Studies on the Cultivation of A vicennia marina Mangrove

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J:K.A. U.: Mar. Sci.. Vol. 4, pp. 165-179 (1413 A.H./1993 A.D.)

Studies on the Cultivation of A vicennia marina Mangrove

*A.K.M..

KHAFAJI, A.M.N. EL-NAKKADI, S.Z. EL-AoAMY and M. ILYAS

Faculty of Marine Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,' and * Faculty of Agriculture,

Assiut University, Egypt

ABSTRACT. This paper studies the most suitable environmental factors for mangrove seedlings growth. It describes the influence of indole acetic acid, indole butyric acid, gibberellic acid, quinine and benzyladenine on the growth rate. Seed had been germinated in running water and tissue culture experiments were carried out to overcome inhibition effect of the phenolic compounds and infection of the seeds. The inhibition effect had been con- firmed by experiments on germination of cucumber seeds. Results pointed out that best growth (1.86:!: 0.58cm) occurred by using soil consistsof25%

sand + 65% peatmoss + 10% clay accompanied with fresh water irrigation.

Treatment with different hormones gave negative results as compared to the control. Also no significant results were obtained when the seedlings cultivated in the green house. Tissue culture experiments gave positive results after eliminating infection and phenolic compounds.

Introduction

The mangrove forest affect the socioeconomic status of the area, where they existed.

The Saudi Red Seacoast is one of the areas suitable for mangrove growth. A. marina mangrove occurs along the whole Saudi Red Sea coast, from Gizan (south) up to Haqul (north). In the past, mangroves were dense all along this coast but nowadays such dense growth occurs only in the southern section, however, the central and northern mangroves became lesser. The climatic conditions in these areas have reached up to the..maximum limits of their tol~rance (Mandura et af. 1987, 1988). The situation prevail the stunted growth and uneven distribution which resulted as di- minishing the mangrove forest gradually. Besides the unfayorable situation, there is a plenty of area which could be converted into the mangrove swamps.

165

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Studies on the Cultivation of Avicennia marina Mangrove 167

Plan of work showing the sea water dilutions and different soil types used in the growth exper.

iment of A. marina.

TABLE

S : Sand P : Peatmoss C : Clay SW : Sea water FW : Fresh water

effects on the germination t;)f mangrove seeds and growth of the seedlings, accord- ingly. The IAA, GA3 and IBA were dissolved in 50% ethanol and then required volume was made with distilled water, while remaining hormones (0 and BAR) were dissolved in minimum quantity of 2N HCI and volume was made-up with distilled water.

The Effect of Hormone on the Growth of Mangrove Seedlings Preparation of the experimental soil

The soil composing of 25% sand, 65% peatmoss and 10% clay (chosen from the previous experiment), the above mentioned soil was mixed thoroughly in bulk and spreaded in the canal made in the green-house.

Green-house

Green-house was constructed as half oval shape shade covered with poly-acryl sheets and equipped with the air filter along with two ventilation fans (their size and power. are according to the capacity of the green house). In this green house an area of 1 x 20 meter was excavated upto the 50 cm depth, filled with the experimental plots, each measuring 1 m sq.

Growth Experiments

The two concentrations (10 and 20 ppm) of the GA, Q and BAR were tried for their effect on the growth of mangrove seedlings.

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Studies on the Cultivation of A vicennia marina Mangrove 169

ositol (0.1 g/1), indole acetic acid (1 mg/i) and thiamin-HCI (0.4 g/l). pH of medium was adjusted.to 5.6-5.8 and then agar was added as 7.5 g/i. The medium was poured into the culture tubes or flasks (20 ml medium for each) and sterilized.

Sterilized embryos were cultured onto sterilized medium and incubated in culture room under routine light, 1500 Lux for 16 hours/8 hours dark and temperature of 24

::t 2°C.

Seed cultures indicated some contamination, therefore, cotyledons as well as seed coat were removed to eliminate probable contamination sources. In addition, browning due to inducing phenolic compounds (exudates) of excised parts of seeds (embryos) occurred. Therefore, antioxidant solution consisted of 100 g/i ascorbic acid + 150 mg/i citric acid was prepared for dipping embryos in. Medium was also supplemented with 5 g activated charcoal to eliminate browning problem.

Moreover, in order to promote explant growth the following were added to the medium:

2 mg/i gibberellic acid, 0.1 mg/i benzylamino purine and 0.5 mg/i indole butyric acid.

Shoot Apices Culture

Newly grown mangrove shoots (2-3 cm long) were brought from Oahban area and placed into petri dishes with sterilized distilled water. Such shoots were cleaned and cut to 2-5 mm long explants and were then sterilized'with 1 % sodium hypochlorite solution and few drops oftween-20 for 10 minutes, such sterilization was found insuf- ficient to eliminate pathogens, therefore, sterilization procedures were changed to the following: Explants were dipped into 70% ethanol for 1 minute then soaked in 0.01 % mercuric chloride solution for 4 minutes and then sterilized rinsed in sterilized

distilled water (3 times).

Results and Discussion

The main purpose of this research is to know the best circumstances for mangrove growth in order to cultivate it by the usual methods used for other seeds. Reports of Arabian Oil Company and Gorm Research Center (1983-1987) for mangrove seedlings growth in Khafgi, have mentioned that the climate in that area is not stable and unsuitable for mangrove growth as it is very hot in summer and cold in winter. In addition there is relatively high water salinity. They obtained partial success by using green houses and plastic covers.

Relatively best mangrove seedlings growth was obtained when we used soil con- sists of 25% sand, 65% peatmoss and 10% clay and irrigation was with fresh water.

The growth average was 1.86 :t 0.58 cm (Table 2).

Fresh water had best results than sea water as salinity lessens the rate of growth (Siegel et at. 1.980, Niazi et at. 1985), besides that it also affected plant respiration (Bloom and Epstein 1984). But the net result depend upon the plant roots as mangrove root can absorb 20% of the surrounded salt (Waisel et at. 1986).

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.tudies on the Cultivation of A vicennia marina Mangrov.

~ABLE 3.. Growth rates of A vicennia marina seedlings after treating with different hormones Date

15 October 30 October 15 November 10ecember

Treatment 16 December

A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B

130.89 :t 11.32 31.

O.

36.

O.

29.

O.

33.

O.

23.

O.

17.

O.

17.

O.

20.

O.

31.90:!: 11.30 0.52:!: 0.50 38.02:!: 16.26 0.62:!: 0.50!

26.69:!: 11.49 0.Z4:!: 0.29 33.59:t 11.05 0.28:t 0.43 i 23.93:t 9.79

0.37:t 0.36 18.29:t 6.14 0.31:t 0.33 18.37:!: 6.00 0.62:!: 0.48 2O.13:!: 4.48 0.62:!: 0.45

34.45:t 9.45 0.33:t 0.30 39.99 :t 17.09 0.83:t 0.81 30.06 :t 11.78

0.54:t 0.51 33.95:t 11.16

0.37:t 0.37 24.93:t 9.90 0.56:t 0.46 18.72:t 6.08 0.48:t 0.35 18.74:t 5.99 0.37:t 0.28 21.67:t 4.46 0.55:t 0.40

35

0 41.

0 30 0 34 0 24

i 0:

19 0 19

0 22 0 Seedling in nature

Control 35.23:t 14.54

1.76:t 2.16 28.38:t 10.47 0.46:t 0.61 32.98:t 10.71 0.27:t 0.46 23.13:t 9.82 Treatment No,

Treatment No. II Treatment No. III

Treatment No. IV 17.37:!: 5.99

Treatment No. V 17.25:t 5.87 Treatment No. V

120.20:!:

4.55

A : Average of plant height.

B : Growth average in cm.

TABLE 4. Germination results of Avicennia marina seeds after 10 days from plantation Number of gemlinated

seeds The total

number of seeds

Number of seeds without

coat

NumberoC cracked coat seeds

Numberof unchanged

seeds

Root appearance Water of irrigation

+++

Periodical irrigation with sea water Running sea water

29 40

21 35

-

6

-

16 13

Periodical irrigation with fresh water Runningfresh water

29 35

27 35

4 15

18 2 11 + Bare cotyledon.

+ Beginning of differentiation of one cotyledon.

+ No sign.for growth but the cotyledons started to differentiate.

+ Final differentiation of cotyledons.

seed which cause inhibition of germination, this is proved in the present work by cucumber seeds germination (Fig. 2-5) and tissue culture experiments.

33 :f:44i66:!

37 ~ 05 :t 37 :t31

of 33 :f:

56 i 43 :!98

~6O:t 75 :i 50 :!51

~46:t 11.26

0.42 15.54 0.23 10.90 0.53 10.85 0.45 9.85 0.35 6.06 0.45 5.96 0.46 4.61 0.45

.10

:!:.31 :!:

.11 :!:

.49 :!:

.37 :!:

.35 :!:.25:!:

.30 :!:

.93 :!:

.44 :!:

.30 :!:.51 :!:

.22 :!:

.49 :!:

.33 :!:

66:!:

9.20 0.31

~7.74 0.32 11.88

0.37

11.27

0.17

9..97

0,29

6.08 0.37 6.03 0.39 4.44 0.48

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Studies on the Cultivation of A vicennio marina Ma.ngrove 173

FIG. 3. Cucumber seeds irrigated with mangrove seed extract (50 ml)

FIG. 4. Cucumber seeds, after soaking in mangrove seed extract.

FIG. 5. Cucumber seeds, after soaking in fresh water.

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FIG. 7. Shows the start of infection with phenolic compounds

FIG. 8. Shows death of parts of the plant due to phenolic effect.

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FIG. II. Mangrove cmhryos grown on charcoal medium.

Conclusion

It is possible to cultivate mangrove seeds after removing the seed infection by the double sterilization followed by tissue culture. Also the influence of the phenolic compounds must be removed by antioxidizing agents followed by adsorption on charcoal.

References

Arabian Oil Company, AI Gorm Research Center (1983-1987) A Report on Mangrove Research at Ra.~ al- Khafgi. Report I (1983), Report 2 (1984), Report 3 (1985), Report 4 (1986), Report 5 (1987).

Baeshin, N.A. and Aleem, A.A. (1978) Littoral vegetation at Rabegh (Red Sea Coast). Saudi Arabia.

Bull. Fac. .\'ci.. K.A.U. 2: 123-130.

Bloom, A. and Esptein, Emanuel (1984) Varietal differences in salt-induced respiration in Barlcy. Plallt .\'cienceLetters.3S(I): 1-3.

Bondok, A.Z., EI-Agamy, S.Z., Gaber, M.F., EI-Din,I.S. and Khalil, F.A. (1986) In vitro micropropaga- tion of Wardi Red pomegramate. Egypt. J. Hort., 13(2): IO3-IOX.

Bondok, A.Z., EI-Agamy, S.Z. and Gomaa, A.H. (19X7) In vitro propagation of som~ apple S~ions and Rootstocks. EgyptJ. Hort.. 14(2): 101-111..

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