Step 3: The Advisory Bodies
7.7 Visitors and tourism
Throughout this book, ‘visitors’ are used as a term that includes all types of people who visit
‘places’. Visitors are divided into two sub-categories:
excursionists (day trippers) and tourists. The main difference between these two is whether they stay overnight at places.
Graburn (1995) states that Japanese people usually only travel in groups and visit famous
‘culturally approved’ attractions. Basically, this is still true, as they tend to act as groups, espe- cially same-gender groups, rather than as indi- viduals or couples, which is more common in the west (Jimura, 2007). This nature also applies to Chinese and Korean visitors (Meng, 2010) and would also be related to collectivism in these countries. In their societies, especially in Japanese society, harmony and cooperation are regarded as sensible attitudes, preferable to showing individual- ity, and being the same to others gives Japanese people peace of mind, although part of them would not feel like it any more. Many Japanese people, particularly the young, have been getting more innovative about tourism. Travelling alone (Jimura, 2007) or to relatively unknown destina- tions in foreign countries is not special for them anymore. Moreover, many Japanese day trippers and tourists no longer stick to visiting well-known sites: they prefer to visit something special, not to all people but to themselves (Jimura, 2007).
Hence, there seems to have been a gradual shift from collectivism to individualism in Japanese vis- itors’ behaviour. This trend can also be detected among Korean and Chinese visitors.
As an industry, tourism is significant for less-developed countries (hereafter LDCs) as well as for developed countries, mainly for its
economic benefits. In many developed countries in the west, their main industries have shifted from traditional manufacturing industries to service industries, and tourism is a substantial part of it (e.g. Spain, France and Italy). Tourism also tends to be seen by LDCs as a suitable indus- try to gain foreign exchange. In Japan, tourism is particularly important for rural areas. Many Jap- anese rural areas have been suffering a disas- trous rural out-migration and governments have been keen to develop tourism to replace the de- clining industries such as forestry and farming with tourism (Graburn, 1995). However, at- tracting visitors to rural areas is not easy, be- cause numerous rural areas are using tourism to revitalize their towns or villages. The move- ments or activities for revitalization of cities, towns and villages, utilizing cultural and natu- ral heritage unique to each place are called
‘ muraokoshi’ in Japan (Moon, 2002), and it is associated with tourism. In the west, cultural and natural heritage also plays important roles in tourism, revitalization of local communities
and redevelopment of cities (e.g. Liverpool, UK;
and, Lisbon, Portugal).
8 Structure of the Book
This opening chapter is followed by chapters on WHSs and each of the three key themes of this book, namely ‘heritage management and conser- vation activities’ (Chapter 2), ‘tourism’ (Chapters 3 and 4) and ‘local communities’ (Chapter 5).
Chapters 6–8 are devoted to the impacts of WHS designation and tourism on local communities by type of impact. Three main areas of tourism impact are discussed: economic (Chapter 6), sociocultural (Chapter 7) and environmental ( Chapter 8). Chapter 9 discusses contemporary developments in and around WHSs and their im- plications. The final chapter, Chapter 10, sum- marizes key points in Chapters 1–9 and suggests a conceptual model which illustrates the main relationships between WHSs, WH status, conser- vation activities, tourism and local communities.
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19
1 Introduction
1.1 Heritage management and World