Khoa hgc - Cong nghe va Boi mdi sang tao I
Bao tdn va phat huy ila dang sinh hoc cac giong itfn ban dia
TS Ngo Thj Kim Cue Pho Vien trUcing Vien Chan nuoi
Viet Nam dUdc danli gia ia mot trong nliOng nUdc co nguon gen idn ban dja da dang va phong phu. Ub\
giong deu co nhu'ng dac tinh, dac diem di truyen rieng. Gan day, mot so giong idn ban dja da bj giam manh ve so IUdng va bj iai v6i cac giong l(hac, din den tinh trang mot so giong ban dja gan nhu hoac da tuyet chung. Nhan thUc dUdc dieu nay, Vien Chan nuoi da de xuat va dUdc phe duyet thUc hien dU an "Thanh lap he thong ngan hang gen dong lanh cho cac giong Idn ban dja Viet Nam va phat trien he thong chan nuoi ben vQng de bao ve da dang sinh hpc". Thanh cong cua dU an da gop phan quan trpng vao bao ton, phat trien nguon gen Idn ban dja Viet Nam, dong thdi tao cd sci cho viec tao dong Idn l<hdng chufa virus npi sinh lam nguyen lieu cho cay ghep npi tang tren ngUdi trong tUdng lai.
Sir can tiiiet piiai Hao tiln va phai trien cac giong Idn ban Ola
Bao ton, lUu git)" ngudn gen ddng vat, thyc vat va vi sinh vat la bao ve tai nguyen di truyen nham cung cap nguon nguyen lieu khdi thuy phyc vu cdng tac nghien cifu khoa hpc, cai tao giong, dam bao duy tri dUde sy da dang sinh hpc va nhQng tien de can thiet ve tai nguyen sinh hoc eho sy phat then ben vii'ng nen ndng nghiep hien tai cung nhu trong tUdng iai. Trong dd, bao ton, lUu giQ ngudn gen vat nudi la nhiem vy thudng xuyen va lau dai. Cae giong Ipn ban dja ciia niJdc ta cd nhieu dae diem quy nhu thjt thdm ngon, thich nghi vdi dieu kien sinh thai ndi chiing sinh ra va moi gidng deu cd nhQng dac tinh, dac diem di truyen rieng va khdng the khdi phyc lai dUdc mdt khi bi mat di.
Tuy nhien, mdt so gidng Ipn ban dia cua nude ta dang cd nguy cd tuyet chiing hoac bj lai tao vdi eac giong khac do nang suat thap, thdi gian nuoi keo dai.
Gidng Idn nudi ban dja khdng chi tao nen san pham chan nudi dac thii ciia mdi vimg, moi qudc gia, la san pham ciia cdng tae chpn tao gidng, tif dd iao ra gia trj neu chung ta biet
phat huy va phat trien, khai thac cd hieu qua nguon gen nay. 0 Viet Nam, cd nhieu giong Idn ban dja da phan nao khang dinh dUpc dieu nay Trong tUdng lai xa nhOng giong Idn nay cdn hOu ich trong y hoc do trong te bao eua chiing cd rat it hoac khdng ed ban sao virus ndi sinh PERV.
Bao tdn eae gidng Idn ban dja va xay dung chudi san xuat Idn thjt ket hdp vdi xay dyng thUdng hieu hang hda cho Ipn ban dja, tao san pham dac san theo viing, nham nang cao gia irj va phat trien ben vOng la giai phap quan trpng de bao ve va khai thac ngudn gen Idn ban dia, gdp phan phat trien ben vOng nganh ehan n u d i . . Dae biet, khi sang loe dUdc nhQng gidng Idn ban dja khdng chifa hoac chifa it cac gen virus ndi sinh ket hop vdi eac ky thuat cao ciia cdng nghe sinh san, cdng nghe gen cd kha nang tao dUdc nhQng dong Idn khdng chQa virus ndi sinh lam nguyen lieu cho cay ghep npi tang tren ngUdi. Do vay, bao ton ddng lanh ngudn gen cac gidng Idn ban dia Viet Nam va phat tnen ben vQng he thong ehan nuoi Idn ban dja la rat can thiet de bao ve da dang sinh hpe, nang cao gia trj san pham...
Xuat phat tif thUc tien neu tren, cac nha khoa hoc Viet Nam da de xuat va dUdc Cd quan hdp tac qudc te Nhat Ban (JICA) va Cd quan phat trien khoa hpe va cdng nghe Nhat Ban (JST) tai trd khdng hoan lai kinh phi thUc hien du an 'Thanh lap he thdng ngan hang gen ddng lanh cho cac gidng Idn ban dia Viet Nam va phat trien he thdng ehan nudi ben vQng de bao ve da dang sinh hpe"
vdi muc tieu thanh lap he thong bao tdn va phat huy da dang sinh hpc cac gidng Idn ban dja ciia Viet Nam; thanh lap ngan hang gen ddng lanh cho eac gidng Ion ban dja; ifng dyng cae ky thuat sinh hpe phan tif, ky thuat sinh san trong viec lai tao, bao ton va phat then cac gidng Idn ban dia...
Mei ra iiiTdng phat trien mdi cho idn ban dia
Sau 5 nam thQc hien (4/2015- 4/2020), vdi SQ no lUc cua eac nha khoa hpe trong nQdc cung sy ho trd cua eac chuyen gia Nhat Ban, dQ an da dat dQdc cac myc tieu, ndi dung de ra. Cy the:
Thiet lap dUdc he thong cd sd dij lieu va ngan hang gen dong lanh dUa tren phan tfch dong, giong cua cac giong Idn ban dja Viet Nam: tren cd
So 4 nam 2020 gDNGMGHEViS NafTl
as
Thu thap do lieu va lay mlu sinh hoc \an ban dia.
sd phan tich 2.033 mSu md tai cua 33 quan the Idn ban dja dupc thu thap tai 22 tinh tu" Bac vao Nam (Ha Giang, Cao Bang, Bac Kan, Hda Binh...), dy an da xay dung dQdc cd sd dO lieu ve cac giong Idn ban dja. Xac djnh cae ea the bo me mang it bao sao PERV chil yeu tap trung tai Yen Bai. Tien hanh Ien danh sach nhQng ca the Idn dat yeu cau vdi sd IUdng ban sao PERV trong ngudng 7-11 de phuc vu tao ra cac ca the lai the he sau; thyc hien bao ton ddng lanh mdt so gidng/
quan the cd it bao sao gen PERV; xay dung cam nang hQdng d§n sQ dung, van hanh viee quan ly cd sd dQ lieu va ngan hang gen ddng lanh (tinh ddng lanh); thyc hien cac khda tap huan ve bao tdn ddng lanh tinh trung cho can bp ky thuat...
Phat trien cac ky thuat sinh san tCf tinh, phoi: vdi muc tieu tao dupc phdi, Idn con tQ te bao sinh san dupe bao tdn ddng lanh nhU tinh trung, trQng, dy an da tien hanh xay dyng quy trinh tao phdi invitro eho cac gidng Idn ban dja (xay dUng va chuan hda phUdng phap tren Ipn trong dieu kien phdng thi nghiem d Viet Nam; tien hanh san xuat phdi invitro trong phdng thi nghiem ddi vdi mot so gidng Idn ban dja, tien tdi tao ra Idn con tu phdi invitro); xay dyng phUdng phap bao tdn ddng lanh trQng, phdi va te bao soma eac gidng Idn ban dia (chuan hda va hoan thien phUdng phap, tien hanh thy tinh ong nghiem va tao phdi invitro); phat trien cac ky thuat nhan ban san xuat phdi cho cac gidng Ipn ban dia (hoan thien phUdng phap, dong pha te bao, nudi cay phdi trong mdi trQdng nudi cay nhan tao, tao phdi Idn ban dia nhan ban tQ dong te bao mang it ban sao virus ndi sinh va kiem tra sd IQdng ban sao virus npi sinh td cac phdi nhan ban dUdc tao ra); xay dUng cae phQdng phap cay chuyen phdi cho Idn ban dia (ap dyng
thanh cdng phQdng phap gay me khi dung su dyng thudc Isoflurane;
chuan hda, hoan thien phUdng phap cay truyen phdi va hdp tif eho Idn ban dja). Tren cd sd cac ky thuat mdi lan dau tien dupc thQc hien tren Ipn ban dia nude ta, dQ an da san xuat dUdc 200 phdi Idn ban dja thuan chiing sQ dung IVWIVF/IVC gidng Idn ban dia vdi ty le san xuat phdi trong dng nghiem dat 11-30%, ty le sdng ciia phdi sau bao tdn ddng lanh dat 52,2- 93,8%, phdi nang tiep tuc phat then sau khi dupc nhan ban (cloning) tren Ipn ban dia va dang chd den ngay sinh Idn eon vao giQa nam 2020.
Bao ion va phat then ben vCtng nguon gen idn ban dia: tQ ket qua sang loe 2.033 mau ea the Idn cua 33 gidng/quan the Idn ban dja dude thu thap tai 22 tinh trong ea nQdc, dy an da chon dQdc 10 ca the cd sd iQOng ban sao virus npi sinh kha thap (hien dan Idn dang dUdc nudi tai Thai Nguyen). TQ 10 ca the Idn nay thdng qua qua trinh lai tao da cho ra ddi 95 ca the Idn thudc 14 IQa de, trong dd sd ban sao virus ndi sinh thap nhat ciia Ipn dye la 6,4 va Ipn eai la 7,26.
NhQng ket qua nay cho thay hoan toan cd the sQ dyng lai tao de giam sd iudng ban sao virus ndi sinh trong Idn ban dja Viet Nam de phyc vu muc dich y hpc.
Dy an eung da cai thien va ehuan hda cae ky thuat xet nghiem, chan doan mdt so benh truyen nhidm tren Idn ban dia nhu benh ta Ipn chau Phi, Id mom long mdng, tai xanh. , tQ dd xac dmh cac dieu kien each ly can thiet de phye vy xuat khau Idn ban dia Viet Nam khdng mang hoac mang it ban sao virus npi sinh. Ben canh dd, du an da xay dyng cac hQdng dan ky thuat va to chQc tap huan cho 90 ludt can bp thu y cd sd eung hang tram hd Chan nuoi Idn ban dia tai tinh Hda Binh ve ky thuat ehan nudi, mo kham
xet nghiem benh, each tiem phdng benh, each xif ly mdt sd benh thUdng gap trong chan nudi Idn ban dja,,.;
xay dyng thanh cdng md hinh bao ton va phat then gidng Idn man Hda Binh theo chuoi cd chi dSn ngudn goc xuat xQ hang hda vdi sQ tham gia cua 90 hp dan thupe 6 xa ciia huy§n Da Bae, gdp phan nang cao gia trj gia tang cua Idn ban dia, nang eao thu nhap eho ngQdi dan dja phUdng...
Theo GS Kazuhiro Kikuchi, chuyen gia JICA - dOn vj tai trd du an, dy an da dQdc thQc hien thanh cdng va cho thay: Ipn ban dja Viet Nam chju dQdc dieu kien chan nudi kem nhung thit lai rat ngon - dieu nay rat quan trpng ve mat thyc pham, vi nd lam tang ed hdi xay dyng thUdng hieu thit Idn ban dja; nhieu giong Ipn ban dia cua Viet Nam cd kich thude nhd (trpng IQdng chi 40-50 kg), cd the dung phyc vu myc dich y hpc, tao ed hpi thQdng mai trong tQdng lai.
DQ an dupc thyc hien thanh cdng da gdp phan xay dQng he thong bao tdn da dang sinh hpc cac gidng Ipn ban dja ciia Viet Nam, phyc vy cdng tac phat tnen chan nudi va bao ve da dang sinh hpc ben vQng. Ngudi dan tham gia dy an dUdc tap huan ky thuat chan nudi, phdng trQ djch benh, tham quan cac mo hinh, tiep can thdng tin... tao dieu kien phat trien va nang cao thu nhap tQ chan nudi. Hoat ddng dao tao, tap huan eiia dy an khdng chi giup trang bj kien thQc cho ngUdi chan nudi ma cdn gdp phan nang cao y thQc ve cdng tac thu y ve sinh mdi trQdng, xQ ly chat thai de khdng gay 6 nhiim mdi trQdng, anh hQdng den sQc khoe cong ddng. Dac biet thanh cdng ciia dy an da gdp phan thuc day phat trien chan nudi Idn ban dia ben vQng va nang eao gia tri san pham theo hQdng phat then gidng Ion ghep tang eho con ngQdi .^
