^hikdnhphdp. ludt
86 4(325)-2019
CO Dl/aC NHAN DQN K H A I KIEN DO NGUQII DAI DIEN THEO UY QUYEN KY Tl^'
• ThS. BINH DUY B A N G *
Tdm tat: Trong bai viet ndy, tdc gid phdn tich, ddnh gid hai quan diem trdi chieu nhau trong viec Toa dn CO diepc nhgn dan khai ki?n do ngieai dgi dien theo uy quyin ky ten trong dan hay khong.
Abstract: In this paper, the author analyzes, assesses two opposed viewpoints in the case whether or not a court may admit a petition which is signed by an authorized representative.
B
ao dam quyen quyet dmh va t\i djnh do^t cua duong su ta mpt nguyen tic quan trpng trong to tung dan sy:. Duong s\r co quyen quyet dinh vi?c khoi ki^n, yeu cju Tda an co thim quySn giai quyet vy vi?c dan sv- Toa an chi thu ly giai quyjt vy vi$c dan sy khi co don khoi ki$n, don yeu cau ciia ducmg s\i va chi giai quyet trong pham vi don khoi ki?n, don yeu cau do. Trong qua trinh giai quyet v\i vi?c dan syr, duong su CO quySn chSm diit, thay doi yeu c4u cua minh ho9c thoa thuan voi nhau mpt each t\i nguyen, khong vi pham dieu cam ciia luat va khdng trai d^o due xa hpi (Dieu 5 Bp lu^t To tyng dan sy nam 2015). Tuy nhien, trong th\rc tien to tyng dan sy t^i cac Toa an, vi^c thyc hien nguyen tic nay con nhieu each van dyng, ap dyng khac nhau, nhSt la trong vi|c liy quyen cho nguoi khac khoi ki?n thay. Trong ph?m vi bai vi5t nay, tac gia neu len vi dy \'e mpt vy vipc cy the va cac quan diem khac nhau trong vipc co nhan don, CO thy ly dan khoi kipn do nguoi uy quyen ky don khdi kipn hay khong.Npi dung vy vipc: Thang 12/2016, ong Trinh
* Van phong Lugt su Tniang Thanh
Hoai P (dang song o Canada) lam giay uy quy6n cho ong Trinh Phuong D dupe quyen khieu kipn doi l^i 08 sao dat rupng ma theo ong P thi ong N dang quan ly, sir dung.
Giiy liy quy8n duoc chiing nhan tai Canada truoc khi gui vS Viet Nam. Can cii giiy liy quyen nay, 6ng D ky va nop don khieu kipn vipc tranh chip quySn su dung dit tai Uy ban nhan dan phuofng. Sau do, do hoa giai khong thanh nen Uy ban nhan dan phudng hudng dan cac ben khdi kien ra Tda. Ngay 21/6/2017, dng D ky don khdi kien yeu ciu giai quySt tranh chip quyin su dung dat gui cho Tda an nhan dan thanh phd NT, tinh K va da dugc Tda an nhan dan thanh phd NT thy ly giai quyit'.
Xoay quanh tinh hudng phap ly nay cdn nhidu quan diem khac nhau trong vipc ap dyng quy pham phap luat di giai quyit vy an:
Quan diim thir nhit: Ca nhan dupe uy quyin tham gia td tung, chii khdng quy dinh ngudi dupe liy quyin dugc ky dan kien thay ngudi khdi kien. Quan diem nay cho rang, Bd luat Td tyng dan su nam 2015 chua cho phep ngudi dai dipn theo uy quyin duoc quyen ky
Ddn chCi & Phdp ludt E l
^ki hdnh phdp. liidt
S6 4 (325) • 2019 dan khdi kien. Tuc la, ca nhan khdng dugcquyin uy quyin khdi kipn ma chi dugc quyen liy quyen tham gia td tyng. Cu the, Dieu 5, Diiu 189 Bd luat Td tyng dan sy nam 2015 quy djnh: Ngudi khdi kipn la ca nhan thi phai.cd chu ky hoac diem chi cua ngudi khdi kipn.
Quan diem thu hai: Ong D la ngudi dai dien theo uy quyen cua dng P bang van ban uy quyen dugc chung nhgn cua ca quan cd tham quyen tai Canada la phu hgp vdi quy dinh cua Bp lugt Dan sy nam 2015. Ong D la ngudi dgi dien theo liy quyen trong td tung dan sy nen vipc ky vao don khdi kipn ta khdng trai vdi quy djnh cua Bg luat Dan sy va Bg luat Td tyng dan sy nam 2015.
Tac gia ddng y vdi quan diem thu hai, bdi cac ca sd ly luan, thyc tien va phap Iy sau day:
Thu nhdt., xet quy phgm phdp lugt ve quyen khai kien
Quyen khdi kipn trong tinh hudng phap ly nay phai thupc ve dng P va trudng hgp dng P khdi kien thi duong nhien dng la nguyen don dan sy trong vy kipn tranh chap quyen su dyng dat. Tuy nhien, do dng dang d Canada, khdng cd dieu kipn khdi kipn nen dng uy quyen lai cho dng D giai quyet tranh chap quyen su dung dat, trong dd bao gdm ca quyen khdi kipn la hoan toan phu hgp vdi quy djnh ciia phap luat Vipt Nam. Phil hgp vdi quy djnh cua phap luat td tyng dan sy chinh la d quy phgm phap luat thyc hipn quyen ty quyet djnh, quyen ty djnh doat cua duong sy. Day la nguyen tic ca ban, quan trpng trong td tyng dan sy dugc quy djnh tai Diiu 5 Bp luat Td tyng dan sy nam 2015.
Quyen ty quyit djnh, quyin ty dinh doat trong trudng hgp nay bao gdm ca quyen liy quyin
cho ngudi khac: "Ca nhan, phap nhan cd thi iiy quyen cho ca nhan, phap nhan khac xac ISp, thyc hipn giao dich dan sy" (khoan 1 Dieu 138 Bg lugt Dan sy nam 2015). Vi vgy, quyen iiy quyin cho ngudi khac khdi kien can phai dugc dam bao va vipc Tda an nhan dan thanh phd NT chap nhan dan khdi kipn cua ngudi uy quyin la hoan toan phu hgp vdi quy djnh cua phap luat.
Thit hai, xet quy phgm phdp lugt ve nguai dgi dien
Theo quy djnh cua Bg lugt Dan sy nam 2015 thi dai dipn la vipc ca nhan, phap nhan nhan danh va vi lgi ich cua ca nhan hoac phap nhan khac xac Igp, thyc hipn giao dich dan sy (khoan I Dieu 134). Ca nhan, phap nhan cd the xac lap, thyc hipn giao djch dan sy thdng qua nguoi dgi dipn. Ca nhan khdng dugc de ngudi khac dai dien cho minh neu phap lugt quy dinh hp phai ty minh xac lap, thyc hipn giao dich do (khoan 2 Dieu 134). Xet cac quy phgm phap lugt td tyng dan sy thi khdng cd quy pham phap luSt nao cam ngudi dgi dien theo dy quyen khdng dugc dai dipn cho ngudi dugc uy quyen khdi kien vy vipc tai Tda an, trong do bao gom ca vipc ky don khdi kipn.
Thu ba, xet ve phgm vi dgi dien theo uy quyen
Theo quy djnh cua Bg luat Dan sy nam 2015 thi mgt trong nhiing can cd de xac djnh pham vi dgi dipn la ngi dung uy quyin (diem c khoan I Dieu 141). Theo dd, mdt ngudi cd tranh chap, cd quyen khdi kien nhung vi ly do nao do khdng thyc hipn dugc quyen khdi kien giai quyet tranh chap ma trao quyen cho mgt ngudi khac dugc nhan danh minh khdi kien ra Tda an cd tham quyen thi phgm vi iiy quyen bao gdm
I Ddn chCi & Phdp lu^t
^hi hdnh phdp. ludt
Sd 4 (325)-2019
tir vipc lam dan khdi kipn, ky ngp don... Iahoan toan phu hgp vdi quy dinh cua phap luat.
Quan diem thd nhat vipn dSn quy djnh tai Diiu 189 Bp luat Td tyng dan sy nam 2015 va hudng dan tai Mdu so 23-DS Don khdi kien ban hanh kem theo Nghj quyit sd 01/2017/NQ- HDTP ngay 13/01/2017 cua Hpi ddng Thim phan Tda an nhan dan tdi cao ban hanh mpt sd bieu mau trong td tung dan sy la: Neu ngudi khdi kipn la ca nhan thi phai cd chd ky hoac diem chi cua ngudi khdi kien dd; trudng hgp ngudi khdi kipn la ngudi chua thanh nien, ngudi mat nang lyc hanh vi dan sy, nguai hgn chi nang lyc hanh vi dan sy, ngudi cd khd khan trong nhan thuc, lam chu hanh vi thi ngudi dai dipn hgp phap ciia hg phai ky ten hoac diem chi; trudng hgp ngudi khdi kien, ngudi dai dien hgp phap khdng biet chu, khdng nhin dugc, khdng thi ty minh lam don khdi kipn, khong thi ty minh ky ten hoac diim chi thi phai cd ngudi cd nang lyc hanh vi td tyng dan sy diy dli lam chung va ky xac nhan vao don khdi kien... Tuy nhien, day chi la hudng dan ve each viet dan khdi kipn ma khdng logi trir quyin dgi dien theo uy quyen cua ngudi dugc uy quyin. Theo do, ngudi dgi dipn theo uy quyin - dng D cd quyen lam dan khdi kien, tai myc ngudi khdi kipn phai de la dng P (de Tda an xac djnh dng P la nguyen don trong vy kipn theo quy djnh tgi khoan 2 Dieu 68 BO luat Td tung dan su nam 2015) va cac thdng tin khac theo yeu ciu va tai myc nay the hipn rd ngudi dai dien theo uy quyen la dng D, dia chi, sd dipn thogi... Tai myc ky ten thi duang nhien ngudi dai dien theo uy quyin khdi kien - dng D dugc quyin ky ten hoac diem chi theo quy
djnh. Vi vgy, khdng cd khd khan, ban che hay dieu cam nao ddi vdi ngudi dai dipn theo uy quyen ve ky don khdi kien thay cho ngudi dugc uy quyen.
Thu tu, xet ve thugt ngir dgi dim trong to tung ddn su
Quan diem thu nhat cho rang, ngudi dai dipn theo uy quyen chi dugc quyen "tham gia td tung" chu khdng dugc ky don khdi kien. Tuy nhien, quan diem nay lai khdng vien dan dugc quy pham phap luat cu the nao quy dinh ngudi dai dien theo uy quyen chi "tham gia trong td tung dan su" ma khdng dugc ky don khdi kien.
Khoan 1 Dieu 85 Bp luat Td tung dan sy nam 2015 quy dinh: "Ngudi dai dien trong td tung dan sy bao gom ngudi dai dien theo phap luat va ngudi dgi dien theo uy quyen. Ngudi dai dien cd thi la ca nhan hoac phap nhan theo quy djnh cua Bp luat Dan sy". Quy djnh nay cho thiy, nha lam luat su dyng cum td "trong td tyng dan sy" chii khdng quy djnh "tham gia td tyng dan sy". Bdi le, npi ham tu cym tu "trong to tyng dan sy" rgng han, nd bao ham tat ca hoat dgng td tung dan sy tu khi bit diu khdi kien (dan khdi kien), bao gdm ca thu tyc tien td tyng nhu hda giai tranh chap dat dai tgi Uy ban nhan dan cip xa cho tdi thi hanh an, ket thuc vu vipc. Vi vay, quyen uy quyen va quyen dugc uy quyin ky don khdi kien la phu hgp vdi thyc tien va quy djnh cua phap luat.
Thu nam, xet ve yeu to tuang tu lugt Quy djnh tai khoan 5 Diiu 2 Nghj quyit sd 05/2012/NQ-HDTP ngay 03/12/2012 cua Hdi dong Thim phan Tda an nhan dan tdi cao hudng dan thi hanh mot sd quy dinh trong Phan thu hai "Thii tuc giai quyit vy an tai Tda an cap
Ddn chCi & Phdp ludt I
^ki kdnh phdp. ladi
86 4(325)-2019
so tham" cua Bd lugt To tung dan sy da dygc sua ddi, bd sung theo Luat sua ddi, bd sung mgt sd dieu cua Bp lugt To tyng dan sy (Nghj quyit sd 05/2012/NQ-HDTP) v i n cdn gia trj sii dyng d i hudng dan vdi quy dinh tai khoan 3 Diiu 189 Bg lugt Td tyng dan sy nam 2015.
Theo dd, Nghj quyit sd 05/2012/NQ-HDTP hudng dan: "Trudng hgp van phdng dgi dipn, chi nhanh cua phap nhan thyc hipn viec khdi kipn vy an phat sinh tu giao djch do vSn phdng dgi dipn, chi nhanh xac lap thyc hien, thi tai myc "Ten, dja chi cua ngudi khdi kipn" sau khi ghi ten, dia chi cua co quan, td chuc, phai ghi hg ten, chuc vu cua ngudi dung dau van phdng dai dipn, chi nhanh cua phap nhan, van ban uy quyen (sd, ngay, thang, nam) va chdc danh cua ngudi dgi dipn theo phap luat cua phap nhan uy quyen. Tai myc "Ngudi khdi kipn" d cudi don khdi kipn can phai ghi t€n cua phap nhan, ghi chuc vy cua ngudi dung dau van phdng dgi dipn, chi nhanh ciia phap nhan; ngudi dung dau van phdng dai dien, chi nhanh cda phap nhan ky ten; ghi hp, ten cua ngudi dung dau van phdng dgi dipn, chi nhanh cua phap nhan. Ddng dau cua phap nhdn hoSc ddng dSu cua van phdng dai dien, chi nhanh cua phap nhan".
Nhu vgy, tu each ngudi khdi kipn trong trudng hgp nay van la ca quan, td chdc nhung khi ky ten thi ngudi dugc uy quyen dugc quyin ky ten va ddng dau cua van phdng dgi dien, chi
nhanh cua phap nhan mac du luat quy djnh ro "ngudi dgi di^n cua ca quan, td chdc phai ky ten va ddng dau vao cudi dan". Nghia la, niu la phap nhan khdi kipn thi hg cd quyen uy quyin cho ngudi khac khdi kipn, ky ten vao dan khdi kipn. Trong khi do, ngudi nhgn uy quyin trong trudng hgp ca nhan khdi kien khdng dugc ky ten vao don khdi kipn la mgt dieu phi ly va khdng cdng bang giiia phap nhan va ca nhan trong khi thyc hipn quyin khdi kien cua minh.
Tda an can phai ap dyng tuong ty phap luat:
Phap nhSn va ca nhan deu binh ding trudc phap lugt nen phap nhan dugc quyen uy quyin khdi kien thi ca nhan ciing phai cd quyen nay^.
Ngoai ra, theo quy dinh cua phap luat thi ngudi dai diSn theo dy quySn dugc quyen lam dan va ky dan bd sung yeu cau khdi kien, phan td; dugc quyen lam don va ky don khang cao theo thu tyc phuc tham; dugc quyin lam don va ky dan kien nghi theo thu tyc giam ddc tham, tai tham; dugc quyin lam don va ky dan yeu ciu thi hanh an... Nhu vay, khdng cd ly do gi de khdng cho phep ngudi dugc uy quyin ky don khdi kien.
Theo tac gia, Tda an nhan dan tdi cao can thiet xem xet de cd hudng dan rd rang theo hudng: Cho phep ngudi dugc uy quyin ky ten vao don khdi kien nhu thu tuc ky dan khang cao... de tranh tinh trgng moi noi, moi dja phuong hiiu va ap dung khac nhau Q
/. Bdo Phdp lugt thdnh pho Ho Chi Minh. http://plo.vn/phap-luat/thay-mat-nguoi-dang-o-canada-khoi-kien- duoc-khong-744425.html, truy cgp ngdy 20/01/2019.
2. Huynh Minh Khdnh. "Cd nhdn co duac quyin ky vdo dan thay cho ngudi khai ki^n?", http://tapchitoaan.vn/bai-viet/trao-doi'y~kien/ca-nhan-co-duoc-quyen-ky-vao-don-thay-cho-nguoi-khoi- kien/HyTKMlSJG.html. truy cgp ngdy 20/01/2019.
