NHU'NG VAN Dt. CHUNG VE LICH SLP D A N G
DIEN BIEN PHU
THANG i g i CUA QUY^T TAM, KY CONG VA SANG TAO
Dai ta, PGS, TS NGUYEN MANH HA*
Ham nira the ky dd troi qua, du dm ciia trgn quyet chien chien lucre lich sit Dien Bien Phil vdn edn dong lgi trong tdm tri ciia moi ngucri Viet Nam yeu nude, ciia bgn be quoc te vd ciia chinh nhirng nguai dd timg dimg ben kia chien tuyen. Mot trong nhirng khia canh noi bat gop phdn Idm nen thdng lai cua trgn ddnh Dien Bien Phit - do Id su quyet tdm, ky cong vd su sdng tgo ciia qudn vd ddn ta.
1. Quyit tdm chien ddu vd chien thdng Quyet tim cua toin Ding, toin din. loin quin ta kb6ng chi the bien frong frin Dien Bien Phu ma xuyen su6t frong toin bg cuoc khang chien. hr khi chuin bj mo diu cho den khi kel thiic. Ngay tir nhung ngay dau khing chien o Sai Gon, Nam Bg. r6i den Toin qu6c khing chien. quyet tim do bit nguon hr bai nhin 16 co bin do li: long yeu nuoc quyet kh6ng chiu lim n6 le v i niem tin vio su nghiep chinh nghia, vio thing lgi cu6i cimg cua cuoc khang chien duoi su linh dao cua Ding, dimg diu la Chii tich H6 Chi Minh. Muon dinh thing ke thii xim luge chimg ta phii co tin tim (long tin) va quyet tim. Chii tjch H6 Cbi Minh timg due kSl: Din la co mot long n6ng nan yeu nuoc. Do la mot truyen th6ng quy biu cua ta.
Tir xua den nay, m6i khi T6 qu6c bi xim ling thi linh thin ky lai froi da\'. no kel thinh mot
Vien I ich sir quin su Viet Nam
lan song v6 cimg manh me cuon chim tit ci be lu cucTp nuoc \'i bin nuoc.
Trii qua bon 8 nim khing chien, quin va din ta cing chien diu cing truong thanh, \an manh ve mgi mat, ke dich ngiy cing suy yeu, bi dgng. Do chinh la ly do Bg Chinh tri Trung uong Ding, Chu tich H6 Cbi Minh nhanh chong ha quyet tim lien hanh Iran quyet chien chien luge chi sau 16 ngiy ke tir khi quin Phip nhiy du xu6ng Dien Bien Phu (20-11-
1953), lip trung cao nhit sire nguoi, sire cua thuc hien trin dinh quyet dinh, nhim dinh bai y cbi xam luge cua ke thii. D6 li mot quyet tim cue ky tio bao, quyet doan nhung co co so khoa hgc v i thuc tiln frong khi so sinh luc lugng quan chinh quy ta con kem dich vcM ti le 1/1,5 lin (290.000/444.900 nguoi). Quygt tim do the hien ro 6 viec Bg T6ng tu lenh v i T6ng Quin uy tir ch6 chi chgn noi djch y6u, so ho den cb6 quyet dinh dinh thing vio noi dich manh nhit, dieu dgng phin Ion cic don vi
TAP CHi LICH Sin O A N G - S6 6/2009
NHU'NG V A N OE CHUNG V^ LICH Sl> O A N G
chu luc Ien Dien Bien Phiu do la cic Dai doan bg binh 304, 308. 312. 316 va Dai doan C6ng binh - Phao binh 351 (5/7 dai doin hien co).
Quyet tim do con the hien o ch6 kien quyet heu diet tip doan cir diem manh nhit cua thuc din Phip, mot hinh thirc phong ngu cao nhit ma hr truoc den thoi diem niy, bg dgi ta chua timg dinh thing. Dai tucmg V6 Nguyen Giip, T6ng tu lenh kiem Chi huy truong chien dich, Bi thu Ding uy Mat frin Dien Bien Phu timg viet trong H6i ky Dien Bien Phii - Diim hen Hch sir. Bg dgi chu luc ta tir truoc den nay (den truoc chien dich Dien Bien Phii) cbi tieu diet cao nhit la heu doin dich tang cuong. co c6ng su vung chic a Nghia Lg. 0 Ni Sin. chimg ta mai danh vio vi tri lieu doin. duoi tieu doan, c6ng su da chien nim trong tip doin cir diem, vin CO nhung Iran kh6ng thinh c6ng, bg dgi thuong vong nhieu.
Trong khi do, binh luc quin Phip vi linh le duong, linh nguoi Thii lue cao nhat 6 Dien Bien Phu len toi 17 lieu doan vi 7 dai dgi.
dugc b6 tri trong 49 vi tri. cir diem thugc 8 tmng tim de khing cua 3 phin khu, nim frong lip doin cir diem manh toi mire li luy thira 10 so voi tip doin cir diem Ni Sin (theo su so sinh ciia Raun Xaling. nguyen T6ng chi hu}' quin vien chinh Phip 6 D6ng Duong). Vi the, day la mot thir thich rit Icm vi kh6ng he de ding d6i vcM quin ta. Them vio do, bg dgi ta con gap kho khin nhieu mat nhu chien truong xa hiu phuong bing trim kil6met, duong di hiem fro, lai bi may bay Phip dinh phi, kh6ng che; tiep te van tii kho khin, hieu qui it; bg dgi chua dugc chuin bi do ke hoach moi va dot xuit v.v...
Quylt tam do con dugc the hien rit manh liet frong loi dan cua Chu tich H6 Chi Minh truoc luc Dai tuong V6 Nguyen Giip len duong ra frin: Trgn nay phai thdng. Chae thdng moi ddnh, khong chae thdng khong ddnh.
2. Nhirng ky' cong ciia chien djch
Theo quylt nghi cua Bg Chinh tri Trung uong Dang, Thu keu ggi cua Chii tich H6 Chi Minh, nhin din cic hnh phia Bic, tu Lien khu 4. d6ng bang Lien khu 3. den Viet Bic. Tay Bic deu no nuc tham gia. Kbiu hieu "Tdt cd vi Dien Bien Phii'; ''Tdt cd cho chiin thdng"
da thoi thuc, dgng vien toin dan tham gia dong gop c6ng sire cho trin dinh quyet dinh niy. Con s6 hon 260.000 din cong tham gia phyc •vy chien dich - mot so lugng din e6ng Ion nhit tir truoc den nay, da noi len su ky vi cua frin quyet chien chien luge. Luc lugng bg dgi chu luc true tiep tham gia chien djch len icM hon 50.000 nguoi. cung li con s6 cao nhit ke tir diu cuoc khing chien. Chimg ta da huy dgng dugc 628 616 van tii, 21.000 xe dap lh6.
20.000 cic phuong lien van chuyen khic nhu ngua tho. quang ginb, be ming, di van chuyen dugc mot kh6i lugng vu khi, dan dugc. luong thuc kh6ng 16 gom 84 khiu phio va sung c6i hr 75 mm den 120 mm, 12 dan hoa lien 6 nong; hon 20.000 vien dan phio 105 mm;
25.056 tin luong thuc cic loai, 900 tin thjt, bing nghui tin rau va thuc pham khic...
Vi dy sinh dgng ve sir ky cong frong van chuyen luong thuc: tinh binh quan mot din c6ng ginh dugc 24 kg gao tir miln Ti\' Thanh Hoa. vugt quing duong hon 500 km frong mot thing, da an het 22 kg tren duong di. chi con 2 kg tcM gop cho mil frin. Mot chiec
NHO'NG V A N 0 ^ CHUNG V^ LICH SLF O A N G
ming cho dugc 2-3 la gao, do mot nir din c6ng dieu khien. xu6i dong s6ng Nam Na hon 80 km. vugt qua 102 ghenh thie, dua bing toi dich. Xe dap th6 tir 1-2 ta gao, ci biet co xe tb6 toi 352 kg, vugt qua bing tram km, co nhieu deo doc... Dai ti kh6ng quin Phip Giuyn Roa, timg li cuu binh cua frin Dien Bien Phu sau niy da phii thira nhin: "kh6ng phii vien frg ben ngoii da dinh bai tucmg Nava ma chinh li nhiing chiec xe dap Po-gi6 th6 200-300 kg hing va diy bing sue nguoi, nhung con nguoi in chua du no va ngii thi nam ngay duoi dit trii tim ni 16ng. Cii da dinh bai frrcmg Nava kh6ng phii li phuong lien, mi li su th6ng minh vi y chi ciia doi phuong"'.
Su ky e6ng thir bai phii ke den do la bg dgi ta da diing sire nguoi de keo bon 80 khiu phio nang tren bai tin m6i khiu vio frin dia.
Diy li lin diu tien frong mot chien dich. luc lugng phio binh, phio cao xa dugc huy dgng nhieu nhu vay. De dua phio vio frin dia bao quanh long chio Dien Bien Phu, xe 6 16 cbi keo dugc phio den cich Iran dia trung binh li 15 km, con lai phii keo bing tay. Voi dia binh quanh co, hiem tro, nhieu d6i nui cao, vuc siu cua mien Tiy Bic, co noi phii vira keo phio.
vira lu mo duong mi di, phii vira ngyy trang, d6i pb6 voi miy bay, phio binh dich bin phi, can bg, chien si bg binh, cong binh, phio binh da kh6ng quin ngai vit vi, gian kh6 hy sinh, dimg sire nguoi (khoing tir 80 den 100 nguoi keo 1 khiu) dua cic khiu phio vao toi frin dja sau 9 ngay dem keo phio lien tyc.
Nguyen Quang Thuin, nguyen li phio thu Dai dgi 815. Tieu doan 383, Trung doan 367 cao xa, Dai doan 351, cho biet: Vira co quyet
dinh thay d6i phuong chim thi fren lenh ngay keo phio ra. Phat hien eon duong keo phio cua ta, chung cho phio tir Muong Thanh bin vio, anh em co nguoi bj thuong. Keo phio ra cue hon. Khi keo phio ra. phii ngy\' trang lai tir diu va rit nguy hiem vi duong d6c. gap ghenh chi rgng 2,8 met; mot ben vach nui dyng dimg, mot ben la vuc siu. Don vi phin c6ng nhung d6ng chi khoe nhit, c6 tinh thin chien diu t6t giii" cing phio. Phio di lui khi xu6ng d6c, nguoi do cing phio phii lii sao cho nhung nguoi phia fren di dugc. D6c Ba Toi (do bg dgi dat ten), d6c 60-70 do; khi keo vio, 100 bg binh bim vio khiu phio moi keo len dugc timg buac mot. Khi keo phio ra, ciy c6i bi dan phio dich d6 ng6n ngang, phii dimg cho c6ng binh dgn duong, r6i moi bugc toi lai. Phio 37 ly, ning 2.4 tin, co 3 day toi, 80 chien si bg binh giii: phio phia tren de dua xu6ng. Nguyen Quang Thuin va hai chien sT li nguoi lii cing. Den giira d6c, toi dirt tung ci 3 diy, phio lao xu6ng. Bg binh 6 phia tren quyet tim giir phio, dii bi phio keo le di, co ngucri bi rich bet quin io, chiy miu, co nguoi bi ving ra ngoii, c6 nguoi bi tung xu6ng vuc.
Mil phio se mil sire chien diu. Bing mgi gii phii bio ve phio. Hai chien si giir cang kh6ng chen dugc, bi ving di, phio cir lao xu6ng.
Nguyen Quang Thuin dung cim be cing phio dua vio vich di, khiu phio khung lai.
Truac do, anh T6 VTnh Dien di by sinh frong khi keo phio^.
Sau khi Bg cbi huy chien dich vi Ding uy Mat frin quyet dinh thay doi phuong chim tic chien hr "Dinh nhanh giii quyet nhanh" sang
"Dinh chic tien chic", tit ci cic khiu phio lai
TAP CHi LICH SLF O A N G - SO 6/2009
NHliNG V A N Dt CHUNG V^ LICH SLF OANG
dugc lenh keo ra frong tam trang can bg, chien sT khong phii ai cung thong suot ve tu tuong.
Kh6ng cbi bg dgi phio binh co ky c6ng keo phao vao, keo phio ra ma bg dgi c6ng binh ciing dong gop rat quan trgng vio ky tich niy. Ong Pham Nggc Sinh, nguyen Dai dgi truong Cong binh, Dai doan 316, timg true hep tham gia chien dich cho biet: Nhiem vy cua c6ng binh li di truoc ve sau, mo duong cho bg dgi Ien Dien Bien Phii. Ong Sinh phy frich anh em lam duong keo phio. Ngyy frang la khiu quan frgng boi may bay dich lugn su6t ngay. Bg dgi phii thay nhau di liy li de lam "gian muc3p" che, phii di xa liy la de kh6ng 16; vai ngiy li beo lai phii thay.
Dich kh6ng ngo nui cao nhu vay ma bg dgi ta lai mang dugc phio hang ning vao. Lam duong cho phao rat vat va, phii du rgng de dua phio Ien. Niii cao, dao Ien toin dit d6 va da to. Dyng cu chi co choong sat bang co tay, xeng vi cu6c. Troi lanh, anh em lam kb6ng muon nghi, mong keo phio vao nhanh de dinh nbanh^. Bg dgi c6ng binh vira tham gia lim duong keo phio, vira xiy dung Iran dia phio. Giai doan lam ham luu phio 105 ly d6i vc3i chien sT c6ng binh kh6ng ic liet nhung cue ky vit va, gian kh6: phii bat suon nui ve phia djch thinh vich diing r6i khoet mot cai hang to du de khi xep cing phio lai co the diy lui ci kbiu phio vao cit giau. Phia ngoai hang la ham phio khi rgng de trien khai chien diu.
Him CO nhung cot cb6ng, di do. Da g6 duong kinh phii 35 cm, cot chong duong kinh it nhit 25 cm. Cic da da, cot ch6ng khong dugc lim vuong dgng tic ciia phio thu va lam vucmg khau phio khi dang cang ra bin. Hai da go
ben sat mep vich ham dugc rai mot lop go fron duong kinh it nhit 15 cm, sau do phu lien hip nhung bo cay sat xep hang dgc, fren lai nen dit day 2 met, t6ng chieu day nap him 3 met.
Mieng him phai dii rgng de phao c6 the lui vio dugc. Sau do dimg sgt xep kin, chi con chira 16 chiu mai cho nong phao nho ra ngoai du de ban.
Bin xong, phio dugc xep cang, lui vao ham phia frong va dimg sgt dit xep kin 16 chau mai, de phong dan dich khi chimg phin phio. M6i trin dia deu co ham ban, him lui phio ve phia sau, him dan, ham true chien, ham chi huy. •
M6i dai dgi deu c6 trin dia du bi, frin dia gii de du bi va phan tan boa luc dich... khong dugc phep chit ciy quanh frin dia de lam him phio ma phii di xa bon, nam, c6 khi gin chyc ciy s6 de tim ngyy trang, ma ciing chi dugc chat tia cay rimg va van chuyen bang d6i vai ve noi lam frin dia''.
Mot ky c6ng noi bat frong chien dich Dien Bien Phu la bg dgi ta theo phuong cham "Dinh chic tien chic", (3a dao hang fram kil6met giao thong bio, chien hao theo duong xoiy fron 6c bao vay, thit chat thong Igng quanh Phan khu Trung tam tap doan cir diem dl heu diet. Diy la mot ky c6ng dong thoi cung la sang tao dgc dio cua bg dgi ta. Cich dinh "boc v6" timg vi tri, timg cu diem, cum cir diem, trung tim de khing thanh cong chinh la nho bg dgi ta da ngay dem dio ham hao, lan dhi, bao viy quan Phap. Hao giao thong, chien hao da dao cit ngang ca duong bang sin bay Muong Thanh, khiln miy bay dich khong Ien xu6ng dugc, gop phin cung bg dgi phao cao xa, phong kh6ng kb6ng cbl, hen toi chit dirt cau hang khong hip tl cho Dien Bien Phii ciia Phip.
NHU'NG V A N 0 ^ CHUNG V^ LICH SLF O A N G
Vao dgt hai chien dich, cir diem 106 li cir diem phong ngu kien co ciia dich a buong Tay Bic Trung tim Muong Thanh. Xung quanh cir diem co hang rao kem gai rgng toi 200m, duoi IcTp rao li bai min diy die. Cir diem 106 nim giira cinh d6ng tr6ng frii nen viec mo cira rit kho, chi c6 each dao bao lin dan duoi lop rao, den khoing cich thich hgp moi mo dugc dot phi khiu. Chien si ta 16 chirc dao ba miii bio lin din vio cir diem 106 o ba hucmg khic nhau... Duong bio cang vao siu, cing kh6 khin, vit vi, cang thing voi nhirng tieng luu dan, tieng dan sung c6i dich n6 danh ngay fren noc. M6i ngiy dem, chi dio dugc khoang 50 met duong ngim^.
Ngay diu tien trien khai chien thuat danh lin la ngay 17-4. Dit rin, bg dgi phii nim dio. Dio dugc b6 nho r6i quy khoet dit, du siu thi dimg dio. Anh em nam xep hing, cir mot lieu dgi thi ngoat chir chi va b6 cic nbinh bio ra cic phia.
Kb6ng do dem dugc bao nhieu kil6met bio, chi neu nhin tir fren xu6ng thiy kh6ng khic gi nhung mach miu chang chit vai cic duong bio chinh vi bio nhinh. Di lai frong giao th6ng bao phii CO bien chi duong... M6i ngiy chien sT ta phai dao 18 tieng frong tu the rit kh6 khin. cin xeng phii cit ngan mcM c6 the thao tic dugc frong khoing kh6ng gian chit hep. Mgi nguoi luin phien dio bao, chuyen dit ngiu nghi ngay tai Iran dia. Mot bg phan khic dugc nit vio rimg lay g6, liy ciy che chin phia fren... Sau mot thoi gian. cic duong hao chang chit ngang dgc thit din, quin Phip sau m6i dem tinh day lai thiy vong vay siet chit''.
Ky c6ng ding ke nira la viec bg dgi ta dio mot duong him dai hang chyc met vao long
d6i AI, noi dien ra frin dinh keo dii nhit, ic het nhit vi thuong vong cua bai ben ciing nhieu nhit trong toin bg mat frin Dien Bien Phu. Hai trung doan 174 vi 102 cua ta n6 sung hen c6ng cir diem d6i AI frr chieu ngiy 30-3, nhung den chieu ngiy 4-4 vin kh6ng diit diem dugc, chi chiem dugc 1/3 cir diem in ngir phia D6ng khu Trung tim Muong Thanh. Trin chien diu tai diy dien ra dai ding, ac liet cho den ha tuin thing 4-1954.
Ngay 17-4, ong Nguyen Phii Xuyen Khung, liic do li Dai dgi truong "Dgi 83" c6ng binh, Trung doin 151, Dai doin 351, nhin dugc lenh cua d6ng chi Chu Huy Min. giao cho Dgi 83 dao duong bim vi dit boc phi trong long d6i AI. Chgn vi tri sau khi xic dinh cira bim r6i, bat dau dio ngiy 20-4... Thoi gian dio bim va dit boc phi khoing 14 ngay.
Gang vio cang thieu khi nggt ngat. birc b6i.
M6i t6 3 nguoi vio dio. Anh em dung xeng moi dit chu kh6ng dio hiing bye vi se mil nhiet, mil sire, thieu 6xi. Vi duong bim cbi rgng 90 cm cao 90 em, dao mot luc lai phii xep bao dit dii theo duong him, bao khiu tir vii du 40 cm x 40 cm, chieu ngang bim thinh ra con 50 cm. Anh em con dio ci mot cii bu6ng de tbu6c n6, cao lm50, rgng lm50.
Den khoing ngay 4, ngay 5-5, do dugc 38 m thi CO lenh dit boc phi de dinh. Boc phi chuyen vio frong r6i, tren lenh cho n6 t6i ngiy 6-5. Boc phi 1000 kg n6 ngim duoi dit, chi nghe "Uc" mot cii; nhung frong him du dua ghe gcmi, byi. dit di ving xa^.
3. Sang tao trong chien dau
Sing tao Ion nhit. co tinh quyet dinh nhit chinh la hm ra dugc cich dinh phii hgp. Cich
TAP CHi LICH SLF O A N G - S6 6/2009
NHLFNG V A N D ^ CHUNG V£ LICH S L F D A N G
dinh trong chien dich Dien Bien Phu li dinh kieu boc v6 hinh, tir ngoii vio frong, heu diet cac vi tri, cir diem, trung tim de khing 6 ngoai vi truoc r6i din din dao hao, phit tnen vio Phin khu Trung tam tip doan cu diem, thit din vong viy quanh So chi huy cua Do Citxtori. Diy thuc su la mot chien dich tien c6ng frin dia co quy mo lan nhat ciia quin dgi ta frong cuoc khing chien chong Phip. Cich dinh sing tao dugc bieu bien:
- Som binh thanh the Iran bao viy, xay dyng Iran dia tien c6ng vi bao viy, ngiy cang siet chit timg cym cir diem vi ci tip doan cir diem, chia cit the lien hoin, lim cho dich kh6 CO the img cim dugc cho nhau.
- Tip tnmg uu the binh luc, h6a luc, phit huy sire manh chien dau hiep d6ng binh chimg (phio binh bin phi frin dia dich, phio cao xa khong che biu froi ngin chin miy bay dich nem bom, c6ng binh dio bio lin dui vao vi tri dich, bg binh xung phong lieu diet dich), dinh chic thing, tieu diet timg bg phin sinh luc lien toi lieu diet khu tnmg lim tip doin cir diem.
- Chgn cich danh hiem, phit buy uy luc mgi thir vu khi, ket hgp dinh chinh dien vai cic miii thgc siu, lu6n siu; ket hgp cic dgt dinh Ion voi boat dgng tic chien thuong xuyen bing viy lin, bin tia, ban che ch6 manh, khoet siu ch6 yeu cua dich.
- Chien thuat c6ng kien dugc phat trien sing tao len mot mire cao c6 quy m6 dai doin, the hien bing viec tieu diet cym cir diem Him Lam; cym cir diem Dgc Lap, d6i AI, CI...
Trong chien dich niy, bg dgi ta ciing da sing tao ra mot binh thirc chien thuat moi do li chien thuat "ddnh ldn\ mot hinh thirc phit
tnln cua dinh cong kien trong dieu kien ta to chirc hln cong, true tiep tiep xuc voi dich nhung so sinh lye lugng chua cho phep ta heu diet dich ngay. Thinh c6ng cua hinh thirc ddnh Idn niy thi hien trong cic Iran tieu diet cic cu diim 106, 105 va die biet la frin dinh cir diim 206 ciia Tnmg doan 36, Dai doin 308, hr ngay 17 din 23-4-1954. Dai hrong V5 Nguyen Giip dinh gii diy la frin "Da hoin thien va thuc sir khing dinh thinh cong cua cbiln thuat dugc ggi li "dinh Ian"... Mot Ian nira, chung ta cing thiy ro tic dyng to 1cm cua cich dinh nho truyen th6ng, the hien su thong minh, sing tao, chii dgng ciia nhiing nguoi chien sL.."^.
1. Jules Roy: Trgn Dien Bien Phu dir&i con mat nguai Phdp, NXB TP. HCM, 1994, fr. 608-609. Ban djch tieng viet ciia Bin Tran Phuong
2, 3. Xem: Chuyen nhimg ngir&i lam nen lich sir, H6i ire Dien Bien Phu 1954-2009, CTQG, H, 2009, fr.77, 58
4. Theo lai ke cua ong Nguyen Huyen, nguyen Chinh fri vien pho Dai doi 54, Tieu doan 106, Trung doan 151 cong binh, Dai doan 351, hien la Thu ky ciia Dai tuong V6 Nguyen Giap; dan theo Chuyen nhirng nguai lam nen lich sir, Sdd, fr.59
5. Theo loi ke ciia ong VQ Xuan Vinh, nguyen Tham muu truong Trung doan 36, Dai doan 308; din theo Chuyen nhiing ngirai lam nen lich sir.. Sdd, fr. 155
6. 7. Theo Trinh Trang, nguyen la mot Dai doi truong thuoc Trung doan 36, Dai doan 308; din theo Chuyen nhimg ngirai lam nen lich sir, Sdd, tr.l57,
174-175
8. Dai tuong V6 Nguyen Giap: Dien Bien Phu - Diem hen lich su, NXB QDND, H, 2000, tr. 238.
