HGmfai CDV, x A r D O N G VA A P D D N G PHAF LDAT
BAN VE TQI fil/A CHAT THAI VAO LANH THO VIET NAM QUY DjNH TRONG BO LUAT HINH SI/
NG6 NGOC DIEM*
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rong nhimg nam gan day, d Viet Nam van de d nhiem mdi trudng va vi pham phap Iuat ve mdi trudng da va dang ngay cang phiic tap, nghiem trgng; dat ra nhieu thach thirc; tiem an nguy ca gay mat an ninh trat tu, anh hudng den myc tieu phat trien kinh td, xa hgi. Qua trinh cdng nghiep hda ddt nudc ddn ddn nhu cdu Idn ve nguyen lieu san xudt, thiic day manh me cac hoat dgng tai chd, tai su dung chdt thai, phe lieu lam nguyen lieu san xuat, tir do nay sinh nhiing van dd vi pham phap luat trong kinh doanh, nhap khau phe lieu tir cac nudc phat trien vao nudc ta.Theo Bao cdo mdi trudng qudc gia nam 2011 ciia Bg Tdi nguyen va Moi trudng thi ca nudc c6 khoang 160 doanh nghiep dugc cap phep nhdp khau phe lieu. Trong do, doanh nghiep sdn xudt, tai che true tiep nhdp khdu phd lieu chiem khoang 75%; nhdp khau de phan phdi chiem khoang 18%; cdn lai la doanh nghiep nhap khau uy thac. Theo thdng ke, tdng sd phe lieu nhdp khau lam nguyen lieu san xudt nam 2011 vao khoang hon 2,9 trieu tdn, chii yeu la phe lieu sat, nhya, gidy, xi cat, xi slay, thach cao, vdi ngudn gdc cua chu yeu tir My, Nara Phi, Uc, EU. Hdng nam cd hang tram trieu tdn hang cdc loai nhap khdu vao Vi?t Nam theo dudng chinh ngach. Trong dd, cd nhidu mat hang cd nguy CO gay d nhidm den mdi trudng nhu may mdc, thiet bj lac hau, cu. hdng, het nien hgn sii dyng; linh kien dien tii cd chira chdt
nguy hai vugt qua ngudng nhieu ldn. Sd lieu thdng ke ciia Cyc Cdnh sat Phdng, chdng tdi pham ve mdi trudng cho thay, chi tinh rieng cang Hai Phdng tir nara 2003 - 2006 da co gan 2.300 container chira khodng 37.000 tan dc quy chi phe thdi; nam 2008 - 2009 co 340 container rdc phd lieu va hang chyc container ac quy chi phe thai, vi mach dien hi dugc nhdp khdu. Trong dd cd hon 300 container chdt thdi vi pham phap luat bao ve mdi trudng khi Imi bai. Dac biet, trong thdi gian cao diera khi mgt sd qudc gia ldng gieng tara ngimg nhdp hang tai xuat tir Viet Nara, tai cang Hai Phdng da ir dgng gdn 1.000 container. Sau ragt thdi gian luu giii kha dai, lugng hang ndy da phat tan va phan huy gay d nhidm mdi trudng nghiem trgng.
Chi tinh rieng tir thang 5/2009 ddn thang 5/2011, Canh sat Phdng chdng tdi pham ve mdi trudng da phat hien 37 vy viec vi pham, trong do cd 3.278 container chiia 56.618 tdn ac quy chi phe thai va hang hoa khac thugc dien chat thai nguy hai da nhap khdu qua cdng bien, ciia khdu Viet Nam'"'.
De gdp phdn ngan chan, xii ly nghiem cac hanh vi dua chdt thai vdo lanh thd Viet Nam, can CO nhimg quy dinh "dii manh" trong Bd ludt Hinh su (BLHS), dap img dugc yeu cdu ciia cdng tac ddu tranh phdng, chdng vi pham
*Thac sl Ktioa Luat, Dai tiqc Quoc gia Ha Ngi
So 17 {thdng 9/2014)
Tap chi I KIKM SAI 3 7
HGHifcH C&U. XAY DI;IIG VA AP pyHG PHAP UJAT
phap ludt vd mdi trudng trong tinh hinh hidn nay, Qudc hdi khda XII nam 2009 da sira ddi Didu 185 BLHS nam 1999 - "Tdi nhap khdu cdng nghe may moc, thidt bi, phd thai hoac cac chat khdng dam bao tidu chuan moi trudng" thdnh "Tdi dua chat thai vao lanh thd Viet Nam", vdi nhung quy dinh cy the va chd tai xir phat manh hon, diing vdi tinh chat va miic dd vi pham ciia loai tgi pham nay, cy the nhu sau:
Thu nhdt, vi ten goi: Tdn ggi mdi cua didu luat mang tinh khai quat hon so vai ten ggi ciia dieu luat cu - thien ve tinh liet kd.
Thie hai, ve cdu thdnh tpi phgm: Didu 185 BLHS cd nhung thay ddi trong quy dinh vd chu the cua tdi pham, quy dinh "ngudi ndo lgi dung vide nhap khau" so vdi quy dinh cii thi chu the thuc hidn hdnh vi nay chi la nhirng "ngudi nhdp khdu" hoac "cho phep nhap khdu". Ro rdng vide quy dinh nhu dieu ludt cii chi gidi han d hai loai chu the cd the phai chiu trach nhigm hinh su la "ngudi nhap khau" va "ngudi cho phep nhdp khau" de dan tdi tinh trang bd lgt tgi pham ddi vdi nhtrng chu the khdc nhu: Ngudi thue nhap khdu bang dich vu nhap khdu trgn gdi; nhimg ngudi cimg thuc hi^n hdnh vi pham tgi mang tinh chdt ddng phimi... Mat khdc, nhdp khdu chat thai (trong dd co phe lieu) van dugc Luat Bdo ve radi trudng nam 2005 cho phep nhung khdng khuyen khich thuc hien hoat ddng ndy. Neu quy dinh nhu BLHS nam 1999 thi viec nhap khau phe thai la hdnh vi bi cam, dieu nay mdu thudn vdi cac quy dinh tren cua Luat Bdo ve radi trudng nam 2005, cdn quy dinh "ngudi ndo lgi dyng viec nhap khau" nhdn manh hanh vi " lgi dung nhap khau" ma khdng cam hoat dgng nay.
Ciing nhu mdt sd dieu luat trong nhom tdi phara mdi trudng dugc sira ddi khdc, thi "Tdi dua chat thai vdo lanh thd Viet Nam" cung da loai bd dau hieu "da bi xir phat hanh chinh vd hanh vi nay ma con vi pham gay hdu qua
n ^ e m trgng" la ddu hidu bat bugc trong cdu thdnh tdi pham. Do vay, vide loai bd dau hieu nay cho thay, hinh thirc xii ly nghidm minh ngay tCr ldn dau, khdng xet den ydu td co tai pham hay khdng.
Mat khac, theo quy dinh, vd hanh vi khach quan ctia tgi pham dugc xac dinh rdng hon (lpi dvng viec nhgp khdu; cdc thu dogn khdc...). Theo do, cac hanh vi cau thanh tgi pham chi can cd mgt trong cdc ddu hieu sau;
Dua vao lanh thd Viet Nam chat thai nguy hai; dua vao lanh thd Viet Nam chdt thai khac vdi sd lugng ldn; gay hau qua nghiem trgng. Nhu v^y, se giiip cho cdc co quan cd thdm quyen de dang ap dung vd xti ly triet de cac hanh vi pham tgi.
Thie ba, ve hinh phgt: So vai quy dinh tai BLHS nam 1999, hinh phat tien ddng vai trd la hinh phat chinh va hinh phat bd sung ddu tang. Miic phgt tien la hinh phat chinh cao nhdt len tdi I ty ddng, gap mudi lan so vdi miic phat tien cao nhat cimg loai cua Didu 185 BLHS nam 1999. Khoan 2 quy dmh vd cdc tinh tiet tang nang, neu nhu d BLHS nam 1999 chi quy dinh duy nhdt tinh tidt tang nang la "gay hdu qud nghiem trgng" thi khoan 2 Didu 185 BLHS siia ddi nam 2009 quy djnh thdm cac tinh tiet tang nang, cu the
"cd td chirc"; "chat thdi nguy hai cd sd lugng ldn hoac chat thdi khac cd sd lugng rat lon hoac dac biet ldn". Vide bd simg thdm tinh tidt dinh khung tang nang da md rgng pham vi dp dung doi vdi nhiing hanh vi pham tgi, giiip cdc CO quan cd thdm quyen dd dang trong viec ap dyng, xu ly tdi pham.
Qua nhiing phan tich trdn cho thdy, Dieu 185, BLHS sira ddi nam 2009 cd nhung uu didm nhdt dinh, tao co sd phdp ly virng chac cho cdng tac ddu tranh, phdng chdng loai tdi pham ve mdi trudng. Ben canh do, theo chimg tdi, van tdn tai mdt s6 han chd can dugc tiep tyc nghien ciiu, bd sung trong thdi gian tdi, cy the Id:
i Tap chi
3 8 I KIEM SAT_ /So 17 (thang 9/2014)
HGHI£N C&U. XAY DUKG VA AP DUHG PHAP LUAT
Mpt la, chu the cua tgi phgm. Theo quy dinh tai Didu 185, BLHS sira ddi vdn chua dgt ra van de truy cuu trach nhigm hinh su doi vdi phap nhan, trong khi cdc hdnh vi gdy d nhiem mdi trudng ndi chung vd hdnh vi dua chat thai vao lanh thd Yi^t Nam ndi rieng chiem ty 1? phan ldn bdi cac phap nhan. Day cd the coi la l5 hdng ldn ciia phap ludt can phai dugc siia ddi, bd sung, theo do, phai thidt Igp che djnh trach nhi^m hinh sy cua phap nhan nhdm xu ly vd mat hmh su cac hanh vi vi phgm phap luat vd bdo v? mdi trudng cua cac td chtic, doanh nghiep. Cd nhu vdy cdng tac dau tranh phdng, chdng tdi pham ve mdi trudng mdi dugc todn dien, tinh trang bd lgt tgi phgm mdi dugc giai quyet mgt each tridt dd. Chung ta cd the hgc hdi tir quy dinh cua Canada trong vi$c phan biet rd trach nhi?m ca nhan va phap nhdn. Theo Ludt Chat lugng mdi trudng cua Canada, ddi vdi ciing ragt hdnh vi vi phgm thi hinh phat tu khdng dp dyng ddi vdi phap nhan ma chi dp dyng doi vdi ca nhan. Tuy nhien, mirc phgt tien dp dyng ddi vdi phdp nhan cao hon nhieu so vdi cd nhan.
Hai Id, vd ddu hi?u "nghiem trgng"; "rdt nghiem trgng"; "dgc biet nghiera trgng" hay
"khdi lugng ldn", "khdi lugng rat ldn" hogc
"khdi Iugng dgc bi?t ldn"; Thuc te, vi?c xdc djnh hgu qua "nghiem trgng", "rdt nghidm trgng"; "dgc bi?t nghiem trgng" hay "khdi lugng ldn", "khdi lugng rat ldn" hoac "khdi lugng dgc bi?t ldn" ciia hdnh vi gdy d nhidm mdi trudng ndi chung, cua hanh vi dua chat thai vao lanh thd Vi?t Nam la rat khd khan, trong nhieu trudng hgp khdng thd xac dinh dugc hdu qua ngay ma phdi sau mdt thdi gian dai tich ty thi mdi xdc dinh dugc hgu qua mgt cdch toan di$n. Vi quy dinh chung chung nhu vdy nen vi$c danh gia hdu qud khdng chi phy thugc vao nhiing thigt hgi thyc td da xay ra vd cdn phy thugc vao y chi chil quan cua cac co quan cd thdm quyen, tir
dd, se phat sinh hidn tugng vdi cimg mdt hanh vi phgm tdi, mgt hdu qud do hanh vi phgm tdi gay ra ttii ddi vdi ca quan nay hdu qua do Id nghiem trgng, vdi ca quan khac hdu qud lai la khdng nghiem trgng se ddn tdi vide bd lot tdi pham. Cdc co quan cd thdm quydn cung chua cd ragt van ban cy the ndo gidi thich the nao la "gay hdu qua nghidm trgng, rat nghidm trgng, dac bidt nghidm trgng" , hon nvra ddi vdi mdi tdi danh khac nhau viec xac dinh hdu qua nhu the nao la "
nghiem trgng", "rdt nghiem trgng" vd "ddc bidt nghidm trgng" cung khac nhau, khdng thd ap dung chung mgt van bdn quy dinh the nao ve miic hdu qud trong khi co che tac dgng cua mdi hdnh vi la khac nhau vd hdu qud ma chung dd lai cung khac nhau. Ddy Cling la mgt trong nhiing khd khan ldn cho cdc CO quan cd thdm quydn trong vi?c xir Iy ddi vdi cac hanh vi vi phgm phdp ludt mdi trudng. Do vgy, dh ddm bao hidu lyc thi hdnh ciia cac quy dinh ve tdi phgm dua chdt thai vao lanh thd Vi5t Nam trong BLHS, van de quan trgng nhdt dugc dgt ra tgi thdi didm nay la phai cd cac van ban phap lugt hudng ddn thi hdnh. Trong thdi gian tdi, Chinh phii vd cac co quan chuyen mdn can nhanh chdng ban hdnh nhihig van bdn phdp luat hudng dan thi hanh Didu 185 BLHS siia ddi. Cu the, nhu can phai cd hudng dan cu the the nao la ddu hieu "gdy hdu qud nghiem trgng", "rdt nghiem trgng", "dgc biet nghiem trgng"; hay cac dau hieu dinh lugng "sd lugng ldn"; "sd lugng rat ldn";
"sd lugng dgc bidt ldn" de cd the dp dung thdng nhat trong cdng tdc dieu tra, truy td, xet xir cac vy an.
Ba Id, che tdi hinh su theo quy dmh chua dii ran de. Theo quy dinh tai Dieu 185 BLHS sira ddi nam 2009, trong nhdm tgi pham ve mdi trudng thi ngodi cdc hinh phgt chinh la tu cd thdi hgn, cdi tgo khdng giam giii vd phat tien, ben canh dd ngudi pham
— Tap fhi i So17(thang9/2014) __.KIEM S.A I 3 9
KGmfiH c&u. X A Y DUKG vA Ap pywG P H A P LPAT
tgi cdn cd the bi dp dung cdc hinh phat bd sung nhu; Cdm dam nhidm chiic vy, cdm hanh nghd hodc lam cdng vide nhdt dinh tir mdt nam tdi nam nara. Tuy nhidn, ddi vdi hinh phgt tidn cao nhat cung chi dao ddng d miic 200 trieu ddng den mgt ty ddng. Trong khi do, lgi nhuan thu dugc tii hoat ddng dua chdt thdi vdo lanh thd Viet Nam la rdt ldn.
Chinh vi che tdi qud nhe khien nhieu chu thd "coi thudng" vd khdng tudn thii quy dinh cua phap ludt, dd ciing la mdt trong nhiing ly do khidn tmh hinh vi phgm phdp ludt vd bdo vd mdi trudng trong linh vyc nay ngdy cang gia tang. Vi vay, chiing tdi kien nghi cdn cd chd tai nghiem khac hon ddi vdi hanh vi dua chat thai vao lanh thd Viet Nam.
Tren co sd nhihig khd khan, vuong mac giiia ly luan va thyc tidn ve viec xir ly hanh vi dua chat thai vao lanh thd Viet Nam dudi
goc nhin khoa hgc Luat hinh sy da va dang dat ra cho cac co quan chiic nang nhung vdn de can tiep tuc hodn thien trong he thdng van ban quy phgm phap luat. Ciing vdi dd, de phdp lugt di vdo cugc sdng va cd tinh thyc thi ddi hdi cdc co quan chiic ndng cd cdc hoat dgng tuyen truyen phd bidn, giao due phap luat cho quan chiing nhdn ddn, cdc doanh nghidp, CO sd sdn xudt kinh doanh trong linh vyc nhdp khdu phe Heu, ciing nhu vide ndng cao hidu qud cua cdc co quan quan ly nha nudc trong ITnh vyc ndy, gdp phan phdng ngira, dau tranh chdng cac hdnh vi dua chat thai vao lanh thd Viet Nam, chung tay vi muc tieu bao ve mdi trudng va phdt tridn ben viing ddt n u d c *
(*) Bao cao so 206/BC - BCAngay 07/5/2014 cua Bp Cong an ve tong ket 7 nam hoat ddng ctia lire lugng Canh sat ptiong, chong toi pham ve moi tnrong.
GIAI PHAP NANG CAO...
(Tiep theo trang 24)
nita trdch nhiem kiem sdt viec xet mien, gidm thi hdnh dn.
Vien kiem sat tham gia cdc phien hgp xet mien, giam thdi han thii thach ddi vdi an treo va giam thdi han chap hanh an ddi vdi thi hanh an cai tgo khdng giam giir, kiera sat chat che viec lap hd so, thu tuc tien hanh phien hgp riit ngan thdi han thir thach ddi vdi an treo va giara thdi han chap hdnh an ddi vdi cdi tao khdng giam giii, xac dinh diing nhiing ddi tugng du dieu kien dugc raien, giam thdi han chap hdnh an.
Thie tdm, tdng cuang moi quan he phoi hap giUa cdc ca quan hihi quan trong khi thuc thi nhiem vu.
De nang cao hieu qud cdng tac kidm sat
thi hanh an treo, cai tao khdng giam giii can tang cudng mdi quan he giiia cac co quan hiiu quan trong khi thyc nhiem vy; trudc het can tang cudng mdi quan he phdi hgp giiia Vien kidm sdt cap huydn vdi Uy ban nhan dan cdp xa de co the phat hien, kidn nghj, khdng nghi kip thdi nhung vi pham cung nhu viec thuc hidn nhiing kien, khang nghi ciia Vien kiem sat dugc hieu qud. Ddng thdi tang cudng radi quan he phdi hgp giiia Vien kiem sat vdi Co quan thi hanh an hinh su - Cdng an ciing cap, Tda an ciing cap trong viec thi hanh an treo, cdi tao khdng giam giii dd cd the nam bat dugc mdt each nhanh nhat sd lieu cy the, chinh xac, bao dam viec thi hdnh an treo, cdi tao khdng giam giii tudn thu diing cac quy dinh cua phdp ludt.*
(1): Xem tai lieu bo sung tap huan cong tac liim giiJ.
tam giam va ihi hanh an hinh su 2013 ngay 27/03/2013 (Vu 4. VKSND tdi cao).
Tap chi
KIEM SAT_VS6l7(th»g9/2014)
