TRIET H p c , S 6 12(319),THANO 12-2017
AN DU "TRUNG DIEM LV Tl/dNG" TRONG QUAN NIEM DAO DUfC CUA N G U Y I N BINH KHIEM
Tran Nguyen V i | t '
' Phd giio su, tiin sT, ViOn Triit hpc, ViOn Hin ISm Khoa hpc xS hOi Vi?l Nam.
Email: tranguyenviet@yahoo.com
Nhan ngky 15 thing 10 nim 2017. ChSp nhSn dSng ngiy 26 thing 11 nim 2017.
Tom tat: Trong ljch suf triit hpc phuong Ddng va Vi^t Nam, an dg vin dupe cac nha tu tudng sii dyng kha rpng rdi di biiu d^t tu tudng eua minh. Trong di san tu tudng ciia minh, Nguyen Binh Khiem da dung rat nhieu an dy, trong do cd an dy "trung diem ly tudng". Day dupe xem la mpt thi dy diin hinh de chung ta tim hieu nguySn tdc dgo ddc eua ong.
Tir khoa: An dy, Trung dung, Trung quan lu|n, Trung diim ly tudng, trung diem vdng, Trung Tan quan.
ngudn goc tu bdn tinh thien eua con ngudi, tdc edi ldm nen sy gidng nhau trong hdnh vi dgo dde, diiu md Mgnh Td (372-289 TCN.) xdc nh|n qua thi dy v i dim tre roi xuing giing, dupe ngudi khdc cdu vdt md khdng tinh din dda tre la eon eiia ai. Tuy nhidn, trong thyc ti, cdc chudn myc dgo ddc d cdc nin vdn hda Igi khdng gidng nhau, thgm ehi khde bi§t nhau. Ludn giai ve vdn de ndy ed le khd ddi ddng va trong phgm vi bdi viit ndy chdng tdi xin dimg Igi, khdng bdn tiip.
1. An du (^ii|}) nhir m^t cdng cu bieu dat tdm t h i
An dy Id vi^c sd dyng nghia bdng eda td, hay la sy bieu dgt bdng edeh ehuyen ten td mOt vat sang mpt vgt tuong ty hoge ehuyen mdt khdi nipm trdu tupng sang linh vye ey dli. Trong Imh vyc dgo ddc, an dy "trung diim ly tudng" hay "trung diem vdng"
(M-^^^) thudng dupe sd dyng de bieu dgt nguyen tde dng xd eda con ngudi ddi vdi cac doi tupng ngodi nd. M.T.Stepaniants
cho rdng, dn du "trung diem vang" Id cWa Vdn d i chdng tdi quan tam la tgi sao ede khda ^ u p chdng ta hieu r6 hon cdi chung vd
cdi rieng trong tridt hpc dgo ddc" [2, tr.326].
Trong triit hpc dgo ddc, cdi chung va edi rieng la hai pham tru phdn dnh nhdng mat, nhur^ thuOc tinh, nhihig mdi lien he ehung, CO bdn nhat thuOc ITnh vye dgo ddc, trong do "edi chung chi ton tgi trong cdi rieng, thdng qua edi rieng"; cdn "edi rieng chi t i n t ^ trong mdi lien hp dua ddn cdi chung" [4, tr.381]. Cdi chung eua dgo due trong cac
nha tu tudng thudng su dung ph6p dn dy khi di cap din cac hien tupng dgo due cung nhu nguyen tde chi dao cdc hanh vi dgo dde? ViOc su dyng dn dy cd lam tdng ham lupng cai rieng trong dgo due hay khdng?
Sinh thdi, Nguydn Binh Khiem dd sd dyng khd nhieu an dy trong cdc trade tae eua minh. Diiu nay khdng ehi hiOn diOn trong tu tudng eua dng, md cdn phi biin d nhiiu nhd tu tudng khdc eOa Vipt Nam. Tuy nin vdn hda khde nhau, theo chung tdi, ed nhien, ed mOt hipn tupng khd nhdt qudn khi
A N D U "TRUNG DIEM LY TU'(iJNG"...
Nguydn Binh Khiem sd dyng dn du "trung diim ly tudng" ("trung diim vdng") d i lam ro vai trd eua "dgo trung" (M'P) vdi tu each nguyen tde dng xd dao ddc. Trong tu tudng Nguyin Binh KhiSm, viec su dyr^
dn du do cd nguyen nhdn td nhieu phia, trade hit td phia Nho gido vdi hpc thuydt Trung dung (4^ 0) ca ngpi "trung diem vang" Id dieh dat tdi "chi dde" bdng hdnh vi than trpng eda con ngudi nhdm trdnh su bdt cap, tdc khdng thidn lech vd khdng thay ddi. Dieu dd dupe md rOng ra tdi long tnmg thanh vdi vua vd xa han niia, d cho, Nguyin Binh Khiem cdn ldy dd lam nguyen tdc cho mpi hdnh vi dao ddc. Vao thdi Nguyen Binh Khiem, xu hudng tam giao ddng nguyen i^^H^) dang cd xu hudng can thidp ngdy cdng sdu vao sy phan tu eua cac nha tu tudng, do do Trang quan luan (4'IKt^) eda Bd Tat Long Tho cung duoc ey Nguyin quan tam vd bieu dgt. Tiep theo, chiing ta xem xet quan niem eua Nguyen Binh Khiem v i "tnmg diim vang" qua each diln dat "dao trung" ciia dng.
2. "Dao trung" trong tut tudng Nguyin Binh Khiem t u gdc dO tam giao
Khi dS cdp ddn dde eua ngudi quan td, sach Trung dung ed viet: "Ngudi qudn td hda vdi mpi ngudi md khdng a dua, mgnh me thay cung edch dd! Giii bac trung, khdng thien Ipch, mgnh me thay cung edch do!" [Trung dung, 10]. Giu bdc trung, khdng thien l^ch bdng cdeh ndo? Dd Id vdn de khdng don gidn, bdi le, trong cupe sing, nhiiu tinh hudng xay ra buOc con ngudi phai thi hipn edch ung xd, lua chpn mOt trong hai phuang an cd thi lidn quan din sy sdng edn trade hit eda nd, sau niia Id eua cOng ding ma nd thuOc vi. Khing Tu da eoi Trung dung nhu mOt due tinh tot dep, bdi trung Id d giua, dung la khdng thidn
lech, dd cung la nguyen tdc ehi din dd con ngudi trdnh duoe sy bdt cap, thdi qua:
"Trung dung qud la mOt due tinh, rdt muc tdt dep! Da Idu dan chdng khdng theo nii!"
[Luan nga, VI, 27]. Do dd, d i hda giiu tinh phdc tap eda \iec di tim "trung <£im ly tudng"
khdng phdi Id su doi chpn (altemative) giiia hai thai cue, ma la diim each diu hai thai cyc do. Sach Trung dung chi rd: "Thanh th|t la dgo eua trdi, tu tap di trd ndn thdnh that la dgo eda ngudi v|y. Tu nhien thanh th|t, thi ehdng cdn cd gdng eung trung dgo, ehdng cdn suy nghi eiing hiSu dupe dgo, cu thong thd md gift dao Trung dung: do Id thdnh nhdn vay" [Trung dung, 20]. Dieu do ehung td rang, "tnmg diem vang" vua mang tinh ly tudng, vira het sue nhay cam vd chi cd bdc thanh nhan vdi tam the "chi thanh"
mdi dgt tdi canh gidi khdng thien lech.
Tuy nhien, ngoai "thanh that" tdi miic
"chi thanh", con dudng dan tdi ednh gidi
"trung diem vdng" eho mpi hdnh vi dao ddc, Khdng Td cdn khuyen cao con ngudi can phdi het sde t h | n trpng khi hudng tdi muc dieh ma minh lya chpn. Than trpng d€
trdnh bdt cap, ddng thdi nhdm dgt tdi sy can bdng cdn thiit trong m i i quan hp gida ngudi vdi ngudi, gida ngudi vdi tiin trinh ty nhien eiia sy vat. Ndi edch khde, do la hogt dOng cd myc dich eua con ngudi vdi tu edch sinh t h i cd ly tri vd y chi, tde biit lya chpn chien luae cho hoat dOng eda minh.
Chien luae dd khdng phdi la cdi gi khdc ngoai su dn hda, cd nhu v | y mdi tim dupe khd ndng diiu tiit hai hda vd vgch ra nguyen nhdn sdu xa ciia mpi hipn hdu.
On hoa cd nghia la tinh kiem chi mpi thien hudng cue doan de trgt ty trong thien hg dupe thiit lap. Chinh vi v|y, Khing Td ludn thgn trpng trdnh bdn dieu, gdm: "Vd y, vd tdt, vd e i , vd ngd" (Khdng eo y rieng,
TRAN NGUYEN VI$T khong ehdc trude, khdng cd chdp, khdng
Ich ^ ) [Ludn NgU, K , 4]. Khi no lye duy tri sy can bdng dupe coi la kha mong manh, nhay cam giua "thda va thiiu", Khing Td khuyen ngudi ta tudn thu nguydn tdc diiu hda, dieu chinh. Nguydn tdc ndy hodn todn khdng phdi duoc dinh trade vd mang tinh edng nhdc eho mpi tradng hgp vd mpi thdi dgi, ma Id nguyen tde dng xd tinh thi, linh hogt. Dieu ndy ldm ehung tdi lien tudng den ldi nhdn eda Hd Chi Minh tdi cy Huynh Thuc Khang trong nhiing ngdy ddu eua Chinh phu Viet Nam Ddn ehu cdng hda, rdng phdi "lay bdt biin dng van bien". Cdi bat bien ddi vdi cdeh mgng Viet Nam thdi bay gid id "dOe l|p, ty do", cdn trong tradng hop md Khdng Td ndi din, la su hdi hda, khdng de xdy ra thdi qua va bdt cap.
Khdng Td noi: "Khdu ndy timg nghe rdng nhung bdc vua chu hdu hode quan dgi phu chdng lo chuypn tdi sdn it di, md lo ehia khdng diu, chdng lo ddn ngheo md lo ddn khdng duoc yen dn. Cua ehia ddu thi ddn khdng ngheo, dan hda hpp thi cua khdng it, dan ydn dn thi nude khdng nghidng d i "
[Ludn ngfi, XVI, I ] . Quan nipm binh qudn cua Khing Tu v i Ipi ich d i dgt tdi sy hdi hda trong quan h? gitra ngudi vdi ngudi thogt nghe ed vd nhu nghich ly giiia "thua vd thiiu", song d6 Igi Id cdeh gidi quyet tinh thi trong diiu kipn thiiu hyt eua edi nhdm hudng tdi sy ddng thu|n giiia mpi ngudi.
Viec dgt ra nguydn tdc ung phd ndu trdn chi cd bdc thdnh tri mdi ldm duprc, cho nen Nhan Uyen mdi ngdm ngdi md than rdng:
"Dgo cua phu td (tde Khong Td) cdng trdng len cdng thdy cao, edng gdng edng dui mai cdng thdy kien ed, nhin xem nhu thi d ngay trade m§t, bong chic Igi 6 phia sau. Phu td cd tudn ty md chi bdo eho ngudi rat khdo.
Ngudi md rOng (kiin thdc) eho ta nhd vdn
chuong, ude thuc ta nhd ll. Ta muon thdi, eiing khdng dupe, ta ddc hit sue luc vdo (viec hpc) md thdy duong nhu cd vdt ^ simg siing chdn trade mat, dau mudn theo (dgo) tdi cdng, eiing khdng theo ndi" [Ludn NgU, DC, 10].
Ndi tdm lai, trong cac kinh dien eda Nho giao, vide xde dinh "trang diem ly tudng"
deu nham muc dich iing phd mdt each thich hpp ddi vdi cdc hien tupng thai qud va bdt cap, giup dieu chinh theo hudng tich cyc cdc mdi quan he ed thi xdy ra trong cuOc sdng hien thue eda xa hOi. Nguyin Binh Khiem thdm nhudn tu tudr^ dd de de ra phuang cham hoat dOng cho chinh minh vd cho nhiing ngudi ddng cdm vdi dng. Sy lya chpn "trung diem Iy tudng" eda dng hodn todn bat ngudn td nguyen tdc dd duoc de ra trong sach Trung dung mk v i sau cac nha sang l|p Nho giao ludn chdng thdnh kim chi nam cho cdc hdnh vi dgo ddc. Bao trung la con dudng dupe diang de chi ranh gidi giiia hai thai cyc ma moi mOt diem trong t | p hpp vd sd diem tren eon dudng dd, ngodi nhung mdt chung eua nd, eon ed nhiing ddc diem ridng do tinh ddi lap cua hai thdi cue quy dinh. Nguyen Binh Khiem viet: "Dgo d minh ta ldy dgo trung/ Chd eho dye, chd eho trong" [3, tr.l546].
Su lua chpn "dao trung" lam phuang ehdm dng xu eua Nguyen Binh Khiem khdng phdi la i^au nhien, md trade hit, do bdi ednh xd hOi duong thdi quy dinh. Bdn than dng Id nhd hoat dOng nha nude, ddng thai la nhd nho chdn chinh, do do, dng khdng thi chdp nhan nhung hipn tupng trm ngupe vdi dao ciia thanh hien md mOt sd quan dgi than trong trieu Mgc gay ra. Sau khi ddng sd eho vua Mac vdi npi dung tdo bgo Id ean phdi xd chem 18 quan ldng thdn duong thdi, nhung khdng dupe vua Mge
A N D U "TRUNG DIEM L V TUdNG"...
chap nhan, dng xin lui v i d dn tgi am Bgch Vdn ( 3 S ) tgi que nha sau 8 ndm ldm quan tdi ehdc Td thi lang BO Lgi. Ve sau, do vi thi ciia dng vdi tu cdeh nhd tu tudng tinh thdng Nho hpc, d§c biOt la L^ hpc, cd nhiiu ddng gdp eho triiu Mge, dng dupe tray phong Id Trinh quic cdng. Ngudi ddi thudng gpi dng Id Trang Trinh, bdi dng do trgng nguyen do trinh dO Nho hpc theo phdi Trinh - Chu.
Dpe hai cau tha tren, phdn ldn dOc gid khdng dinh Nguyen Binh Khiem quan nipm
"dgo trung" cd nguon goc td "Trung dung", tdc Id trdnh bdt c | p (^ S ) vd tiidi qud (;icM). Neu hiiu nhu vgy, theo chung tdi Id gidn don hda tam thi cua Trgng Trinh. Chu traong eda Trung dung la trdnh bdt c|p vd thai qud, tdi mde Khdng Td eoi "qud do bdt cdp" (thdi qud thi eiing nhu bat cap vgy) [Lugn ngU, XI, 15], nghia la "dung giiia hai thdi cue" nhimg cd chdm chudc, mien dimg de nd vuot qud gidi hgn cho phep. Trong khi dd, Nguyin Binh Khidm lgi td ra dut khodt trong each iing xd tinh thi, cho rdng
"chd eho dye, ehd eho trong". Bdi le, theo chdng tdi hiiu, "ddng trong" la tot Idnh, nhung lgi qud nguy hiim, trong phdm chdt dgo ddc, cdi ti-ong sang la dang trdn trpng trong nhdn edch cua ke si qudn td, nhung niu khdng gSip thdi, sS bj coi Id " l | p di"
(Aif:^). Diiu ndy dd dupe Nguyin Binh Khiem chiing kiin d ngay trong nOi bO triiu dinh nhd Mge. Ong coi nhiing ke tham nhiing nhu nhdng "con chuOt Idn" ehuyen khoet vdch, ddo tudng d i dn cdp tdi sdn quic gia Id nhOng kd thuOc "ddng dye".
Nhu v|y, Nguyen Binh Khiem nhgn thdc ve ''dgo trung" nhu mOt eon dudng khdng chi ddm bdo cho nguyen tdc khdng thidn lOch, md cdn Id con dudng dOc Igp gdn nhu tuypt d i i giiia hai thi lye ddi Igp. Ndi each khdc, dd la con dudng \f tudng, khd dgt
dupe trong thye t i , bdi giiia chung khdng ed sy thdng nhdt tuang doi ndo ca. Vipe vgn dyng quan diim "trung dgo" vdo linh vyc dgo ddc, ed thi thdy, trong ly lugn nh|n thdc eda Ph|t gido Dgi thda do B i Tdt Long Thp (Nagdrjuna), ngudi dupe tdn Id dO nhi Thich Ca, dd "ra sue tgp hpp nhdng thdnh qud md hdng trdm ndm qua cdc hpc gid Dgi thua da dm thdm ddng gdp, vd quy chiing ve mOt mdi... eiing nhu xac lap dia vi eda Ph|t gido Dgi thua" [1, tr.319]. Theo l|p tradng eda Long Thp, "ban chdt ciia nhan duydn phdp Id "Khdng". Khdng tde v6 nggi. "Khdng" d ddy khdng roi vdo y nipm
"khong" vd "co", md Id trung dgo. Do dd, tdn gpi Trung lu|n (^nk) la nhdm d i xiin minh Tnmg dao" [3, tr.368]. Myc dich ciia Trung dgo la giup con ngudi khi nhgn thdc thi gidi khdng bi rai vao ednh gidi cua ngogi dgo va pham phu, tue la phu dinh ed tye de lan ehdn de. Ddng tren l|p tradng
"trung" tdc la "chi cd ngudi ngO nhgp Trung de ("f ^ ) mdi cd khd ndng di vdo sinh td md khdng bi sinh td trdi bupc, nhiiu hgi; nhdp Niit bdn md vdn khdng qu€n cdu ehung sinh khd" [3, tr.369].
Vdo thdi cua Nguyen Binh Khiem, tuy Phat giao cd phan suy y i u bdi If do chinh tri khi nhd H | u Ld dua Nho giao len vi tri uu tidn hdng ddu trong dudng loi tri nude, logi bd hodn toan sy can dy cua Phgt gido den ITnh vyc chinh trudng, song tu tudng ciia Bo Tdt Long Thp vdn c6 dnh hudng ldn din ITnh vyc Phgt hpe cua nude ta. Bdn thdn Nguyen Binh Khidm Id ngudi am hiiu tam gido, ddc bi$t Id Ph|t gido Dgi thda. Sau khi td quan, da s i ede trade tae eda dng cd sy hipn dipn tu tudng Ph|t gido Dgi thira vi bdn thi cua t h i gidi, v i khd ndng dupe gidi thodt nhu Phgt Thieh Ca, v.v.. Chinh vi v|y, quan niOm ve "dgo tnmg" eda Nguyin Binh
34
TRAN NGUYEN VIET Khiem, theo chung tdi, khdng the giai thieh
mOt cdeh gidn dan theo l|p trudng eda Nho gido, it nhdt cung nen xde nhdn rdng, quan ni$m do ciia dng mang sdc thdi eda Ting Nho, mOt hinh flidi Nho hpc ddi Tong hudng tdi edeh dpe hiiu Nho gido Khing - Mgnh dudi dnh hudng eda Phgt hpc va Dgo hpe. Noi each khdc, Nho giao thdi do it nhiiu dd bi Phgt gido hoa, Dao gido hda.
Do tiep thu nhiing kidn thde Nho hpc, Phat hpc tu cac ngudn khdc nhau, td cha mp la nhiing ngudi xuat than tu tdng lop tri thuc, tu thay hpc la Bdng nhan Luong Ddc Bdng d Hdi Trdo (Thanh Hoa), td sy tim tdi suy ngam va ddc bipt, sau khi td gid chdn quan trudng ma dng gpi la "thanh van", trd vi vdi am "Bgch Van", dng tim din giao if nhd Phgt de ed them kien thdc nhdm If gidi the sy dang dien bien day mdu thuan vd trd treu. DSU biit rdng, da la nha nho chdn chinh thi phai dem kidn thuc ciia minh ra hanh dgo giup ddi, song vao thdi do, cdi danh md nhiing ngudi khdc eo gdng minh di dgt tdi lai khdng phai Id cdi danh de ddi cho h|u thi noi theo, ma ngupc lgi, nd Id cdi de nhiing nhd nho "tieu nhan" vinh thdn phi gia. Chung tdi cho rang, chinh bdi ednh lich sd nude Dgi Vipt duong thdi dang tren da chuyin td tri sang loan, tu sy thdng nhdt sang cdt cd dd lam nay sinh cdc the lye doi l|p tranh gianh quyin thing tri, vd diiu trd treu nhdt Id trong nOi bO eda mpt phe ednh xac dinh Igi chia phe, phdn canh ching nhau vi cdi Ipi. Trong tinh thi nhu vgy, vi§c dua ra mOt triet 1^ hanh xd nhu thi ndo cho cd hiOu qud nhdt la het sue khd khdn.
Trade Nguyen Binh Khiem, nhd tu tudng vd dong thdi la b|c khai quic cdng thdn Nguyen Trdi da tiing nim du nhiing cay ddng cua cuOc ddi. Trong bdt k^f hodn ednh ndo, ong cung xde djnh mOt ldng
"tnmg vdi hieu, mdi ehdng khuyit, nhuOm chdng den". Diim chung gida hai nhd nho sing d hai thi kf ndi tiip nhau Id tinh thdn trung qudn vd diiu kiOn, vd d hp eung deu nh|n dupe sy "phue dap" phu phdng td ddi sing chinh tri, cd diiu d Nguyin Binh Khidm nhp hon. Tu tudng ciia hp ludn tham d|m tinh than "tidn uu h|u Igc" (lo trude vui sau thien hg) va rdt khd td bd "cdi mu nhd nho" ma hp dpi trdn ddu. Tuy nhien, edi khde nhau d hp la each tim thi dng phd, iing xd vdi thyc trang dgo ddc xd hOi dang ngdy mOt trugt ddi khdi cdc chuan myc dgo ddc cua thdnh hiin.
Trong cdc trade tdc eiia Nguyen Binh Khiem, chdng ta thdy, dng say sua tun hiiu ede nguyen ly ciia Dich hpc vd vdn dyng mOt cdeh nhgy ben cdc nguyen ly do vdo thyc tiin ddi sdng eda ban thdn, ddng thdi gidp ngudi ddi theo dd md hoat dOng cho phu hpp. 6ng nhiiu lan nhae din hinh tupng eiia Thdi cue, xem nd Id nguon gic eiia mpi hipn hiiu liong trang thdi dOng.
Tuy nhidn, di nhdn biit dupe sy vdn dpng khdng ngiing eda Thdi cyc vd vgn v|t dupe sinh ra td dd, tiieo Nguyen Binh Khiem, cdn phdi cd mpt cdi "tam thgt tirih" vd sdng suit. Nhin vdo Thai cue do chung ta thdy kha rd ldn ranh hit siic moi^ manh, nhgy cdm gida hai yeu to khdi thdy ciia nd Id dm vd duong. Tuy dm va duong y phyc trong nhau mOt edeh tuong ddi, do tinh dOng md am cd thi thay ddi vi tri vdi duong, dan ddn hiOn tupng bSn thinh bdn suy, song edi ldn ranh dupe vgch ra theo dudng eong "mem mgi" lgi td ra dl nhgn biit hon. Trun^ diim tren dudng eong do tgo ndn thi can bdng am duong, niu nhin vdo Thai cyc dd tid diim dd kha rd. Duong nhidn, xdc djnh dung "trung diim \f ttrdng" d do khdng don gidn, thgm ehi ehi mang tinh udc lp, do dd 35
AN DU "TRUNG DIEM L t TU'CJNG".
Nguyin Binh Khiem da quy cdc moi quan he dgo due v i "trung diim ly tudng" thdng qua dn dy gian tiip khdc ma dng gpi la
"Trung tan" (^^' b i n gida). ChG "tdn"
(W) d day di vdi ehd "dO" (W.), dupe hiiu Id bin dd (?$'^). Nghien edu bdi "Trang tdn quan bi ky" ( 4 ^ ^ g t 5 $ g S - Bdi ky tren van bia quan Trung Tan), chdng ta se thdy Nguyin Binh Khidm sd dyng dn dy "trang diem ly tudng" d i chi cac nguydn tdc dng xd dao due kha hipu qua.
Theo Nguyen Binh Khidm, mda thu nam Nham Dan (1542), dng td quan vd nghi d que nha, nhan liic di dgo cimg cdc vj cao nien trong lang d ben Trung Tdn, xet thdy vi tri dpp, lien quan den hp thdng giao thdng, nen dng de nghi vdi hp xdy dyng d dd mOt cdi qudn ldm ehS dimg ehan cho ngudi qua lgi, Mpi ngudi ddng y vd vipe xay dyng dupe tiin hdnh mOt edch thu|n loi. Khi qudn xdy xong, dng dh biin Id
"Quan Tnmg Tdn". Khi mpi ngudi hdi nghia eiia ten qudn Id gi, dng gidi thieh:
"Trung nghia la trung chinh v|y. Gid dupe todn vpn tinh thien eda minh Id trung, khdng gid duac toan vpn tinh thien eda minh thi khdng phdi Id tnmg vgy. Tdn tdc la ben v|y. Biet eho dung, dd la ddng bin;
khdng biit chd ddng, thi la Igc bin vgy. Ten gpi ciia qudn nay dgi thi la nhu thi. Nhu tnmg vdi vua, hiiu vdi cha mp, thdn di vdi anh em, hda hop vdi chdng vp, thu tin vdi bgn be, do la trung vgy. Doi dien vdi eda cdi ma khdng tham, thdy Ipi md khdng tranh gidnh, vui vdi dieu thipn ma bao dung dupe ngudi, ldy tinh thyc ma ung ddi vdi mpi vgt, dd la tiomg vgy. Trung d cho ndo thi su chi thi^n d cho do. Niu qua cd t h i ldy ddy lam ehuan tdc, biit cho quy kit trpng yiu, thi su sy v | t vgt ed td do md t h i ra, khdng gi la khdng dgt mde cue thien, cai
edng ddc dpp ha ed thi Iudng xiit dupe ra?" [3, ti". 124-125]. Nhu v|y, dn dy "bin giOu" dupe ddng nhdt vdi "trung chinh", khdng nhiing khdng bi thien Idch, ma phdi dung bin nhu la diiu ki^n d i bdo todn tinh thi^n. Nguyen Binh Khiem dung chd "ben dd" cdn ed mOt an f khac, dd la ciru vdt hay cdn gpi Id gidi thodt (dao bi nggn - SOtS^).
Ong gidi thich them trong vdn bia do nhu sau:
"Trung tdc Id thipn/Tan tdc la v i . Bidt ddng thi ydn dinh/Liic vOi vd cung khdng lia [dieu thipn].
Thung dung bude tren dudng chinh/
Khdng nghi hode bdi nga re khac.
Thi hdnh d minh de dng dai vdi ngudi/
NghT vao cho do thi se d vao cho dd.
Thd eha t | n hieu/Thd vua chd ddi lira.
Anh thi than ai ma em thi cung thugn/
Chdng de xudng thi vp noi theo.
(jiao du vdi bgn be thi dimg d due tin/
Gdn bd thiit tha.
Lo di tren con dudng thien/Chdng cho dd Id cua rieng minh.
Ngudi ta cd tdi kheo/Cung nhu minh cd tdikh^o.
Thdnh hiin Id ai/Dd la nhiing ngudi it ham muin.
Mudn dgt din cung eyc/Cdt d cho suy xdt diiu minh lam.
Ldi dgy eda e i nhan t h | m sdng ro/Ddc thanh ehinh la khudn mdu eiia ta" [3, tr. 122-126].
Todn bO ldi gido hudn d trgn. Id each diln dgt nhiing nOi dung co bdn eda Nho giao tiren nin tdng dgo "Trung dung", do Id
"ddc thdnh" nhu chdng tdi da trinh bay.
Trong "Tnmg Tdn qudn bi ky", Nguyin Binh Khidm cdn de cdp den van d i trung phung giiia "trung" va "thi§n" ( # ) , n ^ a Id
"trung" d cho nao thi sy chi thipn d eh§ dd.
TRAN NGUYEN VIET Tuy nhien, do chi Id diiu kiOn cdn ma chua
dd. Theo dng: "Dgo dupe gdp thdi thi thd thi dgt dupe sy bien thdng/ Chi sai mpt mdy may thi dd khdng cdn Id dgo trung nda" [3, tr.177-178].
Nhu v|y, d i dgt tdi "dgo trung" ddi hdi con ngudi phdi suy xet kf v i mgt thdi the (trong khdng gian vd theo thdi gian), phdi het sue than trpng, khdng de mdc phdi sai lam, du dd la sai ldm rdt nhd. Trong tradng hpp khdc, dng eiing d6 e|p den sy ung xu dung mye, bdng sy tTnh tdm quan sat cua ke Sl theo tdm thi trdn, gpi Id "thdi trung"
(Bvpif): "Thdi tiit dpp vua din, trdi suit ed mudn dgnV Ldng trdng y trdi, hiiu dupe la
"thdi trung"" [3, tr.488-489].
3. K i t lugn
Nguyin Binh KhiSm, khi ndi din "dao trung", da sd dyng "trung diim ly tudng", hay cdn dupe gpi Id "trang diim vang" vdi tu cdeh nhu mOt an dy thdng qua hinh tupng "bin gida" ( ' t ' i ^ ) - chi eon dudng chinh trong dng xd dgo ddc, khdng thien l|ch dii trong bdt ky tinh huing nao (Nho gido); Id noi d i td do dua ngudi sang bdn kia sdng (ddo bi nggn), dung d i chi tam tiii eiia nha Phgt trong vi^c cdu dO, gidi thodt con ngudi khdi sy k h i dau tiruyen kiip (Iudn hdi). 6 ddy, chung tdi khdng muin ban them v i chii "qudn" bdi Iy do nhu sau:
Theo bdn goc chii "qudn" v i n dupe viit la chii " 1 ^ " , nghTa Id noi ma cdc dgo sT hogt dOng trayin bd; song ede dich gid lgi eho rdng, chd ndy khdng hpp vdi nOi dung cua hdi "Trung Tdn qudn bi k^", do do hp thay hdng chd " t § " (qudn). Chung tdi cho rdng, edn phdi tudn thu va hiiu theo ban gdc vdi td " I S " (quan) sg giup chiing ta hiiu ro tam thi eua Nguyen Binh Khiem hon khi dng muon todn vdn eda vdn bia quan Trung Tdn ed thdm thdnh phdn thd ba; tu tudng eda Dgo gido. Sd dT nhu vay Id vi ddu vit eda
nhiing edi qudn d ddng bang Bde bO cho thdy cdng dyng cua no vda la chd dimg ehdn, nghi ngoi eda ngudi qua dudng, eiing la noi de cae dgo sT hoat dpng. Tu tudng Dgo gido khdng dupe trtnh bay mOt edch true tiep trong bai van bia ndy, song d cho khdc, Nguyen Binh Khiem cung de cap den tdm the "nhdn ddt", "ty tgi" ma chi ed trong trang thdi tinh thdn nhu thi thi con ngudi mdi thdu hieu dupe thyc chat eda "dao trang".
Trd lai vdn de ve "cai ehung" va "edi ridng" trong quan nipm dgo due ciia Nguyen Binh Khidm, chung tdi xin nhdn manh den tinh nhdt qudn trong "dgo trung"
ma dng lu|n gidi la su khdng thien lech, phdn dnh tdm the eua nha nho "ban tien bat nang di", trd thanh mdnh lenh dao ddc ciia nha nho lay "trung dung" lam chuan mye.
cai rieng trong tu tudng cua dng la su kdt hpp Nho, Phat, Dgo d i ldm sdng td tam thi lua chpn "trung diim ly tudng".
Di tim cai dn y ddng sau each su dyng an dy la viec ndn lam khi chiing ta nghien cdu tu tudng cua mdi ddn tdc trong timg giai dogn lich sd eu the. Cac nha tu tudng Viet Nam trong lich sd thay vi lugn ehdng mOt each Idgic chat ehe, thudng su dyng ede hinh dnh, an dy nhu nhdng thdng diep hdu hipu nhat ma d day, Trang Trinh Nguyen Binh Khiem la guong mgt tieu bidu.
Tai lipu tham khao
[1] Z,/cAMf/'A^gJoo^if)p (Phip Sir TTiinh Nghiem Tiu'ch Tim Tri djch) (2013), Nxb Phuong Dong.
[2] M.T.Stepaniants (2005), Thi gi&i phuang Dong.
Triit hpc: qud khu, hiin tgi, tuang lai, Nxb Vin hpc phuung Dong, Mitxccrva.
[3] Tha vdn Nguyin Binh Khiem (2013), N^tb VSn hpc. H i NOi.
[4] V.I.Lenin (1981), Todn tgp, X.2% Nxb Tien bp, Mdtxcova.
