Step 3: The Advisory Bodies
4.6 Local identity
The association between national, regional or local identity and heritage creation or representa- tion has been one of the core research areas in tourism, cultural and heritage studies in the past 30 years (e.g. Hewison, 1987; Lowenthal, 1998; Waterton and Watson, 2010), although these studies do not focus specifically on WHSs
and their implication in the creation or enhance- ment of identity, particularly at a local level (Jimura, 2015). Regarding WHSs, Long (2012) reports that tourism at WHSs has made some contribution to the preservation of the cultural identity of local residents in WHS Ha Long Bay.
Jimura (2015) also asserts that WH status has enhanced local identity among people living in or around Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range (cultural WHS in Japan) since its WHS listing in 2004. Moreover, Jimura (2015, 2016b) reviews the studies on WHSs and those about local identity and suggest a series of requirements that WHS listing needs to satisfy to make a critical contribution to building or boost- ing local identity. The following three requisites are suggested for WHS inscription to make a great contribution to shaping or enhancing lo- cal identity (Jimura, 2016b: 288):
1. The site was relatively unknown among visi- tors before WHS designation, but its recognition
has been clearly enhanced and the site has ex- perienced a distinct increase in visitor numbers after WHS inscription.
2. The site did not play a meaningful role in a local community before WHS listing, but WH status has influenced this condition in a positive manner, specifically at local level, and the local community’s awareness of the value of the site has been enhanced thanks to WH status.
3. A WHS needs to be inscribed as a certain area with clear boundaries where local people live. If the site is not designated as above, it must enable its local people to foster a sense of belong- ing through the listed asset or property located in the WHS.
Overall, WH status can make at least some contribution to forming or heightening local identity; however, WH status will not be able to make a great contribution to shaping or enhanc- ing local identity if the above-stated require- ments are not met.
Case Study: The UK’s Industrial WHSs and Local Communities
The UK’s industrial towns have conserved their industrial heritage through inscribing it as a cultural WHS, transforming it from a place of production to a place of consumption and working with local communities.
Fig. 5.1. Tourist Signs in WHS Saltaire. (Photo: the author)
Continued
In England, for example, Saltaire is a former industrial village for workers in textile mills, built in the early Victorian period. A local community group, the Saltaire Village Society, looked for WH status and worked hard for WHS listing with other key stakeholders such as the City of Bradford Metropolitan Council, and Saltaire was designated as a cultural WHS in 2001. The Society and its members have also been involved in conservation of the WHS since inscription. For instance, the Society is a member of the Saltaire Project Team, which is one of the management agencies for the WHS whose remit in- cludes working towards implementation of the management plan for Saltaire. After WHS listing, the Saltaire Village Society also became stronger.
In Wales, Blaenavon Industrial Landscape is a well-conserved industrial site that produced iron and coal in the 19th century. Key elements of the site contain workers’ houses, quarries and a coalmine that is now open to the public as Big Pit National Coal Museum. The site also retains close bonds with local communities. For example, Blaenavon Workmen’s Hall still provides local communities with various leisure and entertainment opportunities such as concerts. The hall is also home to several groups and societies and hosts meetings and conferences. Local volunteers form the Blaenavon’s World Heritage Committee. The committee organizes the World Heritage Day festival annually, and other fundraising activities throughout the year. Local government also supports the festival; for instance, Blaenavon Town Council decided to donate £10,000 to the festival in June 2018.
(Sources: Jimura, 2007; Walker, 2011; South Wales Argus, 2018; Visit Blaenavon, 2018) Case Study: Continued.
5 Conclusion
It can be stated that local communities and local people are two of the essential stakeholders in tourism at WHSs and in WHS conservation, and play crucial roles in these activities. Different lo- cal communities have various characteristics owing to a range of extrinsic factors. Each local community is heterogeneous, because it consists of local residents whose interests, aspirations and attitudes towards tourism and a WHS are different. As many researchers note, the support of local communities is critical for tourism devel- opment and WHS conservation. To this end, local communities should be given enough oppor- tunities to make their voices heard and to be involved in important decision-making processes for tourism development and WHS conserva- tion. In relation to this, local governments and other key stakeholders in tourism and WHS con- servation (e.g. destination marketing/manage- ment organization and conservation body) must work closely with local communities. Usually, economic benefits tend to be emphasized when tourism is developed. However, if WHSs or tour- ist destinations having a WHS focus mainly on the economic benefits of tourism, it can cause negative sociocultural and/or environmental problems in local communities. Local residents should also be active players in tourism business- es through working in the industry or supporting
tourism and WHS conservation in various ways.
A variety of possible advantages and disadvan- tages of tourism development and/or WH status need to be recognized by local communities. To this end, community-based and ‘glocal’ approaches should be taken in tourism and WHS conserva- tion in local communities. Stated differently, how tourism and a WHS can make a significant contri- bution to local communities must be discussed among key stakeholders in tourism and the WHS. Without this, local governments and tour- ism businesses will not be able to acquire the sup- port of local communities.
WH status and tourism can affect local peo- ple in a variety of ways after WHS designation.
This applies to people living in and around WHSs all over the world; however, no clear contrast be- tween western and eastern residents is confirmed.
In this chapter, five different changes are dis- cussed as salient examples of such attitudinal changes, namely: (i) attitudes towards visitors; (ii) interest in heritage conservation; (iii) attachment to place of residence; (iv) pride in place of resi- dence; and (v) local identity. Overall, WH status can bring positive changes in these five aspects in local people’s minds. Of these, pride in place of res- idence can be seen as the firmest change occurring in local people’s minds after WHS inscription. The author suggests a model that illustrates the key interrelationships between WH status, tourism, and local residents’ views towards the principal
changes in their minds (Fig. 5.2). However, it should be noted that, overall, local inhabitants who have closer links with a WHS in terms of their demographics are more likely to experience such positive changes in their minds than other
inhabitants. Local communities and local gov- ernments need to pay attention to this difference as it can lead to a split within local communities in cities, towns and villages (i.e. WHS or not) (see Section 2.1 in Chapter 7 for details).
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6
The Economic Impacts of World Heritage Site Designation on Local Communities
1 The Economic Impacts of Tourism 1.1 Introduction
The economic aspect of the triple bottom line of sustainability and tourism development is dis- cussed in Section 1.2 in Chapter 3. This section discusses the economic impacts of tourism on local communities and economic changes in lo- cal communities caused by tourism. Page (2015,
p. 383) states: ‘The economic measurement of tourism has a long history in many countries.’
This history can be traced back to the 1930s (Page, 2015), and possible economic benefits have been a key justification for tourism develop- ment (Page and Connell, 2014). The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) summariz- es the scope to which the terms used to evaluate and analyse, ‘tourism industry’ and ‘tourism economy’, can be defined (Page and Connell,
2014). ‘Tourism industry’ describes the direct impacts of travel demand associated with tour- ism services, including transport, accommoda- tion, catering, attractions and entertainment (Page and Connell, 2014) and they can be seen as the direct economic impacts of tourism. How- ever, direct economic impacts cover only a small part of the economic impacts of tourism since
‘tourism economy’ signifies much wider impacts of flow-through of travel and tourism demand across the economy of a country, region or city, and encompasses ‘tourism industry’ as well as businesses that support and work with the in- dustry (Page and Connell, 2014). Such busi- nesses include utilities (e.g. water), retailers (e.g.
supermarkets) and security (e.g. nightclub secu- rity services) and are regarded as the indirect economic impacts of tourism. Furthermore, the spending by employees of the tourism industry is understood as the induced economic impacts of tourism. These three types of economic im- pacts of tourism are summarized in Fig. 6.1, and Sections 1.2–1.7 argue major economic impacts of tourism at a national, regional or local level.
1.2 Tourism balance of payments