VIMBIHOMNAY
D A O TAO KIEN TRUC SU
THOllKY DOI Mdi VA PHAT TRIEN
TS.KTS P h a m T d *
B a C A N H CHUNG QUA HOAT 0 6 N G DAO TAO KIEN TRUC S J Hl|N NAY Nghd kien true sd (KTS) ed hai dde trdng ndi trdi la sdng tgo va chuyen nghidp, mot nganh mang tinh xa hpi eao vdi td duy trdu tddng tren cd sd ndn tdng ciia ky thuat my thuat vd edng nghe. Do dd, cd the ndi dao tao KTS mang tinh tdng hda de dat su hdi hoa kien thdc d cac ITnh vUe xa
hpi vdi linh vUc ky thuat Qua trinh dao tao KTS la qua trinh khdi ddy, nudi dudng vd phdt trien cae td chat sang tao d sinh vien, qua trinh nay eon phdn dnh tinh tmyen nghS tu "ngUdi thd ed" Id dng thay cho "ldp thd trd" la ngddi hpc. Chinh vi vay, qua trinh ddo tao KTS d eac trddng tren thd gidi ed hinh thdc tUdng ddng nhung bdn chdt cd nhieu sii khac biet
T 6 N G Q U A N VE CONG TAG OAO TAO KTS TREN T H ^ Gidl VA 6 VIETNAM
sn
1 2
3
4
5 6
7
8
9
10 T i l u chi Nganh ddo lao Quy md Dao tao
Thtii gian 6ko tao
T u y ^ sinh va kiim tra nSng khi^)
Hlnh IhiicD&o lao CliUOng trinh dao tao (C^c khfii ki^n thJc trang bi cho sinh vi6n) M6 hlnli trL(6ng
PhUdng phdp gidng day vd hoc tap
Phudng phdp flanh gid, kiem tra kfit qud hQC tdp
Cflng nhjn tot nghiep
Tdi chlnh cho ddo tao
The gidi
Da nganh trong Tnh vac Kien trOc Nhin Chung la thap, thudng d mdc.
* Dai hoc: lOOSV/ndm/cO sfl + Cao hoc. 30 HV/nam/cd s3 + Tien sT. 05 NCS/nam/cd sd (mot s6 ni/dc khdng dao tao Tien si)
Thudng cd 2 md hlnh' + A n h - 0 c - M J ' 3 - 5 - 7 n d m + Chdu A u ' 5 nam ( 2 + 3) - Ghi danh (cd t i ^ Idi phdng v3n}
Chlnh quy (Full time)
Kign thJc - Ky n5ng - Thdi dO J tUdng - KJ ndng - Thdi dd Gong + tu
- Bdo cdo thao luan (seminars) - Nghi6n tiii tn/dng hdp dign hlnh {case study) - Ttido ludn nhdm (team work) -Thiicdia (field trip) - Chuyen gia (panel of expert) - Bdo cdo (report) - Chuyen de (guest speaker)
• Thi [rk nghi§m cac ddn vi hoc phSn (tin chl).
Tidi lOy du fin chl + hoan thdnh dfl dn tfll nghi§p.
15.000USD -32.000 USD/SV/nSm
Viet Nam
Hudng den da ngdnh trong Tnh viic Kien \tiic Mdi tnJdng rat khdc nhau, thUdng d mile cao so vdi diSu ki$n co the:
- Dai hoc. 150 - 450 SV/ndm/cd sd - Cao hoc: (khflng xdc dmh) - Tien sT: (khflng xdc dinh) Md hinh khod hoc mflt giai doan' 5 nam
Thi tuyen. Todn, Ly, V§ (DSu tUdng - Bo cue trang trf -Tinh v|t) (c6 liudng sd tuy^) Chinh quy (fiill lime)
Cd bdn - Cd sd - Chuygn nganh (> hodc = 30% BVHT) Cflng + Bdn cflng + Tu
- Ly thuyet ';- " ^ ^ ^ a - Thiic hanh bdi tdp • • ; 1 ' ^ ^ B
- C h u y f l n d ^ - - - - ^ ^
- Thi vi^t (chO ylu), thi vin ddp, bai tdp Idn, tieu luan vd d6 dn (NiSn che + Tin chl) - Cdc mfln hgc d$t til tmng binh trd (en (ke ca fhl lai ISn 2)
•fr chimg chi I h i chat ^ + Diem thi mfln chfnh In (dat) . ^ ' : + Hodn thdnh 36 dn TN (dat y l u c i u tnS I6n) ;^
400 - 500 USD/SV/ndm (hgc phi+ngSn sdch)
4 2 t S o e s . e o i e i H O C V I E N C A N BO Q U A N LY X A Y D I > J G V A E O THI
WSNBEHOMNAY
Nhan xet chung - Doi vdi the gidi:
+ H/tuc tieu dao tao thich nghi vdi thi trudng lao ddng da dang v4 biSn ddi nhanh.
+ Xu hi/dng 6io tao: Chuyen sau ket hdp vdi cung cap tu duy lien nganh, da nganh, da linh vUc.
+ Quy mo dao tao nhd.
+ Kha nang hgi nhap: Thuan lol.
+ Tai chinh cho dao tao: Chi phi d mUc cao - Bdi vdi Vidt Nam:
t Muc tidu dao tao chua thich Ung vdi nhu cau xa hdi (nhSn xet chung) + Xu hudng dao t?io: BSt dau hudng tdi da nganh, hidn tai ddn nganh theo dien rong, thieu chuyen s9u han chd kien thUc vd xa hdi nhan van.
+ Quy mo dao tao: GiOa cic cd sd dao tao khong dong 6&i, thudng 6 quy mo Idn vUa phi thi trudng vUa phi kha nang thuc tien cila cac cd sd dao tao(23cdsfl)
+ Kha nang hoi nhap: Khd khan.
+ Tai chinh cho dao tao: d mUc thap va rat thap.
I. PHAI CHANG 6 VIET NAM C6 DO VENH G I O A MUC TIEU DAO TAO VA YEU CAU CIJA THI TRUdNG?
Trung tam sinh hoat van hoa Duyen Hai - Khanh Hoa SV.VOTienAn
Do an tSl nghiep kiSnlriic SU khoa 2005-2010, GiSi Nhl gHi thudng Loa Thinh nam 2010
Dap Ung yeu cau lao ddng chat lUdng cao cua thi trudng ia muc tieu cua tat ca cac nganh nghe dSo tao t)8c dai hgc, trong dd cd nganh kien tnic. Tuy nhien, viec dao tag tai cac cd sd dai h x va viec hanh nghe phai dudc cci la hai giai doan trong mdt qua trinh d l trd thanh mgt ngUdi cd nghe. Ddi vdi nghe kien tnJc cd dac twng ridng thi hai giai doan nay khong the quy nap ve mdt
d Viet Nam, du iuSn xa hdi, ke cS cac ccng ty tu van thiet ke van del hdi sinh vidn Kidn tnic ra trudng phSI dap Ung ngay nhu cau hanh nghe. Mdt ddi hdi thieu su chia s^ vdi cd sS dac tag va khdng cdng bSng vdi sinh vidn.
Khi chiing tdi trao ddi them, hau hdt cac KTS nUdc ngoai dUdc hdi deu cho rang ddi hoi ciia thi tnJdng lao dpng Viet Nam hien nay d linh vUc kien
tnic kha gay gat lai thieu chuIn mUc qudc te, bdi mdi trudng hoat ddng cho KTS cdn mang nang tfnh thiJc dung ciia nen san xuat tieu chii ma chu thi chii yeu la cac cdng ty tu van thiet ke trong nudc.
II. TRIET LY DAO TAO KTS CHO THEKY21
Hoi nghj Qudc te vd "Dao tao kien tnjc sU cho the ky 21" d Hdng Kong do Hdi KTS cdng ddng Anh - Hgi KTS khu vuc Chdu A - Hdi KTS Hdng Kong dong to chiic, cac chuyen gia ve dao tao cho rang dao tao KTS cho the ky 21 la khuyen khieh each suy nghT chuyen sdu va iam viec sang tao trong mdi tnJdng da van hda, cd cac yeu td kinh te xa hdi thay ddi nhanh chdng.
Bdn tai cdt kidn thUc ddi hdi cdc cd sd dao tao kien tnic trang bj cho ngudi hgc la:
Nen tang ly thuyet: De bag tdn nhQng gia tri kien tnic, chiing ta phai fim dugc \^ thuyet cdt idi ciia nganh hgc trdn cd sd tcng hdp kidn thUc tU nganh khac nhu khoa hoc xa hdi nhan vdn, iich sii, triet hoc, my hgc, tam IJ hgc, xa hoi hgc vd kd ca phong thiiy hgc. Vdi bdi cdnh the gidi hidn nay, cac yeu td kinh te xa hdi thay ddi nhanh chdng, cd sUc tac ddng manh me den ITnh vUc kien tnic, thdm chi cd the lam chao dao kien tnic. Do dd, ddi hdi kien tnic sU vda cd kien thUc tdng hdp va chuyen sdu nhung trgng tam, cdt Idi phu hdp vdi thuc tidn chuydn mdn, vUa cd kien thUc nen sdu sac ve khoa hgc nhan van va chCi nghia nhSn van vdi ddi sdng kinh td, xa hdi.
Ky nang thUc hanh: ThUc hdnh la ddng IUc ciia Kien tnic, thuc hanh trdn cac blnh dien khac nhau, thuc hdnh trd thanh nang luc khdng the thieu d ngudi KTS:
- ThUc hanh vat chat: Cd sd tag ra vat chat kien tnic
- Thuc hdnh tri dc: Du doan cac tinh hudng cd the xay ra.
Bee Kett (1996 - trang 137) midu ta van de thuc hanh cua ngudi KTS het sdc ngan ggn: "Hodn cinh cu the - hieu biet
«D*t* WfiiUi « 00 THI 43
WAH o l H O M N A Y
Difdng hoa Nguyen Hue nam 2008 Tac pham dat giai Nhi gi^i thuflng Kiln tnjc Quoc gia nam 2008
(TSc gia' KTS. Vu Viet Anh, KTS Pham l^i Ai ThOy, SV. Tfl Anh Dung. SV Le Ho&ng Uyen) s&u rang - hanh dpng lap Uc".
C6 t h i noi qua trinh hpc, ngadi hoc tiJ tich luy ki^n thdc thong qua kinh nghidm cua ngiidi di tmdc, tD va vap trong nghe, tO m6i tnJdng lam viec cflng vdi kien thilc tai giang diidng - do chinh 1^ hieu qu^ tot nhat de sinh vien tit hoan thien minh. Boyer va Mitgang (1996) khang dinh sU can thiet nang lilc thilc hinh (ky nSng) cua mpt KTS thong qua viec hoc tap: "Hpc de thUc hanh - Hoc tif thi/c hknh - Hpc trong thifc hanh".
Thi/c tien cupc song: KiSn thifc han lam trong hoat dpng dao tao ng^y cang "xa la!" d6i vdi sinh vien, doi vdi ngi/di lam nghe Kien tmc bdi vl moi tnidng hoat ddng cua KTS luon sa ddng va bien dpng moi ngay. Ndi mdt cich khac chi dupc trang bi ly thuyet sach vd, tSn ki^n tmc sU chiJa du hanh trang v^o ddi. Kmh nghiem cho thay, ben canh nen tang ly tfiuyet ph^i difa vao thifc tien de phat trien kien tnic. Kien tmc la nganh hpc cua ca ly thuyet vi thifc tien, thiJc tien Ici dilm den cua ly thuyet do do day tif thifc tien la phUdng cham khdng the thieu 6 tnjdng dai hoc.
Cong cu cong nghe: Khoa hoc cdng nghe co khS nang riit ngan khoing each giQa q u i trinh day, hpc va hanh nghe. Ben canh do, cdn cd y nghia to Idn la su ket noi, chuyln giao hoat ddng dao tao kien tnJc va hanh nghe kien tnic mang tinh toan cau.
III. MdT S6 SUY NGHT VA T H U C TIEN OAO TAO KIEN TRUC SU 6 T R U O N G DAI HOC KIEN TRUC TP. HCM
Dao tao chuyen nghiep
Sy chuyen nghi§p cua hoat dpng giang day kien tnic tao yeu to cd ban v i hap dan cua qua trinh day va hpc, qua trinh trao doi, phat trien tif duy tif ngi/di thay sang sinh vi§n. Day nghe kien taic ddi hdi chuyen nghidp, the hien 6 ky nang thuc hinh thong thao (tinh thong ve kien thilc, thanh thao ve hanh dpng). KTS. Susan Savage - Giang vien tnJflng Dai hpc Cdng nghd Queensland, cho r^ng "cic kien tnjc sU chuyen nghidp cd the thao gd vudng
mSc ngay trong phdng lam viec cung cac sd do bang v6, dd chinh l i nhQng gl sinh vien can vUdn \6\". Nhu viy, ben canh wee thUc hanh vat chat nhu ta thudng thIy, vdi tinh chuyen nghiep, kien taic sU cdn thuc hinh tren cd sd tri tudng tupng cua minh d l du doan cac tinh hudng cd t h i xay ra Thifc hanh dUdc coi l i ban ch§it chuyen nghiep cua hoat ddng giang day kien tnJc.
Theo kinh nghiem, md hlnh dao tao se quyet djnh chat lupng san pham dao tao, do dd lifa chon mdt trang hai md hlnh dao tao pho bien cua cic tnidng kien tnJc trdn the gidi (Md hlnh de cao "YtUdng thiet ke" va md hlnh xem trpng "Y tudng - ThUc tiSn"]: L i bai toin (An ldi giai cd cd sd thiS thUc doi vdi Hpi dong khoa hpc v i dao tao nhi trudng. Trong di6u kien kinh t l xa hdi ciia Viet Nam hien nay, trudng DH Kien tnjc TP. HCM da tifng bUdc hudng d^n md hlnh "YtUdng-Thuc tien".
De cao tU duy sang tao Khong cd mon hgc true tilp ve tu duy sang tao hay sang tao kien tnJc, song gan nhu cac hpc phan mon hpc cOa tnidng Dai hoc Kien Tnic TP. Ho Ghi Minh deu dupc xoay quanh toic sang tao "Udc le".
Sang tao dUdc hlnh thanh thdng qua qua trinh tdng hpp, ch^t Ipc cac tri thilc va phUdng phap luin cdng vdi cac thu phap rat rieng biet cCia nghi. Sin pham hay ngwi ngQ day nghe kien tnic cung rift khic biet vdi c i c nghe khic, dd l i nhQng ky hieu mang tinh quy Udc tren cd sd tU duy hlnh tUdng l i chu yeu, dupc t h i hidn thdng qua sd do ban vd va md hinh mang tfnh Udc Id cao vdi phUdng phip the hien r3t da dang. Day nghi kien true la qua trinh hien thQc hda tu duy sang tao tif ngUdi thay sang sinh vien, qua trinh niy chuyln hda rat die biet, rat rieng biet v i rat tinh te. V( dy mpt khdng gian kien true cd "hon", mflt do an quy hoach mang tinh
"nhan van", mdt giSi phip ket cau "^n tUdng", eQng nhu mdt mdn dd chdi cho
8 . a a i S ] HQC V I E N C A N BO Q U A N LY X A Y Dl/NG VA EO THI
WJIHOIHOMNAY
em be " d l thUdng", l i m sao de sinh vien eim nhin dUdc cai gpi la "h6n - an tUOng - nhin van - d l thUdng" ay. B^t dau tQ tu duy, xac dimh y tUdng, hlnh tUdng hda y tudng de tao ra khdng gian kien tnic, hinh i n h kien tnic: Dep, ddn gian, h i m xuc, de hilu, gpi l i Nghe thuat to chQc khong gian chQ khong phii ehi t6 chQc khdng gian, Dd chi'nh la q u i trinh tU duy sing tao!
Benh vien Ung bUdu TP. Da Nang (SV. HuynhDilcThifa) Do an tot nghiep kiln tnJc sU kh6a 2006-2011
Giai Ba Giii tiiUdng Loa Thanh nam 2011 Cau true lai chUdng trinh dao tao: Ai eung mong muon dau tU cho trudng, cho sinh vien tot nh^t, "Giao due l i qudc sich". Song chung ta cDng phii nhin nhan mpt thuc t l , ma nguon IUc dlu ed han, tham chl cii "han" do qua eo hep, qua "thap" so vdi mat bang chung (the gidi), do do lua chpn mpt chUdng trinh dao tao can het sQc than trong, can trpng v i cam nhin thdi ky "nhdi nhet" kien thQc dbo cac cap hpc k l c i dai hpc da qua. Song giQ cai gi, bd cii gi cQng het sQc phQc tap, ddi hdi sQ dQng cam ciia ngudi thay, cua cd sd dao tao khi xiy dUng chUdng trinh. Trong b6i cinh chung, each tot nhat l i chUdng trinh chu ddng tip tnjng v i o nhQng kiln thQc nen tang nhat cua kien tnic, de phat hien, nudi dudng, khuyen khidi sU sing tao eiia ngudi hpc v i cua ICTS trong tUdng lai. Hien tai, nha trudng dang triln khai xay dyng them mot chUdng trinh dao tao kiln tnic sutheo hudng "Qng dyng thye nghidm".
} ^ diAig to chat chuyen gia trong dpi ngu giang vien:
Hoc thuit v i thuc te l i mot trong nhQng ydu cau khong the thilu ddi vdi ngUdi day nghe kien true. TQ nhilu nim nay, nha tnidng da khuyin khi'ch v i tao dieu Wen d l cic thay, c i c c6 ra khdi "thip n g i " nham xda bd bUc tUdng ngin giOa n h i trudng v i xa hdi. Hoat dong tU van thilt k l , hdi thio khoa hpc, giim sat eac dU i n ngiy cang trd thinh nhu cau khdng the thieu eua ddi ngQ giang vien
- mpt nhu cau nghe va ting thu nhap d l t i i dau tU cho giang day. Tuy nhien, cd the ndi luat cong chQc v i che dp tien lUdng hien hanh dang la rao can y l u td chuyen gia trong dpi ngu giing vien N h i trUdng - mot thuc te bat cap ding tiec giQa N h i trudng v i x i hdi,
Bai toan tai chinh cho dao tao - "Cd thUc mdi vUc dddc trUdng": Vdi cd chl tai chfnh thieu thuyet phue va ngudn kinh phi cho dao tao it 61 (ca hpc phi va ngin sach) se tilm I n nhieu bat b^c cho eac cd sd dio tao trong do a i cae tnidng dio tao kien tnic. Khdng phil vi dong tien, song chung ta khdng the phu nhin sQc manh cua ddng tien trang ^eu kien mat bang thu nhap chung eua CBVC nganh giio due cdn thap v i rlt thSp, Til chlnh cho dio tao KTS nhu hien nay qua "mdng manh", nd cd the gay do vd sU nghidp dio tao "cao c i " eua chung ta vio bat cQ luc nio. Chung tdi rat mong sy chia se t i i ehinh tU nhieu phfa:
- Cic to chQc va ca nhan sQ dyng lao ddng dQdc dao tao tu tafdng;
- Ngudi hpc (ddng hoc ph( dung mQc tQ ngudn vay);
- Ngan sach Nha nUdc v i cong ddng xa hdi.
Bai toan t i i chinh dupe giai quyet thda dang se l i cam ket cd g i i tri d l trilt ly dao tao KTS cho the kJ- 21 trd thinh hidn thuc doi vdi cac trUdng d i o tao kien true d Viet Nam.
Do nhilu nguyen nhan, cong t i c d i o tao kien tnic su giQa cic nudc tren the gidi v i Vidt Nam cdn cd khoang each qua Idn d tat ca cic mit, Hdi nhip l i tU duy "thi tnidng" trong hoat ddng dio tao theo Nghi quyet so 14/2005/NQ-CP do Chfnh phO ban hinh ngay 02/11 /2005 ve doi mdi cd bin v i toin dien giao due dai hpc Viet Nam giai doan 2006 - 2020, TQ nim hgc 2006-2007 den nay, ben canh vide triln khai cac de an ve xay dUng chuong trinh dao tao dat chuan trong nUdc va qudc te, tnidng dai hpc Kiln Tnic TP. Ho Chf Minh da cd nhQng glal phip thfch hdp nhu: Nhanh chong dUa hoat ddng day v i hpc ra khdi thip nga; Tang cUdng hgc thuat gin vdi thye tien cua eude song; Chuyen gia hda, hUdng d i n qudc te hoa dpi ngu giang vien; Xem trong boi cinh dja phUdng v i
"dOng eim" vUdt qua rao cin eua chinh minh.
Vdi triet ly dao tao kien true sii cho the ky 21 thiet tfiub, hap dan va lang man, cdng vdi tiem nang tai chinh va cic giai phap tfirc/i hdp, ca ba se td thanh dong liic degiai bai toan dao tao dap ting nhu cau doi mdi va phat trien doi vdi nganh hgc kien true vi^ "sang tao'via "chuyen nghiep"m
'Hi$u tnidng tnJdng DH l^^n tnjc TP.HCM
*c4(V 1X16/10 A 06 TH! 4 5
