3Cho4i hoe ^ong mfhe - Moi tvitding
HItl QUA BI0C M U C M VltG CHUVtN UOl M ^ S M N TRP REM HIIU QUA CUA NGUtl MN TOC M'NONG SANG TRIING Cd NUGl BG I A I HUYIN U K , IJNH Ujyi U K
Mddlu
Huydn L^k cd nhieu dan tpc anh em dang sinh sd'ng vd ttong dd ngrfdi dan tOc ta i chd M'nong chid'm 50% ddn so'cua huyen.
HIU he't cdc didn tich vrfdn hp cua ngrfdi dan tOc tai chd d day la vrfdn tap trdng nhilu loai cay trdng khdc nhau, chrfa dp dung khoa hpc ky thuat nen ndng suat cay ttdng tha'p va hieu qua kinh te kem. Trong khi dd ddi vdi ngrfdi dan tOc thieu sd ndi day, bd drfdc coi Id loai tai sdn cd' djnh hay mOt "ngan hdng sdng" de ddm bao an ninh kinh td' cho hO gia dinh. Chan nudi bd la mOt giai phdp xoa ddi giam ngheo nham gdp phin phdt triln ndng thdn ben vdng.
Tuy nhidn, vide chan nudi bd cua ngrfdi dan tOc thilu so'tai chd tai huyen Lak chrfa phat triln Id do Id do sd Irfdng va cha't Irfdng thdc an khdng dam bao, ngudn thdc an phu thuOc vdo nhieu ddng co trf nhien va thrfdng xuydn thieu hut vao mua khd vd
KS.Ton ThdtDg Vu, ThS. Chdu Thi Minh Long Vi^n Khoa hoc Ky thudt Nong ldm nghiep Tdy Nguyen
Nhdng nam gan day da cd nhieu cdng trinh nghien cdu khd nang thich nghi mpt sd gidng cd cao san va da chpn ra mpt sd gidng c6 thich nghi vdi dieu kien trf nhien cua vung Tay Nguyen. Viec trdng vd sd dung cac gidng cd nay chdn nudi bd thjt da drfdc sd dung d cac trong trai va mpt sd ndng hp chan nudi bd thit da dem lai hieu qua thiet thrfc. De nang cao hieu qua kinh te, gdp phan phat triln kinh te ben vdng cua ngrfdi dan tOc tai chd thi viec cai tao vrfdn tap ket hdp vdi nudi bd theo hrfdng hang hod la viec lam he't sdc thid't thrfc. Trong bai vie't nay, chung tdi trinh bay mpt sd ke't qua ban dau v l chuyen ddi mpt so' vrfdn tap kem hieu qua cua ngrfdi dan tpc M'nong sang trdng co nudi bd tai huydn Lak, tinh Dak Lak.
1. Mpt sd'kd't qua cua vide chuyin ddi vtfdn tap kem hidu qua sang trdng cd nudi bd 1.1. Ty Id sd'ng sdt luc 60 ngay tudi cac gid'ng cd trdng trong ba phtfcTng thtfc chuyen ddi vtfdn tap kem hidu qua tai huydn Lak
nhdng ddt mrfa keo ddi.
Bang 1.1: Ty Id sd'ng ba gid'ng cd trong ba phtfdng thtfc chuyin ddi vtfdn tap tai huydn Lak m f d n g thtfc Chuyd'n dd'i
Gid'ng ed ^"~~~~---..^ hoan toan
Chuydn ddi 50%
Chuydn ddi Trung binh trdng xen gid'ng
VA06 98,5a±l,2 97,7a±0,7 88,2b±2,l 94,8±5,1
Ghind 95,5a±0,7 95,6a±l,4 92,6a±l,7 94,6±1,9
Stylo 71,3a±0,5 71,2a±l,l 71,3a±0,9 71,3±0,8
Ghi chii: cdc gid tri co ciing ky tU theo hdng ngang khong khdc biet co y nghia d mdc xdc sudt vdi gidng VA06: P<0,01; giong Ghine P>0,05; giong Stylo: P>0,05.
Chung tdi da khao nghidm ba gidng cd:
VA06; Ghind va Stylo ttong ba phrfdng tiidc chuyin ddi vrfdn tap kem hidu qua: chuyen ddi hoan toan; chuyin ddi 50% dien tich vrfdn va phrfdng tiidc ttdng xen, till nghiem
drfdc bd tri tai ba xd: Dak Phdi; Dak Lidng vd Bdng Krang, huyen Lak, tinh Dak Lak.
Brfdc dau ket qua danh gid ty le sdng sau 60 ngay ttdng cua cac gidng cd the hien qua bang 1.1.
SO 5 - 2011 • THONG TIN KHOA HOC & C O N G NGHE 125
3Chj04Lhjoe - ^jong ngh^ Moi tntding
Ty le sdng gidng cd VA06 ttong hai phrfdng thdc chuyin ddi vrfdn tap (chuyin ddi hdan todn va chuyen ddi 50% dien tich vrfdn) lan Irfdt 98,5% -97,7% cao hdn phrfdng thdc trdng xen 88,2% vd srf sai khdc cd y nghia (P<0,01). Ddi vdi hai gidng cdn lai cd ty le sdng gida cac phrfdng thdc khdng cd sai khdc y nghTa thdng ke (P>0,05). Tuy nhidn, ty le sdng ciia c6 Ghind td 92,6- 95.6% cao hdn cd Stylo td71,2-71,3%.
1.2. Thdi gian thu ho^ch cua cac gid'ng cd trong ciic phtfdng thtfc chuyd'n ddi vtfdn t^p
Ke't qud ve thdi gian thu cdt cua ba gid'ng
Thdi gian thu c i t Ida d i u cda gidng cd VA06 vd Ghind trfdng drfdng nhau (90 ngdy tudi) ddi vdi gidng cd Stylo thdi gian thu cii Ida diu ddi hdn (100 ngay tudi). Td dd sd Ida cdt trong ndm gidng cd hdo thdo nhieu hdn (6-71da/ndm) gid'ng c6 hp ddu (51da/ndm). Bdn canh dd phrfdng thdc cung anh hrfdng tdi so Ida cdt trong nam cua cac gidng cd, ddi vdi trdng thuIn sd Ida cdt trong ndm nhilu hdn so vdi trdng xen trong vrfdn tap. Theo chiing tdi danh gid khi trdng cd xen trong vrfdn tap do anh hrfdng Irfdng dnh dan dd'n kha ndng sinh trrfdng cua cdc gid'ng cd cham.
CO drfdc the hien rd d bdng 1.2 nhrf sau:
Bang 1.2: Sd' Itfa thu hoach cua cac gid'ng cd dd'i vdi ba phtfcTng thtfc chuydn ddi v^ thdi gian thu hoach Itfa d i u .
^ " ^ - ^ P h t f d n g thtfc Gid'ng cd ^^""---^
VA06 Ghind Stylo
Chuyd'n dd'i hoan toan
(Ida/ndm) 6,2 7,0 5.1
Chuyd'n ddi 50%
(Ida/ndm) 6,1 7,0 5,1
Chuyd'n dd'i trdng xen
(Ida/ndm) 5,9 7,0 5,0
Sd' ngay thu cat Itfa d i u (ngay)
90 90 100
1.3 Ndng suS't cua cac gid'ng co trdng trong ba phtfcTng thtfc chuydn ddi vtfdn tap kem hidu qua tai huy On Lak.
Ke't qua danh gid ndng suat cua ba gid'ng cd ttdng ttong ba phrfdng thdc chuyin ddi vrfdn tap kem hidu qua cua ngrfdi M'nong tai huydn drfdc the hidn d bang 1.3 nhrf sau:
Bang 1.3: Ndng suS't ba gid'ng co trdng trong ba phtfdng thtfc chuydn ddi vtfdn tap tai huy$n L i k (kg/m'/ltfa c i t )
Gid'ng cd
Phtfdng thtfc Chuydn ddi ^ ^ . ^^. ^^^ Chuydn ddi trdng -^. / , Chuydn doi 50%
—..^ hoan toan xen
VA06 9,7a ±0,8 9,5a ±0,3 5,0b ±0,2
Ghind Stylo
3,0a ±0,1 2,9a±0,l 2,0b ±0,04
1,7a ±0,1 l,6a±0,l 1,3b ±0,04
Ghi chii: cdc gid tri c6 ciing ky tU hang ngang khdng P<0,OOJ; giong Ghini P<0.001; giong Stylo: P<0,01.
Qua thdi gian theo ddi nang sud't chung tdi tha'y cdc gidng cd deu sinh trrfdng tdt, cho ndng sud't cao, phii hdp vdi dieu kien trf nhien va ky thuat canh tdc cua ngrfdi dan tOc tai chd tai huydn Ldk, tinh Dak Lak.
Ndng sud't xanh cua cac gidng cd ddi vdi
khdc bi$t cd y nghia d mdc xdc suat vdi gid'ng VA06:
phrfdng thdc chuyin ddi hoan toan va chuyin ddi 50% deu cao hdn phrfdng thdc trdng xen va srf sai khac nay cd y nghia thdng kd. Dilu nay t h i hidn rd nang sud't xanh trfdng dng ba gidng cd VA06; Ghind;
Stylo ttdng thay hodn toan vrfdn tap kem 261 S05-2011« T H O N G TIN KHOA HOC & CONG NGHE
DChou hoe - ^Sng nghe MoitrUoing
hidu qua la 9,7; 3,0 va l,5kg/m'/lda trfdng dng ba gid'ng cd nay ttdng xen trong vrfdn tap dat 5,0; 2,0 vd l,3kg/m'/lda.
Nhdng kd't qua ttdn cho tha'y: Trong ba gidng cd khao nghidm thi hai gid'ng cd hod thdo (VA06 va Ghind) ttdng thay hodn todn cho vrfdn tap cho ndng sud't ttdn 100 ta'n/ha/ndm. Vay, ban diu chpn hai gid'ng cd VA06; Ghind ttdng thuan thay cho vrfdn tap kem hidu qud cua ngrfdi M'nong d l lam thdc an cho bd.
2. Kd't qua chuydn ddi vtfdn tap sang trdng cd kd't hpp nudi bd
Bdn canh vide hrfdng dan ky thudt ttdng
cd cao san cd ndng sud't cao vd chat Irfdng tdt thay cho vrfdn tap kem hieu qua thi hrfdng ddn ky thudt sd dung cd trdng lam thdc dn chdn nudi bd thjt cua ngrfdi dan tOc tai chd het sdc y nghia ttong phat ttiln ndng nghidp ben vdng. Chung tdi da thi nghiem tid'n hanh ttdn 18 con bd drfc gidng Lai Sind d giai doan 19-24 thang tudi vd trpng Irfdng td 175,9-180,4kg. Thi nghidm chia lam 2 Id:
Ld I (dd'i chdng) chdn tha theo tap quan cua dja phrfdng; Ld II: bd drfdc nudi theo phrfdng thdc ban chdn tha (sau thdi gian chdn bd drfdc an trf do cd trfdi cung cap tai chudng), mdi Id 9 con nudi ttong thdi gian 60 ngay.
Bang sd'2.1: Tang trpng cua bd khi stf dung cd trdng Chi tidu theo ddi
P.dau k^ (kg) P.30ngay(kg) P.60 ngay (kg)
TT trfdng ddi ca ky (%) TTTD 30 ngay (kg/con/ngay) TTTD ca ky (kg/con/ngay)
Ldi
180,4a ±27,7 189,2a ±28,9 199,5a ±28,3 10,79b ± 2,25
0,29b ± 0,11 0,32b ± 0,05
Ld2
175,9a ±20,4 195,7a ±23,6 212,4a ±21,7 20,96a ± 2,68
0,66a ± 0,15 0,61a ± 0,06
Cdc gid tri co ciing ky tU khong khdc biet co y nghia d mdc xdc sudt vdi P.dau ky; P.30 ngdy vd P.60 ngdy:
P>0,05, TT tuong ddi cd ky: P<0,001; TTTD 30 ngdy vd 60 ngdy: P<0,01. Lol: nuoi theo phuong thdc chdn thd, Lo 2: nuoi theophucfng thdc bdn chdn thd.
Tdng trpng cua bd nudi theo phrfdng thdc ban chan tha drfdc trinh bdy d bang 2.1 cho tha'y: Khdi Irfdng bd cdc Id tai thdi diem bat diu thi nghidm va kd't thuc thi nghidm khdng cd srf sai khac thdng ke (P>0,05).
Nhiftig tang trpng tuyet ddi nudi theo phrfdng thdc bdn chdn thd 0,61 kg/con/ngdy vd phrfdng thdc chdn tha tap qudn 0,32kg/con/ngay srf sai khac nay c6 y nghia thdng ke (P<0,01). Vdy, vide sd dung cd ttdng lam ngudn thdc an bd sung tai chudng bd tdng trong cao hdn tap qudn chdn nudi quang canh hidn nay cua ngrfdi dan tOc thilu sdd day.
Brfdc diu chung tdi rfdc tinh hidu qua kinh te cua srf kd't hdp gida chuyin ddi
vrfdn tap sang ttdng co thdm canh vdi chdn nudi bd thjt. Vdi 1 ha vrfdn tap kem hidu qua cua ngrfdi M'nong, nudi 55,5 con bd tiiit kd't qua chuyen ddi hodn toan sang ttdng hai gidng cd (0,48ha co VA06 va 0,52ha cd Ghind) ke't hdp chdn nudi bd thjt lai thuan 481,8 tridu ddng/nam. Trong khi do, hidu qua kinh te san xua't theo tap qudn cua ngrfdi dan chi thu 237,8 trieu ddng/nam.
Vide sd dung co trdng cao san lam thdc an nudi bd thjt nhrf tren la mOt phrfdng tiidc nudi bd vd beo sd dung ngudn thdc cd ttdng phu hdp vdi dieu kien cua ngrfdi dan tOc thilu sd va day cung phrfdng thdc nudi mdi d l tang hieu hidu qua td chdn nudi cho ngrfdi dan.
SO 5 - 2011 • T H O N G T I N KHOA HOC & C O N G NGHE
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3Cho€L hge - ^ng ngh^ - Moi fntoing
\. T h u
Bang 2.2: Udc tinh hi^u qua kinh td'cua stf kd't hdp chuydn ddi vtfdn tap kem hi^u qua sang trdng cd vdi chdn nudi bd thit
Dem vi tinh: trieu dong/ndm C h u y d n dd'i vtfofn t ^ p ,,'., J ^>, *
• / ' i./^-; Sir d y n g vtfofn t ^ p va sang t r o n g CO k e t , „ . . . v ., .«
^ *;.. , c h a n nudi bo t h e o t a p q u a n h(/p nuoi bo
Tdng trong bd ca nam
(kg/nam) 12357,1 6482,4
rhu tang trong bd Thu td phan
556,1 291,7
8,0 2,5
Thu td 1 ha vtfdn tap Tdng thu
IL Chi
0,0 0,4
564,1 294,6
Chi trdng 1 ha co Lai sual ngan hang Vat re mau hong Kha'u hao chudng trai Tong chi
i n . Lai thudn
21,3 56,5 2,0 2,5 82,3 481,8
0,0 53,9 0,3 2,5 56,7 237,8
Ghi chii: Ldi sudt ngdn hdng 12%, Tdng trong trung binh 0,61 kg/con/ngdy.Gid bd 45.000vnd/kg hai, Chi trong 1 ha co: 48% ddu tucd VA06 vet 52% ddu tUtrong co Ghine. (2010)
3. Nhan xet
Trong ba gid'ng co khao nghidm trong ba phrfdng thdc chuyin ddi vrfdn tap kem hieu qua ciia ngrfdi M'nong thi hai gid'ng cd hod thao trdng thay hoan toan cho vrfdn tap cho nang .suat tren lOOta'n/ha/ndm. Vdi 1 ha trdng hai gidng cd (0,48ha co VA06 va
0,52ha cd Ghind) nudi drfdc khoang 55,5 con bd drfc cd khd'i Irfdng 176-180kg vdi chu ky nudi hai thdng. Hidu qua kinh td' cua srf ket hdp chuyen ddi hodn todn vrfdn tap kem hidu qua cua ngrfdi M'nong vdi nudi bd thjt lai thuIn dat 481,8 tridu ddng/nam.
Mot so hinh dn trong co chdn nuoi bd thit (Anh: DV)
2 8 1 sO 5 - 2011 • THONG TIN KHOA HOC & C O N G NGHE
