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KHOA HOC - C O N G N G H EGIflfl THIEU CAC CHI TIEU DO LtfOfNG HIEU QUA HOAT DONG LOGISTICS CUA DOANH NGHIEP VA UfNG DUNG Clio CAC DOANH NGHIEP LOGISTICS VIET NAM i
T S . N G U Y I N THANH T H i i l TrUdng D9I hQC Hkng hil
Tdm iitX: Khii nidm logistics vk djch vy logistics dk xudt hi0n khi iiu trdn thd gidi tuy nhidn vin cdn khk mdi d Vi^t Nam. TU nkm 2005, VN mdi cd lukt quy dinh vS h09t ddng d\ch vy logistics tuy nhidn ckc cdng ty cung Ung dich vu logistics vin cdn ri't lOng tung vk nhdm iSn glUa vi$c dinh gik kdt qui ho^t d^ng kinh doanh djch vu vdi kdt qui ho$t ddng logistics cOa minh. Bii bio gidi thidu ckc chi tidu do ludng hidu qui ho$t ddng logistics vk dUa ra mdt sd kidn nghj Ung dung cho vide dinh gik. qukn /y ckc ho^t ddng nky cho ckc DN cung Ung djch vu logistics cda VN.
Abstract: The concept of logistics and logistics services is still quite new in Vietnam even though they have appeared for decades in the world. From 2005, Vietnam has had regulation of logistics service defini- tion and logistics activites. However, logistics compa- nies have been quite confised in evaluating business performance and logistics performance of the compa- nies. This paper introduces the logistics performance metrics to Vietnam logistics companies to apply and evaluate as well as manage theirown logistics activities.
1 .D$t v ^ n de
Tren the gidi, sU ra ddi vd hoat ddng ci!ia cdc DN cung Ung djch vu logistics dd cd tU khd lau vd trdi qua n h i l u giai doan phdt trien khdc nhau. Tuy nhidn d VN cdc DN eung Ung dich vy logistics cdn khd non trd ndn khdng trdnh khdi cdc budc dl cdn lung tCing ban d I u trong qud trinh cgnh tranh vdi eac DN logistics ngo^i ed b l ddy Ijch sCf ho^t ddng Idu ddi, cd cdc mdi quan hd thUdng mai phong phili vd trdn h i t Id cd kinh nghidm qudn ly hoqit ddng logistics. Chlnh vl vdy, md thj trudng djch vy logistics eho cdc DN VN hidn chi edn I91 mpt p h i n n h l (20%)'^'. Bi$n phdp c^nh tranh bdng vi$c dua nhau g i i m gid thdnh md cdc DN logis- tics ndi dang dp dyng thyc c h i t chf lam cho c i c DN ndi tu l l m minh suy y l u vd Idm cho uu t h i c^nh tranh ci!ia DN ndl vdi DN ngogi ngdy cdng gidm sut >^>. Thay vdo d d , cdc DN logistics VN cdn dp d y n g cdc bidn phdp nhdm ndng cao ndng lyc cung Ung djch vy eung nhu ndng cao c h i t lupng djch vy cua minh. D l Idm dupe vide ndy, trude h i t cdc doanh nghiep logistics VN e l n ddnh gid dLing k i t q u i cung ufng djch vy cCia minh thdng qua he t h i n g tidu chf: k i t qud kinh doanh djch vy (vide nay cdc DN logistics VN da vd dang thyc hien thudng xuydn), vd k i t qud hoat ddng logistics cua DN (eac DN logistics VN thudng khdng thyc hidn m i n g ndy), \il dd mdi cd cdc bidn phdp d l ndng cao chat lupng cua cdc hogt ddng cung Ung djch vy cCia cdng ty minh.
1 . Khdi n i d m v l cac c h i t i d u do l u d n g h l $ u q u d h o ^ t d p n g l o g i s t i c s cCia d o a n h n g h i d p l o g i s t i c s
Cdc chi tidu do iudng h l | u q u i hogt ddng logistics cCia doanh n g h i | p Id cdc c h i tidu lupng hda dupc iii d y n g nhSm truy x u l t cdc quy trinh hogt d | n g nhlt djnh trong cdc phgm vi hogit ddng logistics. O l ttiilt k l h | thdng logistics vd cdc thdnh p h i n cCia h0 thing ndy mdt cdch hpp ly n h l t thi vide d I u tidn chinh la phdi xdy d y n g mdt hd t h i n g cdc chi tidu do lydng hidu qud cCia hd t h i n g ndy. Cdc chi tidu ndy trudc hit phy thudc v d o p h g m vi ho^t d | n g logistics cua h$
thdng bao gdm mdt lo^t cdc khu v y c chUc ndng nhu sdn xudt, p h i n p h i i , vdn tdi ndl b d , kho bai vd dc vendor (cdc d I u mdi thu gom d I u vdo ciia hd thing), sau dd Id phy thudc vdo cdc y d u cdu chUc ndng dia hd t h i n g c u n g nhu cdc ITnh v y c khdc nhau vd Mii ndng xdc djnh vd do ludng lupng hda. Do dd, bade thU n h l t cDa qud trinh xdy d y n g cdc chi tidu do lifdng hidu qud logistics cua hd thdng Id xdc dinh dUijfch^
t h i n g cung cdc thdnh p h i n e l n t i l n hdnh cdng tac do ludng hidu q u i . BUdc thiJT haJ Id xdc dinh cdc ydu cdu ehUe ndng hodc cdc trudng h p p ngogi Id ciia hfi t h i n g . Budc thU ba Id xdy d y n g hd thdng chT tieu do ludng iupng hda cdc thdnh p h i n chufc ndng trSn Ngodi ra, c i n xdc djnh dupe m i l lidn hd giUaedcchi tidu do ludng hidu qud logistics ciJa h$ t h i n g cung nhunhCrng rdng budc trudc/sau glQacdcchltiduiULy.
Vf d y , ddi vdi mdt cdng ty cung Crng dich vy vdli l3i dudng b | thi ehi tidu ddnh gid v l c h i t lupng cfla djdi vy khdch hdng dupc xdy d y n g d y a trdn ehi tilu v^
p h i n trdm s l ddn hdng dupc giao dung h^n vd mijlc quay vdng eija cac phUdng t i | n v d n tdi dudng K cung nhu thdi gian quay v d n g c u a cdc phUdng tl$n qua bai dl''*'.
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Hinh 1. Phkn io$i cic chi tidu logistics ^ Cdc ChT tidu logistics dupc sCt d y n g d l do liidjig hieu qud n h i l u chUc n d n g logistics khdc nhau bao gdm cd cdc chUc ndng bdn trong vd ben ngoai W t h i n g . Thdng thudng, cdc chT tidu ndy tdp trung vio vide do ludng cdc tidu chf v l thdi gian, s i lUpng, tinh san c d , chi phf, ipi nhudn vd dd tin c§y. Phdn io^i^P chT tidu logistics dUdc t h i hi§n trong Hlnh 1, tronpS cdc ChT tidu bdn trong do ludng hidu qud cOacd'^
Tap chi GTVT 5/2012
11
hanh p h i n ben trong cCia hd t h i n g logistics nhu k l logch sdn x u l t , kho bai vd phUPng tidn vdn tdi, vi dy ihU h# s l sii dyng t h i l t bj, khd nang thdng qua cCia :ho vd hd sd sCr dyng xe vdn tdi. Cdn cdc chi tidu bdn igodl thudng phdn dnh cdc yeu t d khdc bdn ngodi hp hong nhung cd dnh hudng tdi hd thdng nhu khdeh idng, thj trudng chilng khodn, chfnh phti vd cdc dgi 1^
)dn thLf ba khdc, Vf dy v l ehi tidu ben ngodi bao g I m I n s u i t giao hdng vd nhat hdng, hodc phdn trdm s l Idn hdng dupe thyc hidn dung thdi tign'"'.
S.Cac c h i t i d u d o lUdng h i d u q u i h o ^ t d d n g ogistlcs cua doanh n g h i d p l o g i s t i c s
3.1 Nhdm ckc chi tidu bin trong 3.1.1 Cic chi tidu mdc hd thdng
Bang 1. Ckc chi tieu mUc h$ thdng sCt dung do 'Udng hidu qui ckc ho^t ddng logistics
3.2 Nhdm ckc chi tidu ben ngoki
Bing 3. Ckc chi tidu bdn ngokl sCr dung do ludng hidu qui ckc ho^t ddng logistics
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4. Ddnh gia h i d u qud hogt d d n g logistics d cdc DN l o g i s t i c s VIdt Nam
Di dknh gid hi§u qud hoat d | n g logistics d cdc DN logistics VN thdng qua vide SLT dyng cdc chT tidu ndu tren, tdc g i l da t i l n hdnh thu thdp so lipu bdng phUPng phdp quan sdt k i t hpp d i l u tra phdng v l n tryc t i l p t^i mpt sd DN djch vy logistics vdi nOi dung chfnh Id tdp trung vdo cdc chf tidu phi tai chfnh, cu t h i Id cdc chi tieu lidn quan d i n hidu q u i cac hogt ddng logistics cCia DN vd cdc chT tidu ben ngodi v l djch vy khdch hdng, Nghidn cUu bd qua cdc ehi tidu tdi chlnh do dd ed r i t n h i l u nghidn ciJu cua cdc tde gid khdc d l cdp den khd ndng cgnh tranh tdi chfnh cOa cdc DN logistics ndi.
Cdc ChT tidu nghidn cUu lien quan den hieu qud ho^t dpng logistics cCia doanh nghiep bao g I m : He s l sCf dyng thiet bj; MUc hdng hdng; MUc sD dyng he thong; Mufe thda man c l u ; He so b i l n ddng thdi gian van c h u y i n ; Ty Id Id hdng hodn hdo; He sd di d i n diing gid cua cdc phUdng tien van tdi bd. Cdc chT tidu logistics bdn ngoai v l djch vy khdch hang bao gom:
Dd tin cdy eCia khach hdng vd k h i l u nai khach hdng.
D l i tupng nghien eUu la cac DN cung Ung djch vu logistics cd si!f dung phUdng tien van tdi bd va kinh doanh kho bai d T P . Hdi Phdng vd TP. Ho Chf Minh (Bang 4),
Bing 4. Sd lU0ng vk dia didm cda cac DN dU0c khao skt
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Ket qud khdo sat cdc chi tieu logistics eCia cdc DN logistics dupe trinh bdy trong Hlnh 2. Trong dd chi rd s d cdc DN logistics VN cd he s d sD dyng t h i l t bj cao hdn 7 0 % Id tUPng d l i t h I p , chT ed 3 0 % DN dgt dupc tieu chf ndy. Nguyen nhdn Id do mpt s l t h i l t bi khdng dupc sCf dyng hidu q u i trong khi cdc thiet bj khdc l^i dupc khai thdc qud m(lc do qud trinh d I u t u c h u a hdp ly ddn den tinh trang vUa thUa, vUa t h i l u thiet bj phye vy. Tuy nhidn, p h i n Idn cdc DN d I u ed mUc thda man c l u cao vl ed dd'n 9 0 % so doanh nghidp dgt mUe thda mdn cau tU 8 0 % trd Idn - chinh id t j Id so ddn hdng md cac DN dUdc khdo satthue hidn thdnh cdng. MUc hu hai cDa cdc DN eung khd thap vi ehi cd 2 0 % s l DN nhdn cd t^ le hu hai Idn hdn 5% Id mot k i t qud ddng mC/ng trong d i l u kidn cP sd ha t i n g kho bai dang xudng cd'p t r i m trong nhu hidn nay. Bdn cgnh do, k i t qud khdo sdt v l chi tieu he s d bien ddng thdi gian
ai
KHOA HOC - C O N G NGHEvan chuye^n va he so di/rinn diuiy (|ici cua pliLlong tien cho Ihong tin xau vi he so bien dpng thdi gian vSn chuyen qua cao cung nhu khr^i nang di/den dung giP cua phuong tien van \A\ bo Ih^'p, C h e n h I6nh binh quan giifa thpi gian chay Idn nhal va nhd n h l l cua m o i phuong tien van l^i bp tren cung m p l quang duPng IPn hOn 6 gid Irong khi thdi gian chdm binh quan cua mot phuOng lion la khoang 20 d i n 60 phul Nguyen nhan phan Ion la do tflc dudng va tryc Ir^c phuong lien trong qua Innh van chuydn.
Hinh 2. Ket qua khao sat niQt so chi tieu lien quan den hi^u qua ho^t dgng khai thac trang Ihiet bi khi thuc hidn cac ho^t dpng logistics cua DN
Ket qua kh^o sal cac chi tieu lien quan d6n djch vu khach hang cua cac DN duOc trinh bay Irong Hinh 3 va Hinh 4. Trong do Hinh 3 bieu di^n chi tieu dp tin cay cua djch vu theo do co 60"o DN khSng dinh phan Ion hang cua minh duoc giao xe dich trong khoang 4 gio so vol du kien ban dau: 20''o DN co thpi gian giao hang xe dich trong khoang 4 -12 giP so vdi du kien ban dau, I0°o co the giao hang cham den 1 ngay so voJ du kien va 10% co nhieu 16 hang dudc giao cham hon 1 ngay so vdi dp kien.
C"li;ni liiiiiy Ivch IHTI 24 L:uis0\.ridirkicn
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Hlnh 3: Kdt qui khio sit cht tidu logistics vd dd tin c$y dich vu
TUPng t y d l i vdi chi t i l u khdo sdt v l k h i l u n^i khdeh hdng thi cd 2 0 % s l DN hodn todn khdng ed k h i l u ngi khach hdng; 5 0 % s l DN cd dudi 2 0 % khdeh hdng khieu nai sau khi hodn thdnh ddn hdng; 2 0 % DN cd t u 20%-30% khdch hdng k h i l u ngi sau khi k i t thUc dPn hang va cd 10% DN ed s l khdch hdng k h i l u ngi Idn hdn 3 0 % nhUhinh 4.
4. K e t luan
Qua khdo sdt va nghidn cUu cdc chT tidu logistics cCia mdt s l DN logistics, cd t h i rOt ra mdt vdi ndt v l thyc trgng hogt ddng logistics trong cdc DN nay nhu sau:
- Hidu q u i khai thdc cdc trang thiet bj edn t h I p , d I u t u idng phf vd khdng d i n g bd;
- Mac du t h y c hidn dUpe h l u h i t cdc ddn hdng
Hinh 4: Ket qua khao skt chi tieu logistics ve khieu n^i khach hang
cua khach hang va c6 mUc hong hang thap, cac DN logistics npi dang thpc sU gdp van de ve td chile (161 phuong tien van tdi bo va kha nang giao hang diJng lian cho khach hang;
• Chal lupng cong lac dich vu khach hang cuacao doanh nghiep npi con thap,
Nhu vay, CO the khSng dinh rang sU phat trien cua hoat dpng logistics hien nay trong cac DN logistics npi con nhieu han che Dieu nay da ly giai phan nSo nguyen nhan lai sao kha nang canh Iranh ve dichvy cua DN VN con thap
Vol 10 m i u khao s a l doanh nghiep 6 TP. H^i Phong va TP Ho Chi Minh, ket qua khao sat naychiJa the phan anh day du va chinh xac ve thuc trang phai trien hoat ddng logistics cua VN hien nay day la m6I vi du minh hoa cho viec su dung cac chi tieu hoal dong logistics phuc vu cho viec danh gia kel qua ho^l dpng logistics cho cac DN cung j n g dich vu logistics VN Ket qua nay cung co the sU dung nhu mpt tai lieu tham khao cho cac nha quan ly cac DN logistics. Td do CO cac quyet dinh d u n g dan va can thiet nhSm giup cac DN logistics VN giam chi phi dong thPi nang cao hon nUa chat luong dich vu - I
Tai lieu tham khao
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