡—§√ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢®“°∑ÿ°À¡Ÿà∫â“π ∑ÿ°‡¥◊Õπ ‡æ◊ËÕ«“ß·ºπ∑”ß“π·°âªí≠À“‡∫“À«“π ·≈–„Àâ°”≈—ß„®.

ºŸâªÉ«¬‡∫“À«“π ∑’Ë‡¢â“√à«¡‚§√ß°“√¡’∑—Èß ‘Èπ ıÚ §π ‡ªìπ™“¬ ÒÚ §π ·≈–‡ªìπÀ≠‘ß Ù §π ºŸâªÉ«¬

‡∫“À«“π¡’Õ“¬ÿ‡©≈’Ë¬ ı˘.Ú ªï ºŸâªÉ«¬∑’ËÕ“¬ÿ¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥¡’Õ“¬ÿ∂÷ß

˜Û ªï Õ“¬ÿπâÕ¬∑’Ë ÿ¥ ¡’Õ“¬ÿ‡æ’¬ß Ûˆ ªï. √–¬–‡«≈“∑’Ë‡ªìπ‡∫“

À«“π‡©≈’Ë¬ ¯.ıˆ ªï.

ºŸâªÉ«¬∑’Ë‰¥âµ°≈ß¬‘π¬Õ¡‡¢â“√à«¡‚§√ß°“√ ®÷ß∑”°“√µ√«®

‡≈◊Õ¥ºŸâªÉ«¬‡∫“À«“π ‚¥¬„™âº≈‡≈◊Õ¥·∫∫‡©≈’Ë¬¬âÕπÀ≈—ß ·≈–„Àâ ºŸâªÉ«¬‡∫“À«“πµÕ∫·∫∫ Õ∫∂“¡‡æ◊ËÕª√–‡¡‘π§–·ππ§ÿ≥¿“æ

™’«‘µ‚¥¬„™â·∫∫ª√–‡¡‘π§ÿ≥¿“æ™’«‘µ©∫—∫¿“…“‰∑¬¢ÕßÕß§å°“√

Õπ“¡—¬‚√§Õ¬à“ß¬àÕ Úˆ ¢âÕ æ∫«à“‰¥â §à“√–¥—∫πÈ”µ“≈„π‡≈◊Õ¥

‡©≈’Ë¬¬âÕπÀ≈—ß §◊Õ √âÕ¬≈– ˘.˘ ^± Ú.Û ·≈–√–¥—∫

πÈ”µ“≈„π‡≈◊Õ¥À≈—ß ˆ ‡¥◊ÕπµàÕ¡“√âÕ¬≈– ¯.˜ ^± Ò.ˆ,√–¥—∫

πÈ”µ“≈„π‡≈◊Õ¥ºŸâªÉ«¬‡∫“À«“π∑’Ëºà“πµ“¡‡°≥±å ¡’‡æ’¬ß Ú §π

‡∑à“π—Èπ. §–·ππ§ÿ≥¿“æ™’«‘µ°àÕπ‡¢â“‚§√ß°“√‡©≈’Ë¬ ¯¯.˜^±Ò

.ÒÛ §–·ππ ·≈–À≈—ß‡¢â“‚§√ß°“√ ÒÒ.Ò ^± ˜.Ú˘.

À≈—ß®“°¡’°“√¥”‡π‘πß“π·°â‰¢ªí≠À“‡∫“À«“π„π™ÿ¡™π π“π ˆ ‡¥◊Õπ ·≈â«æ∫«à“√–¥—∫πÈ”µ“≈ HbA₁C „π‡≈◊Õ¥‡©≈’Ë¬

¬âÕπÀ≈—ß¢ÕßºŸâªÉ«¬‡∫“À«“π ≈¥≈ß‡©≈’Ë¬√âÕ¬≈– Ò.Ú,

™à«ß§«“¡‡™◊ËÕ¡—Ëπ√âÕ¬≈– ˘ı ‡∑à“°—∫ .¯Ò-Ò.ı˘ ·≈–§à“æ’

<.Ò ´÷Ëß∂◊Õ«à“¡’π—¬ ”§—≠∑“ß§≈‘π‘°^(¯). πÕ°®“°π’È¬—ßæ∫«à“

ºŸâªÉ«¬‡∫“À«“π¡’§–·ππ§ÿ≥¿“æ™’«‘µ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ‡©≈’Ë¬ ÒÒ.Ù

§–·ππ ´÷Ëß∂◊Õ«à“¡’π—¬ ”§—≠∑“ß ∂‘µ‘ ‚¥¬æ∫«à“ºŸâªÉ«¬∑’Ë¡’

§ÿ≥¿“æ™’«‘µ¥’°«à“ª√°µ‘¡’∂÷ß Ò˘ §π. °“√∑¥ Õ∫∑’®—∫§Ÿà‡ª√’¬∫

‡∑’¬∫§–·ππ§ÿ≥¿“æ™’«‘µºŸâªÉ«¬°àÕπ·≈–À≈—ß‡¢â“‚§√ß°“√ ‰¥â§à“

‡©≈’Ë¬ ÒÒ.ÙÚ ™à«ß§«“¡‡™◊ËÕ¡—Ëπ√âÕ¬≈– ˘ı ‡∑à“°—∫ ˘.Û- ÒÛ.¯Ò ·≈–§à“æ’ <.Ò. §–·ππ§ÿ≥¿“æ™’«‘µºŸâªÉ«¬‡∫“

À«“π‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ‡©≈’Ë¬ ÒÒ.ÙÚ §–·ππ ·≈–‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷ÈπÕ¬à“ß¡’π—¬

”§—≠∑“ß ∂‘µ‘.

«‘®“√≥å

„πÕ¥’µ∑’Ëºà“π¡“ ß“π “∏“√≥ ÿ¢‰∑¬®–‡πâπ§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§

µ‘¥µàÕ ·≈–®—¥°“√ ÿ¢Õπ“¡—¬ª√–™“™π‡ªìπÀ≈—°. „πªí®®ÿ∫—π

∫∑∫“∑¢Õß™ÿ¡™π„π°“√®—¥°“√¥â“π ÿ¢¿“æ °Á¬—ß‡πâπ π„®

‡©æ“–¡‘µ‘¢Õß‚√§µ‘¥µàÕÕ¬Ÿà‡™àπ‡¥‘¡ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–‚√§‰¢â‡≈◊Õ¥ÕÕ°

∑’ËÀ≈“¬®—ßÀ«—¥∂◊Õ‡ªìπ¿“√°‘®À≈—°¢ÕßºŸâ∫√‘À“√¥â“π “∏“√≥ ÿ¢

„π¢≥–∑’Ë‚√§‰¡àµ‘¥µàÕ ‡™àπ ‚√§¡–‡√Áß, ‚√§À≈Õ¥‡≈◊Õ¥À—«„®

·≈–‚√§‡∫“À«“π ‡ªìπ “‡Àµÿ°“√µ“¬∑’Ë ”§—≠¢Õß§π‰∑¬ ´÷Ëß ª√–¡“≥°“√≥å‰¥â«à“°“√‡ ’¬™’«‘µ®“°‚√§‰¡àµ‘¥µàÕ Õ“®¡“°°«à“

‚√§µ‘¥µàÕ ‡°‘π ı ‡∑à“‡≈¬∑’‡¥’¬«^(˘).

„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬π—Èπ √–∫∫®—¥°“√ªí≠À“‚√§‰¡àµ‘¥µàÕ‚¥¬

™ÿ¡™π¬—ß‰¡à‡ªìπ√Ÿª∏√√¡∑’Ë™—¥‡®π. ‡Àµÿº≈§ß ◊∫‡π◊ËÕß¡“®“°

π‚¬∫“¬¢ÕßºŸâ∫√‘À“√„π°√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢‡πâπ∑”ß“π¥â“π°“√

§«∫§ÿ¡‚√§µ‘¥µàÕ. ”À√—∫‚√§‡∫“À«“ππ—Èπ „πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬¬—ß æ∫«à“‡ªìπªí≠À“Õ¬Ÿà¡“° ‚¥¬ “¡“√∂·∫àßªí≠À“ÕÕ°‡ªìπ Ú ª√–‡¥Áπ„À≠àÊ §◊Õªí≠À“°“√§«∫§ÿ¡√–¥—∫πÈ”µ“≈„π‡≈◊Õ¥„Àâ‰¥â µ“¡‡ªÑ“À¡“¬^(Ò) ·≈–ªí≠À“¡“µ√∞“π°“√√—°…“‚√§‡∫“À«“π

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‡∫“À«“π∑’Ë¡’√–¥—∫πÈ”µ“≈„π‡≈◊Õ¥„π√–¥—∫ª√°µ‘¡’ª√–¡“≥√âÕ¬

≈– Û ‡∑à“π—Èπ^(ÒÛ). ®“°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡∫◊ÈÕßµâπ„π‚§√ß°“√π’Èæ∫«à“°àÕπ

‡¢â“‚§√ß°“√ºŸâªÉ«¬‡∫“À«“π∑’Ë¡’√–¥—∫πÈ”µ“≈„π‡≈◊Õ¥„π√–¥—∫

ª√°µ‘¡’‡æ’¬ß Ú §π‡∑à“π—Èπ ®“°ºŸâªÉ«¬ ıÚ §π ´÷Ëß‡ªìπ‡§√◊ËÕß

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®“°ºŸâªÉ«¬‡∫“À«“π¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬. „π°“√¥”‡π‘πß“π

‚§√ß°“√§√—Èßπ’Èæ∫«à“ ‚§√ß°“√ “¡“√∂≈¥√–¥—∫πÈ”µ“≈„π‡≈◊Õ¥

‡©≈’Ë¬¬âÕπÀ≈—ß ·≈–‡æ‘Ë¡§–·ππ§ÿ≥¿“æ™’«‘µ ‰¥âÕ¬à“ß¡’π—¬

µ“√“ß∑’Ë Ò §ÿ≥¿“æ™’«‘µºŸâªÉ«¬‡∫“À«“π‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫°àÕπ·≈–À≈—ß

‡¢â“‚§√ß°“√

§–·ππ °àÕπ‡¢â“‚§√ß°“√ À≈—ß‡¢â“‚§√ß°“√

µË”°«à“ª√°µ‘ ˜ Û

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(5)

«“√ “√«‘®—¬√–∫∫ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ ªï∑’Ë Ú ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °§.-°¬. (©∫—∫‡ √‘¡ ˆ) ÚııÒ ”§—≠∑“ß ∂‘µ‘ ‚¥¬ “¡“√∂≈¥√–¥—∫πÈ”µ“≈„π‡≈◊Õ¥‡©≈’Ë¬¬âÕπ

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π—¬ ”§—≠∑“ß‡«™°√√¡ ·≈–∑’Ë ”§—≠ ºŸâªÉ«¬‡∫“À«“π∑’Ë¡’√–¥—∫

πÈ”µ“≈„π‡≈◊Õ¥„π√–¥—∫ª√°µ‘‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ®“° Ú §π ‡ªìπ ÒÙ §π À≈—ß®∫‚§√ß°“√.

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√–¥—∫πÈ”µ“≈„π‡≈◊Õ¥ ‚¥¬„™â°“√ àß‡ √‘¡„ÀâºŸâªÉ«¬‡∫“À«“π≈¥

Õ“À“√®”æ«°·ªÑß·≈–πÈ”µ“≈, ÕÕ°°”≈—ß°“¬‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ ·≈–„™â¬“

„Àâ§√∫µ“¡·æ∑¬å —Ëß ‚¥¬¡’Õ“ “ ¡—§√ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ª√–®”

À¡Ÿà∫â“π‡ªìπºŸâ¥”‡π‘π°“√∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ ·≈–¡’‡®â“Àπâ“∑’Ë®“°‚√ßæ¬“∫“≈

∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë‡ªìπºŸâΩñ° §Õ¬Ωñ° Õπ·≈–„Àâ°”≈—ß„®Õ“ “ ¡—§√

“∏“√≥ ÿ¢„π°“√∑”ß“π·°â‰¢ªí≠À“‡∫“À«“π„π™ÿ¡™π ´÷Ëßº≈

°“√≈¥√–¥—∫πÈ”µ“≈„π‡≈◊Õ¥∑’Ë‰¥â®“°°“√»÷°…“π’È„°≈â‡§’¬ß°—∫

°“√»÷°…“Õ◊ËπÊ, ∑’Ë·°â‰¢ªí≠À“‡∫“À«“π‚¥¬„™â‡®â“Àπâ“∑’Ë “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ ´÷Ëß¡’°”≈—ß§ππâÕ¬ ·≈–¡’¿“√–ß“π¡“°Õ¬Ÿà·≈â«. ®“°

°“√ª√–‡¡‘πº≈‚§√ß°“√æ∫«à“Õ“ “ ¡—§√ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢°Á¡’

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¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“°‚§√ß°“√π’ÈÕ“®‰¡à Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫°“√»÷°…“∑’Ëºà“π¡“∑’Ë

∫àß™’È«à“ Õ“ “ ¡—§√ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢‰¡à¡’»—°¬¿“æ„π°“√∑”‚§√ß°“√∑’Ë µâÕß∑”µàÕ‡π◊ËÕß¬“«π“π ‚¥¬‡©æ“–°“√¥Ÿ·≈ºŸâªÉ«¬‡√◊ÈÕ√—ß^(ÒÙ).

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°“√ ÿà¡ºŸâªÉ«¬Õ¬à“ßÕ‘ √–·≈–¢“¥°≈ÿà¡§«∫§ÿ¡. „πÕπ“§µÀ“°

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‚§√ß°“√¥Ÿ·≈ºŸâªÉ«¬‰µ≈â¡‡À≈«„π™ÿ¡™π, ‚§√ß°“√¥Ÿ·≈ºŸâªÉ«¬

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Õ“ “ ¡—§√„π™ÿ¡™π ª√– ∫§«“¡ ”‡√Á®„π√–¥—∫∑’Ëπà“æÕ„®.

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°“√»÷°…“°“√·°âªí≠À“‡∫“À«“π‚¥¬Õ“ “ ¡—§√

“∏“√≥ ÿ¢„π™ÿ¡™π§√—Èßπ’È ‰¥â√—∫∑ÿπ π—∫ πÿπ®“° ”π—°ß“π À≈—°ª√–°—π ÿ¢¿“æ·Ààß™“µ‘‡¢µæ◊Èπ∑’Ë®—ßÀ«—¥¢Õπ·°àπ.

‡®â“Àπâ“∑’ËÀâÕß™—π Ÿµ√ ‚√ßæ¬“∫“≈Õÿ∫≈√—µπå ·≈–Õ“ “ ¡—§√

“∏“√≥ ÿ¢ „π‡¢µÕ”‡¿ÕÕÿ∫≈√—µπå∑ÿ°§π‰¥â∑ÿà¡‡∑„π°“√∑”ß“π

·°â‰¢ªí≠À“‚√§‡∫“À«“π„π™ÿ¡™π.

‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß

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Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group.

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Û. æ‘π‘® øÑ“Õ”π«¬º≈, ≥√ß§å °…‘µ‘ª√–¥‘…∞å, Õ√æ‘π ∑√—æ¬å≈âπ. Õ—µ√“µ“¬√–¥—∫®—ßÀ«—¥ æ.».ÚıÙ˜.

∂“π°“√≥å ÿ¢¿“æª√–‡∑»‰∑¬; ÚıÙ˘. Àπâ“ Ú(ÒÒ).

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ÿ¢¿“æ¡‘µ‘„À¡à.æ‘¡æå§√—Èß∑’ËÒ. ππ∑∫ÿ√’: ”π—°«‘®—¬ —ß§¡

·≈– ÿ¢¿“æ; Úıı.

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˘. ‡æ√™ √Õ¥Õ“√’¬å. º≈°√–∑∫‚√§‡∫“À«“πµàÕ ÿ¢¿“æ ·≈–§«“¡‡®Á∫ªÉ«¬ °√ÿß‡∑æœ: ¡“§¡‚√§‡∫“À«“π ·Ààßª√–‡∑»‰∑¬; Úıı. „π: «√√≥’ π‘∏‘¬“π—π∑å, “∏‘µ «√√≥· ß, ™—¬™“≠ ¥’‚√®π«ß»å (∫√√≥“∏‘°“√).

∂“π°“√≥å‚√§‡∫“À«“π„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬; Úıı.

Ò. ÿæ—µ√“ »√’«≥‘™™“°√, °“√ª√–‡¡‘π√–∫∫¥Ÿ·≈ºŸâªÉ«¬

‡∫“À«“π ¢Õß‡§√◊Õ¢à“¬Àπà«¬∫√‘°“√ª∞¡¿Ÿ¡‘ ¿“¬„µâ √–∫∫ª√–°—π ÿ¢¿“æ·Ààß™“µ‘. «“√ “√√–∫∫ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢, Úıı; Ò: Ò˜-ÛÙ.

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®¥À¡“¬‡Àµÿ∑“ß·æ∑¬å Úˆ;¯˘: ˆÚˆ-ÛÒ.

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«“√ “√«‘®—¬√–∫∫ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ ªï∑’Ë Ú ©∫—∫∑’Ë Û °§.-°¬. (©∫—∫‡ √‘¡ ˆ) ÚııÒ Õ—®®‘¡“ß°Ÿ√·≈–§≥–. Õ“ “ ¡—§√ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ ®‘µ Õ“ “°—∫

ÿ¢¿“«–‰∑¬. æ‘¡æå§√—Èß∑’Ë Ò. ππ∑∫ÿ√’: ”π—°«‘®—¬ —ß§¡·≈–

ÿ¢¿“æ; Úıı.

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«“√ “√«‘®—¬√–∫∫ “∏“√≥ ÿ¢

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