Plian ticli flanli gia suat flau tu xay dung dUQfng bo cao toe va mot so giai pliap nang cao
hieu qua flau tu
K . S V O H O A N G A N H Tdng Cdng ty TVTK GTVT (TEDI)
0
1 cd ca sd dinh gii mOt cich khich quan v i tim ra cic giai phip d l quan ly chi phi xiy dyng dudng cao toe tpi Viit Nam, vua qua BO GTVT d i chi dpo viic ting hpp chi phi cic dy i n xiy dyng dudng cao tic da v i dang triln khai thyc hiin tpi Viit Nam, ding thdi thdng qua cic t l chuc quIc t l nhu: Qu9 hpp tic phat triln EDCF, doin nghiin euu ho trp ky thuit cua JICA, Ting cdng ty xiy dyng ciu dudng Quang Tiy (Trung QuIc) ... d l thu thip thdng tin v l mOt s l dy i n dudng cao tie d i thyc hiin tpi Nhit Ban, Hin QuIc, Trung QuIc phgc vg cho cdng tic phin tich, so sinh.Qua cic kit qui ting hpp tCr thyc t l cdng tic lip va quan ly chi phi cic dy i n diu tu xiy dyng dudng bO cao tic tpi Viit Nam, cd fhl nhin thiy chi tiiu xiy dyng hay chi tiiu diu tu cho mli dy i n dudng cao tic diu ed sy khic biit Idn. Chi tiiu xiy dyng cho mOt dy i n dudng cao tic l i t l hpp cOa nhilu ylu t l nhu: Quy md mit d t , ehilu cao dio/ dip trung binh, ti l i cdng trinh clu/
him trin tuyin, ti l i v i biin phip su ly nin ylu, ti l i v l s l lupng nut giao d t , muc dO trang thilt bj vin hinh khai thic w...
Thyc t l cho thiy, nlu chi tinh diu tu cho riing phin dudng cao tic thi chi phi xiy dyng gida cic
Bilu dd so sinh chi phi d i u t u xay dung phin dirdng cao tdc /km
CH( TiEu P H A N OlfdrNG CAO TOC THdNG THUdNO (4 L A N )
dy i n khdng chinh lich nhilu, binh quin tu 5 - 7 triiu USD/1 km dudng cao tie 4 lin xe (quy doi v l mit bing gii qui II nim 2012).
Do cic yeu d u v l ky thuit, dilu kipn cic mit v l xiy dyng khic nhau nin gii thinh xiy dyng dudng d td cao tie tpi cic dy i n cQng khic nhau. Nlu d l cip din toin bO cic ylu t l clu thinh chi phi nhu: khIi lupng xiy dyng dudng, su ly nin dit ylu, cic cdng trinh tren dudng (nhu d u qua sdng, clu cpn, clu vupt, him, cdng trinh thoat nude ...) v i nlu de cip ca giai phdng mit bing cung cic chi phi khic nhu lip dy i n , khao sit thilt k l , giim sit, trang thilt bj tren dydng cao tie v.v... thi cic chuyin gia trong ITnh vyc niy cho ring suit diu ty d l i vdi dudng d td cao tie l i khdng t h i dem ra d l so sinh dupe. Bilu d l so sinh suit diu
tu xay dyng cic dy i n dudng cao tic tren diy minh hpa cho nhin djnh niy.
Qua cic bilu do trin ed t h i nhpn thay sy khic bipt Idn, do viy vipe danh gii v l chi tiiu xiy dyng hay chi tieu diu tu d n phai dupe nhin nhin mOt cich tong quan v i khoa hpc. Tren thyc t l , chi tieu diu tu xiy dyng dudng cao tie cua cic nude tren t h i gidi cQng cd sy chinh Ipeh rit Idn trong tung dy i n , tung thdi dilm diu tu. Ngay tpi Trung Quoc, nude dupe coi l i cd suit diu tu xiy dyng dudng bO cao t i c vio loai thip tren t h i gidi chi tiiu diu tu giua cac dy i n dudng cao tic cQng rit khic biit.
Dudi diy la bieu do so sinh vdi mOt s l dy i n diu tu dudng cao tic d nude ngoii ed quy md ky thuit, dilu kiin dia hinh, dja chit, khIi lupng cdng trinh gin
sd 1+2 ndm 2013 {2)l!J;®f}iJ(a
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T YBieu dd so sanh suit diu tir xay dyng du-^g cao t6c (ti VND/ km)
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Bilu dd so sinh theo ciu thinh chi phi diu tu cic hfing mgc du'dng cao tic (ti.VND/ km) Bieu Bd CAU THANH TdNG VdN D A U TU CAO T 6 C 4 LAN
• Chphi Ou phdng
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Bi^u dd SO sinh danh gii theo ti 1$ % ca clu diu tu* mpt sd di^ i n du*dmg cao t6c t^i Vi$t Nam
Oifdng cao t6c Long Thinh - D i u GiSy Dirdng cao t6c C i u G\6 - Ninh Binh
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tuang duang vdi mdt s l dy i n d i v i dang dupe diu tu xiy dyng tai Vipt Nam.
Nhu viy, ed t h i nhin thiy d l i vdi viic diu tu xiy dyng dudng bd cao tic, tuy cung chung mOt mgc tiiu l i d l rut ngin thdi gian vin tai d td dudng d i i nhung do tpi mli quIc gia Ipi ed nhQng quan niim khic bipt nhau v l cdng ning, tinh ning cua lopi cdng tnnh niy v i chinh cic die trung, cic tiiu chi diu tu dupe xic djnh tu cic quan niim niy d l xiy dyng dudng d td cao tie nen cd anh hudng quylt djnh din chi phi diu tu xay dyng v i anh hudng din hiiu qui khai thic vin tai cQng nhu chi phi bao tri sau niy
1. Ph^n tich c^c nguyen nhdn lam anh hiroing Idn flen chl phi dau tu xay dung duoing bo cao toe tai Viet Nam
a. Anh hifoing cua cdc dieu hien dja hinh, d|a chift, thuy van:
Vdi dieu kiin ty nhiin die thu nhu dja hinh phipc tpp bj chia elt vdi nhilu sdng v i kinh rpch vdi chl dO thuy vin phCre tpp nin cic tuyin dudng cao tic tai khu vyc ding bing Bic Bp v i ding bing Nam BO phii xiy dyng nhilu cdng trinh ciu, cing. Chi phi xiy dyng cdng trinh c l u chilm ti trpng Idn ting chi phi xiy dyng (Cd dy in chilm tdi trin 50% chi phi xiy dyng toin dy in) nhu tuyin cao tic TP. H i Chi Minh Trung Luang 16,28km clu/ 39,8km loin tuyin; tuyin Ben LCre - Long Thanh ~25,7km clu/ 57,8km chilu dii tuyin. Mit khic, do dilu kipn dja chit phuc tpp nhilu dy i n phai xy ly nin dit ylu, xu ly sgt trupt, kiin d hda cdng trinh
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Cao tic c i u Gii .Ninh Binh Cao tic Long T h i n h . Oiu Gliy Caoticihao hinh ih,ic PPP Hin<3uicvdi khoi lupng Idn (MOt s l dy an phai su ly tdi 60% - 80% chilu dai tuyin dudng) lim cho suit dau tu cua tuyin dudng tang cao.
b. Anh huding do dan cu, tap win sinh hoat vd quan niem chira dung ve ddclng cao toe:
Do cac ylu t l die thu eua mOt nude ndng nghiip vdi cic die diem dan cu, canh tic nen s l luang cic cdng trinh tren cac tuyin cao tic cd t h i Idn han so vdi mpt s l nude Au My (cing chui dan sinh, cic he thing giao d t , diu nli, dudng gom vv...) lam ting chi phi diu tu xiy dyng.
Mpt nguyen nhin quan trpng khic la quan niem chya dung ve dudng d td cao tic eua ngudi din, ke ca cic chinh quyen dia phuang cd dudng cao tie se di qua. Od la vipe yeu d u cac khu din cu, khu cdng nghiip ... bim sat dudng cao tic theo "tim li mit tien". Hp mong muln dudng cao toe phai di qua cic khu din cu, khu cdng nghipp, muln cic
phuang tipn giao thdng npi vung ed t h i "kit nli ngay tpi cho" vdi dudng cao tic. Trong khi dd, vipe nghien euu bo tri cic dilm ra vio dan gian han nhilu d l kit nli vdi mpng dudng hipn cd d l t l chuc giao thdng nhim thda min yeu d u v l cdng nang eua dudng cao tic Ipi chua dupe chu trpng. Do tap trung cic dilm ra vio d cac nut giao lien thdng hoanh trang nen mOt luy hp nua keo theo ia phai xiy dyng them cic dudng nli, dudng gom. Kit qua la suit dau tu tinh cho mOt ki Id met xiy dyng d l phgc vu vin tai bing dudng cao tie trd nen kha cao.
c. Anh hiring do k^o ddi thdi gian thi cong vd van de cham giai ph6ng mat bang:
Mdt trong nhung nguyin nhin quan trpng khic l i thdi gian xay dyng dy an bj keo d i i do cic nguyen nhin: chim giai phdng mat bing, do thilu von, do ning lye cua nhi thiu thi cdng ... lam kinh phi dau tu cQng ting Idn so
S6l-t'2 nam 2013
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vdi ban diu. Viic t l chuc din bu GPMB chim chl keo theo chi phi GPMB ting Idn do cic thay doi cua dan gii din bu v i chl dO chinh sich cQng lam tang suit diu tu cua nhilu dy i n , die biit cac tuyen dudng di qua khu vyc cd m i l dO din cu cao.
d. Anh huding cua nguon cung cap vdt lieu:
o i u tu xiy dyng dudng cao tie phg thuOe nhieu vio cic vit Iipu sin cd nhu: da, cit, dit dip...
Tuy nhiin, hipn tpi vipe quy hopch va d p phep khai thic md vit liiu hien nay dang dupe giao cho cic dia phuang quan ly v i d p phip khai thic, do viic quan ly khai thic khdng dupe quan ly thing nhit v i dong bO. Nguon cung d p khdng I n djnh nin khi triln khai dy i n lim thay dli quan h i cung - d u cua khu vyc, lim gii vit Iipu ting vpt, cd dy an khdng ed du vit liiu anh hudng nhilu din tiln dp.
Them vao dd, mpt s l lopi nguyen, nhiin vit lieu chu ylu phai nhip khiu nhu: xing diu, nhya dudng, sit thep cudng dp cao, cip du Crng lye, goi clu, khe co gian, bic thim, vai dja ky thuat xu ly nin dit ylu... nen anh hudng tdi suit diu tu dudng cao tie.
d. Anh hudfng cua chu truong dau tu, tl6u chuan dp dung:
Dang ton tai mpt nghjch li la Chung ta thilt k l , xiy dyng cic tuyen dudng bO ndi chung v i cic tuyin cao tie ndi rieng vdi tieu chuin ky thuit, nhit la tieu chuin ve kieh thude hinh hpc, d p tic dd thilt k l khi cao, khi sang so vdi cic nude nhung lai cho phip chpy xe vdi tic dO thip han nhilu. Yiu d u ca ban nhit quylt djnh cic tinh chit cua eon dudng l i cdng ning, hay ndi
each khic l i chuc ning phgc vg vin tai, tuy nhiin dudng nhu yeu clu nay van chua duac thyc sy lim rd. Theo dd, cic yiu ciu v l tinh nang la d l dap ung yeu d u cdng nang v i nhu viy, tieu chi tie dp cao khdng phai l i tieu chi ca ban, cing khdng phai la tieu chi quan trpng nhit ma chi l i mpt trong nhieu tieu chi eua cic yiu d u ve tinh ning d n dat dupe nhim dip Crng yeu d u v l cdng ning. Nhu viy, mOt s l nOi dung trong tieu ehuin thilt k l dudng cao toe cin dupe r i soil, sua dli cho phu hpp dam bio kinh t l - ky thuit, die biit l i cic quy djnh v l tinh nang, yiu ciu thilt k l .
e. Anh huiing cua phifong thdc ldp vd qudn ly chl phi, cua hd thfi'ng dinh mdc du todn:
Phuang thuc lip v i quan ly chi phi chua phu hpp, chua tilp cin cic thdng Ip quIc t l , phuang phip tinh toin khIi lupng cdng tic xiy dyng chua gin dupe giCra clu thinh dy toin v i chi din ky thuit. v i n duy tri phuang phip xic djnh chi phi xiy dyng cdng trinh giao thdng tren ca sd cac bO dan gii Xiy dyng ca ban Ipp sin eua dja phuang khdng dupe thudng xuyin cip nhpt khd cd thi xic djnh dy toin ehuin xic.
Trong cdng tie Quan ly dy i n : Chua thyc hien dupe cdng tic quan ly chi phi, hing loat dy an phai dilu chinh dy toin, dilu chinh Ting mCpc diu tu m i chua lim rd chinh xic dupe cic nguyin nhin tang giam trong vipe dilu chinh.
Chua to chCpc danh gii dupe hiiu qua diu tu cac dy i n phii dieu chinh va dieu quan trpng khic l i cdn kha d l dang trong vipe dilu chinh Ting muc diu tu din din tam iy "thich" dilu chinh thay vi
"ngai" phai dilu chinh nlu nhu ed
cic quy dflnh cg thi, thing nhit v l trinh ty, npi dung dilu chinh, cic vin d l phai giii trinh lim rd cQng nhu trich nhiim cg thi trong quan chi phi diu tu.
Hp thing djnh mdc edn tin tpi nhieu bit cip, h i thing djnh mdc hien tpi mie du ed nhilu song thyc chit Ipi rit thilu v i phuc tpp, nhilu djmh mdc khdng phu hpp, bit cip (ed nhung djnh muc Idn gip nhilu lln, phi thyc tl) din tdi khdng chuin xic trong xic djnh chi phi xiy dyng.
g. Anh huAng do yd'u ttf con nguiil trong ldp vd qudn li^ chl phi:
Ylu to eon ngudi trong lip v i quan ly chi phi xiy dyng chua thyc sy dupe coi trpng, nhilu dan vj tu vin it kinh nghiim, thilu nghiim trpng hoic hlu nhu chua ed cic chuyin gia, kj su d l cd t h i lim tit cdng tic niy. Ning lye cua khi nhilu dan vj tu vin thim tra dy toin edn han chl, khdng nhin ra dupe ban chit cic ylu t l mang tinh quylt djnh din gii trj dy toin, nhieu khi chi phg hpa, hpp thuc hda cQng lim cho gii tri dy toin khdng phan inh dupe gii thj thyc.
2a Mot so giai phap nang cao hieu qua quan ly trong d^u tif xay dung diroing bo cao toe
Tu nhirng nguyin nhin inh hudng tryc tilp den suit vin diu tu dudng cao tie nhu d i phin tich d tren, d l nang cao hipu qua diu tu cic dy i n xiy dyng dudng ' d td cao toe, kiln nghj thyc hiin
mOt s l giai phip sau:
Xiy dyng v i hoin thiin h i thing cic vin ban quy phpm phip luit v l Quan ly - Diu tu xiy dyng - khai thic dudng cao tic. Nghien euu, thing nhit quan
ITiCT
Si 1+2 nam 2013 |
A^^^^
niim v i cic tiiu chi dli vdi viic xiy dyng dydng d td cao tie theo dilu kiin eg thi cua Viit Nam.
Quy djnh hay ndi cich khic l i xic djnh rd cdng ning, tinh ning cua lopi cdng trinh niy trong Quy chuin xiy dyng Viit Nam d l cdng b l i p dgng cung nhu lim ca sd d l soil xit b l sung su'a dli cic tiiu chuin, quy chuin cho phu hpp.
R i soil dilu chinh cic quy hopch, cic dy i n trin dja bin dja phuang cho phu hpp vdi quy hopch dudng d td cao tic theo hudng uu tiin cho vipe diu ty xiy dyng dudng cao tic. Ting cudng cdng tie quin ly quy hopch dudng d td cao tie; quin ly chit chi qu9 dit phgc vg triln khai xiy dyng dudng cao tic, gin trich nhiim cua dja phuang vdi tiln dO triln khai cdng tic giai phdng mit bing.
- Chi quylt djnh diu tu khi d i xic djnh dupe nguIn vin v i kha ning huy dOng vin dam bio hoin thinh dut dilm dy i n .
- Thyc hiin quan ly' nhi nude tu trung uang dli vdi nguIn t i i nguyin phgc vg cho viic xiy dyng ca sd hp ting d l phit triln kinh t l , x i hOi. Lip quy hopch v i quin ly viic cung u'ng cic md vit liiu xiy dyng phgc vg cho viic xiy dyng dudng d td cao tie trin lung dja phuang.
- Tuyin truyin v i khic phgc quan niim chua dung v l dudng d td cao tic cua ngudi din v i chinh quyIn dja phuang cd dudng cao tie s i di qua. Trong q u i trinh triln khai thyc hiin, tuin thu theo
dung quy hopch, dy i n diu tu dupe duyit, trinh b l sung thim cic hpng mgc cdng trinh lim ting vin diu tu v i phit sinh chi phi.
Tilp tgc thu thip, nghien euu phin tich cic thdng tin v l chi phi diu tu xiy dyng dudng cao t i c d cic nude trong khu vyc v i quoc t l nhim d l xult nhd-ng nOi dung hoin chinh djnh mCre, dan gii xiy dyng dudng d td cao tic tpi Vipt Nam.
Ting cudng i p dgng cic cdng nghp mdi, vit liiu mdi, su dgng cic giai phip k^ thuit tilt kiim, hpp ly trong quan ly - xiy dyng - khai thic dudng cao tie.
Tip trung diu tu xiy chinh su'a cic djnh muc bit cip lim anh hudng din chi phi xiy dyng.
Xiy dyng mdi cic djnh mdc, die biit l i djnh muc khai thic, chl biln v i vin chuyin vit liiu xiy dyng.
- c i n sdm cd cic quy djnh thing nhit v l phuang phip lip dy toin l i phin tich dan gii hpng mgc trin ea sd h i sa thilt k l , chi din ky thuit chi tilt v i dilu kiin cg t h i cua mli cdng trinh d l cd dupe gii trj dy toin phQ hpp.
T l chuc xiy dyng mOt cich khoa hpc v i cdng b l tyang dli chuin xic suit diu tu xiy dyng dydng cao t i c d Viit Nam nhim
tham khao phgc vg cho cdng tic quan ly viic ehuin bj v i thyc hiin diu ty.
Cd chinh sich phit triln nguIn nhin lye, md rpng cic hinh thuc dio tpo trong v i ngoii nude v l quan ly - xiy dyng - khai thic dudng cao tie nhim ning cao ning lye eua cic chu t h i tham gia nhu Chu diu tu. Ban QLDA, Tu vin, Nha thiu.
Tang cudng cdng t i c kilm tra, kilm soit viic triln khai xiy dyng dydng cao tic, xu ly nghiem cic trudng hpp thyc hipn khdng dQng cic quy djnh lim giam chit lupng, ting chi phi khdng hpp ly, dy i n bj kio dii tiln dO giy ling phi vin diu tu.
Thyc hiin nghiim tuc cdng tic quan 1^^' chi phi, khic phgc tinh trpng d l dii trong dilu chinh dy toin, dilu chinh Ting muc diu tu. Khi d n dieu chinh, phai cd cic quy djnh cg thi, thing nhit v l trinh ty, nOi dung dieu chinh, cic vin d l phii giii trinh lim rd cQng nhu trich nhiim cg t h i trong quan chi phi diu tu. T l ehde thyc hiin cdng tic dinh gii Ipi hipu qui diu tu cic dy i n phai dilu chTnha
S6 1*2 ndm 2013
