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:

!"#

$ %&' (Chance move) ()$* (Information set)

$*8*# (Kuhn tree)

$&< ก ก

ก ก ก'=#*ก

ก ก #*ก ก'=

ก* & >

ก ก'=#! ก$& >&$ $? ' ก # @ก 8กA$ กB ?ก )? )* C (# ก

* D8 E (ก >*กFG H #*ก&%ก Bluffing, signaling, sandbagging ก&%&%#! $*8*ก (game tree) ก !ก%&' (chance move) ()$* (Information set)

ก !กH C*$? ก & (## @ก ก ' (ก ?%ก? D(C*ก Q& ก DH $?

& $*8* (tree) !ก Q& (T, F) D'%%B& t0 D ก T ก ก (root)

#!D'%%&$* (initial vertex) )T'กD'%%! t T D(&EB#T&E%&D ก ก t D'%% t0 %?ก

&E

& &ED ก t0 8 t1 ก Q& !H %? x0, x1, x2, ..., xn D'%% x0 = t0, x

n = t1 ( x

i D'%%$ xi-1 H #? i = 1, 2, ..., n

D ก& $*8* &Eก ETH #* ? (ก? $*8*B&D > D(C!Zก?

(D'%%&$*BD'%% ?" กD ก"$*8*?8ก&%&D?ก

#!D[

(2)

ก !ก %&'()$*

ก# กD(ก 'ก %&#!ก $H #ก ' (chance move) C ก ก$\ ก Dก8B ก #'* #!ก #& ก กก ก$$

)Tก B&D > ก # @ $( !กก&%T" ' D(กH #%

D(ก ก&%#$'ก > B!DH E (ก >%?ก

ก&%#TH ?]ก ก! ก * > >($*$?%&D!ก ก'=ก ก !E* * * ก !กD(E (ก >

%'% )T$ ก? ก 8 * ก !ก ก8B กก ก Dก8B ' (*$( #* 8B$

$8 #* 8B*! H #*(# *FG $* D Bluffing (#* 8B$8% $?B?!ก? #* 8B$%)

B&D > ก Poker

* I (* II &D กก &กก (ante) 1 #]

ก&?"#%$ก pot ( 2)

*?"!ก8B#T D กก

กH #%#*Zก * I D(C(! ¼ (Zก D(B* ¾ * I

8B$$8#** II

* I (ก c% (check) #! B& (bet) Z%E* B&$*B&& 2 #]

ก>* I ก c% #* 8B*%#]ก D(8%*&D ก pot 8?"#%

#?D ก?" * II D((ก # (fold) #!ก% (call)

ก>* II # &?" pot D(* I

ก>* II ก% * II $*B&ก 2 #]

#* 8B*%#]ก D(8%*&D ก pot

$*8*ก8 >ก Poker ?ก>($*8*ก8 >ก Poker

D'%%[ D

D'%% N #!D'%%ก !ก%&'

D'%%ก !ก*

D'%%8ก&$กก ( ) %* D D กก* I

%* D

?B=8%*D กก !กก '

ก !กก >(?"*

& %# 8D ก$*8*! D'%%[ *8 * ก !

>(* II !กD(# (fold) #!ก% (call) * II 8 #* 8B

* I %??"ก !กก'=# ('%กA8 E!ก8%*

(3)

$*8*ก Poker )$*

B!* ก QDH ก ก Poker (* D&E (ก >

ก D(& )$** B $E (ก >?" $8 D'%%$*8*ก D'%%C?%D ก )$* (Information set)

$? C

'* I D'%% Winning #! losing * I !c%#* 8B

$%*

'* II D'%%ก bet D ก* I 8*

* II กH ?D(B*#!C( B (@(?"ก !กDT8 E (ก >

>(?"D'%% )* #!

$*8*#

$*8*กก กH #% D D กก )$* D'%%% !ก' ก $*8*#

& ก กH #%Z%

กH #%)$DH ก?%D'%% T

กH #%QgกC?D D กกD'%%* #!

)$ T0 C&กD'%%[ Z%$( t T0 ก กH #%

D(ก !ก%* $(%* D ก t

ก ก?")$D'%%8C (8CD'%% T0 กก'!

T11, T12, ..., T1m H #? * I ( T21, T22, ..., T2n H #? * II Z%$()$

* Tjk D(ก กH #%C!ก? 'กD'%% Tjk ก !QgกC?

#T$#T(?ETD ก'กD'%%T

jk 8D'%%! T

jk

$? $*8*#

(4)

Z* )$*ก

Z* )$*ก D8%*D กก %**กFG

8 #!ก C*ก !ก' #!ก *!E (ก >

$? $*8*#)? )* C ก DH ก &%D (bridge) ' ก

ก &%D(ก %** 4 *?"$*ก #*

8%*& >8B ก'% $*%ก?8 E#A8B!*ก Fgi8%* $*?"#%$*(ก?$ #* 8B

(# ก DT D8%* *ก !#* 8B? ก?8(#

ก*'ก (DH ก ?"#% 8%* ก กDH 8%* & >

(Perfect recall)

$? $*8*#

$&< ก ก

ก & (#ก D($& *!!กก )$*

*'ก?"*B D'%%)$*?"D(!กก %&

$*8*#ก * II E* $?%&D!ก %& a D ก)$**

8 * I D(!ก f #! g * II D(!กก a

กD ก" ?$& )$*D(8D'%%ก C!ก?%*&E[

ก* & >(ก*8 & >

& ก*?" ก$&ก ก(*?" $*8*#

ก ก* & > (games of complete information)

& ก*#T#!?"8 D D กก #! D(

D'%%!ก' #!8 )$* ก ก8* & > (games of incomplete information) #! ก (pseudogame)

(5)

ก ก ก'=ก

B&D > ก ก'=กH #%Z% (X, Y, A) $ก กH #%

Z%$*8*#)T )? )*ก ก

[ $*$&< B&D > %( D D กก (ก'= !ก DH ก?% Eก #*ก ก'=8%*

ก ก ก'=ก

กH #%D'%%&$*!D'%%* I !กกD กD'%%8%* D ก ก &'=&m?"#%* I กH #% !ก 1, 2, ..., m

D'%%&$*)$* I

'กD'%%$ D กD'%%&$*กH #%D'%%* II ก กH #% !ก 1, 2, ..., n ก? ก'=ก ?"#% II

*)$*#* ''กD'%%(%? "

D'%%!$ Z%กH #% D D กก* I D กD'%$?%$*8*

ก ก ก ก'=

ก ก 8ก ก'= $*ก B&D >

ก'= &'=&m(#?กก H > %( D D กก

$*ก # ก &'=&mH #? ก X ( Y B!C*ก

* &ก)ก *กH #%#T!ก'= &'=&m8%*$* ก* I (* II C?%D $( )$*$*!ก 8

#* T11, ..., T1m )$** I ( L11, ..., L1m )$# Tij ก &'=&m* I ! x = (x1, ..., x

m) Z%$( x

i D ก L1i % n

i

8%*& >ก &'=&m?"#% ก? n1n2 ... n

m

H %ก? EกH #%ก &'=&m* II

ก กH #% D D กกก

!B&D > * I !กก x X (* II !กก y Y ก ก&%T"D(T"ก? ก '%* D(กH #%8* %??" D D กก D(H >D ก %(8%*D กก ก A(x, y)

$? C H #? ก'=ก x ( y * I 8%* 3 %* D( ¼ (8%* 1

%* D( ¼ ( 1 %* D( ½ 8%* %( D(8%*!

¼ (3) + ¼ (1) - ½ (-1) = ½ #* %?ก ! %(* I D(8%*

%??"ก* #D ก X ( Y B* D D กก A(x, y) !ก ก'=$*ก )TD(#*@#!ก? ก $?"$*

(6)

$? ก

B&D > ก Poker

)$** I )$ $()$ !ก

8%*ก &'=&m!

(b, b): B&8 #* 8B8%*D( % (b, c): B& E* #* 8B%ก ( c%E* #* 8Bก (c, b): c% E* #* 8B%ก (B&E* #* 8Bก (c, c): c% 8 #* 8B8%*D( %

)$** II )$% !ก !

c: ก% E* * I B&

f: # E* * I B&

ก H > &ก)กก

ก> * I C* (b, b) (* II C* c 8%* %(@* I D(8%*!

A((b, b), c) = ¼ (3) + ¾ (-3) = -3/2

8%*

ก"@! (b, b) ( (b, c) %* D( 1/6 ( 5/6 >(* II

!ก c ( f %* D( ½ ก! -¼

c f

b , b

b , c

c , b

c , c

3 2 1 0 1

2 2 1 1

2 1 2

@ก Poker

C*ก %กH D?%ก !8%*

8%* ก! V = -1/4 (ก # ('%* I ! (b, b)

%* D( 1/6 ( (b, c) %* D( 5/6 >(ก

# ('%* II ! c ( f %* D( ½

กก (b, b) bluffing B (* I ก B&* 8B!8%

กก (b, c) honest

[

032 112

]

ก* & >

& ก* & > (Game of perfect information) !ก )T 'ก)$*D'%%B #TD'%%

ก* & >C ก tic-tac-toe, ก# ก'ก , ww

ก* & >D(Z* (ก ก*%C?% ก ! 'กก* & > E%ก ก'=D'% * (@8%*D(8%*D กก กH D?%E(#?ก%*ก

every game of perfect information when reduced to strategic form has a saddle point.

Moreover, the saddle point can be found by removing dominated rows and columns.

(7)

ก Silver dollar

* II !ก# #* 1 #! 2 B!)#] Silver dollar Z%8#** I * I !ก#*#T#*B!*# #] $ ก *# DD(8B #]

)8*#*กA8%*

$& E* * II )8*#* 1 Zก * I # D#]#*! ½ ( E* * II )8*#* 2 Zก * I # D#]! 1/3 E* * I

!ก*# &%#* * I D(8 D#]

ก>* I D#] กA 8* &@(?"* II กA #]8*

D$*8*# (&ก)กก? $*8*# B*# @ก

ก Silver dollar #*Zก #

ก Silver dollar #*Zก # !ก ก Silver dollar $$*

(!* I # #]8D #*Zก * I !ก#*(*# #]ก?"

Z%Zก D(*# D?"ก(?"&($ก?

D$*8*# (&ก)กก? $*8*# B*# @ก

กE&$& (Statistical game)

* I #]#] #]ก'$&= (Zก ก T"#?(ก* ก? ½) (ก#]#T8'$&= (Zก ก T"#? 1/3 (ก* ก? 2/3) * I #]%'$&= #]%8'$&= $* II 8

* I !ก#]D(Z*(ก ?B=ก Z#** II #?D ก ก Z$* ก * I !ก#]Z#]% E* * II Eก 8ก D #!8%* $E* * II &% D 1

D$*8*# (&ก)กก? $*8*# B*# @ก

ก*#!

#]'$&=#]#TEกZ(?B=8%*D กก Z#]%#** I D กก ก Z%?ก * I !กD(B? 1 #! 2

* II ก B?* I $8 ก Z#] $* %%

#]ก#?#!ก*

#?D ก?"* I ก B?(ก %% * II $!ก Z

#] EกB?B&ก (double) #! (pass)

* II !กD( (pass) #!ก% (call)

* II C(E* ?B=8%*Eก(B*E* ?B=&%

D$*8*# (&ก)กก? $*8*# B*# @ก

(8)

$? $*8*# |

D# &ก)กก? $*8*# B*# @ก

$? $*8*#

D# &ก)กก? $*8*# B*# @ก

ก Kuhn Poker

*#& 8B#T กD กก8B {1, 2, 3} D(ก ก&%

#$'ก >#ก Zก ก&%  ก? * I !กD(c% (check) #!B&

(bet)

E* * I B& * II Zก !กD(ก% (call) #!# (fold)

(ก>* I กD(c% * EกD(c%$ (check)

#!B& (bet)

ก>* I กD(c%(* II B&

*#TE (ก ! ก% (call) #!# (fold)

*#* 8Bก C( E* ก c%%?" 'ก?"ก B&*$*B&

1 #] E* *%# *?"D 8*

D$*8*# (&ก)กก? $*8*# B*# @ก

ก Poker

ก Poker Z%กH #%#* D(ก !ก#* 8BC(

p, 0 < p < 1 (ก #*B&8%* b > 0

D# @ก Poker #*(? ก%?ก DD'% *

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