Bao t6n va phat huy di san van hoa Hoi An
Le Thi Hong Van'
' Tmong Cao dang Ly Ty: Trgng Thanh ph6 H6 Chi Minh.
Email; [email protected]
Nh^n ngay 2 thang 1 nam 2020. Chap nhan dang ngiy 21 thang 2 nam 2020.
Tom tat: Trong nhirng nam qua, cdng tac bao ton va phat huy cac di san van hoa da dupc Hpi An rat quan tam. Nhiiu di san van hoa vat the va phi vat thi dupc bao v? va phat huy gia trj, nhieu di tich da trd thanh diim tham quan thudng xuyen ciia du khach. Dilu do da gop phan quang ba hinh anh cua Hdi An d ttong nude va qudc tl, ddng thdi khing dinh dupc vi tti, vai tro cua di san van hda Hdi An trong ddi sdng xa hpi. Tuy vay, trong bdi canh toan ciu hda va hpi nhap qudc t l hi^n nay, cdng tac bao tdn va phat huy di san van hda Hdi An dang doi m^t vdi nhirng thach thuc to Idn.
Tft khoa: Bao tdn va phat huy, di san van hoa, Hpi An.
Phan loai nganh: Xa hpi hpc
Abstract: In recent years, the town of Hoi An has paid great attention to the preservation of its cultural heritage and bringing that into play. A lot of tangible and intangible cultural heritage has been protected, with their value brought into play, and many relics have been frequently visited by tourists. That has conttibuted to promoting the image of Hoi An in the country and internationally, and affirmed the position and role of its cultural heritage in the society. However, in the context of globalisation and intemational integration today, the preservation of the town's cultural heritage is facing major challenges.
Keywords: Preservation and bringing into play, culmral heritage. Hoi An.
Subject classification: Sociology
1. Bat v i n de ngudi phan bd teen 9 phudng, 4 xa, teong do cd 1 xa dao [3, tt.5]. Hdi An nim ben bd Thanh phd Hdi An n i m d khu vuc midn B i c hg luu sdng Thu Bdn, each qudc Id l A Trung, Viet Nam, thupc tinh Quang Nam, khoang 9 km vd phia Ddng, each thanh phd cd dien tich 63,55 km^, dan sd ban 95.000 Da Ning khoang 25 km vd phia Ddng Nam,
Le Thi Hdng Van each tiianh phd Tam Ky khoang 50 km vl
phia Ddng Bic. Hdi An timg la mdt thuong cang qudc t6 sam uat, la tmng tam budn ban ndi lidn ba miln Bic, Tmng, Nam. Chmh dieu nay da tgo nen cho Hdi An, mpt vimg dit hdi tu va giao thoa van hda da dang, vdi sy pha ttpn, giao thoa cua nhidu net dep khac nhau. Nhimg cdng trinh kidn true, tdn giao, tin ngudng va di san van hda cua Hpi An la vat chftng sdng ddng nhat cho qua trinh hinh thanh, phat trien va ca sy suy tan cfta do thi xua. Cac hpi quan, den midu la cdng trinh tieu bieu cho dau tich cua ngudi Hoa. Vdi chidu sau van hda da tang, da sac Hdi An dupc coi la bao tang sdng ve kien true va Idi sdng do thi eua Viet Nam va da dupe Td chftc Giao due, Khoa hpc va Van hoa Lidn Hgp Qudc (UNESCO) cdng nhan la "Di san Van hda The gidi" (ngay 04/12/1999), noi minh ehung cho sy giao thoa gifta cac nen van hda teong nhieu the ky (thi ky XVI - XIX) va 10 nam sau, Cu Lao Cham chinh thftc cdng nhgn la Khu du trii sinh quyin thi gidi (26/5/2009). Day la niem ty hao, long ty tegng cfta dan tpc ta vd lich sft hinh thanh, phat trien ciaa dat nude.
Trong qua trinh ddi mdi, chinh quydn Hdi An ludn chft tepng cdng tac bao tdn va phat huy di san van hda bang nhieu bidn phap, ca ve ban hanh cae van ban quan Iy, Cling nhu xay dyng ca chi ho ttg (cac chu di tich) tu bd cac di tieh xudng cap vol muc hd ttg tft 40-75% tdng kinh phi diu tu;
tuyen tmydn van dpng cpng ddng dan cu ehung tay bao tdn di san; tao dilu kidn va xay dyng ca chd de ngay cang cd nhidu ngudi ban dupc hudng lgi tft di san;
nghien cftu, xae dinh gia tri va phyc hdi mdt sd hinh thftc van hda phi vat thd cua dia phuong...; cac nhiem vy xay dung
"Hdi An - thanh phd van hda", phong trao
"Toan dan doan ket xay dyng ddi sdng van hda" ngay cang di vao chieu sau, mang Igi hieu qua thiet thuc, khai day tinh tich cyc xa hdi cua mdi ca nhan, gia dinh, tap thi va cpng ddng; edng tac eham lo, gift gin, bao tdn, phat huy gia tri eua Khu phd ed Hdi An va Khu du tru Sinh quydn thd gidi Cft Lao Cham duge quan tam thye hien chu dao; cae logi hinh bidu didn nghe thuat cd truyen, dien xudng dan gian dugc duy tei thudng xuyen... da gdp phan thuc diy tdc dp phat tridn kinh te du lich d Hdi An tang nhanh ngogn muc, ddi sdng kinh td, van hda, xa hdi eua nhan dan Hdi An dugc thay ddi, nang cao rd ret. Lupng du khach ddn Hdi An ngay mot tang nhanh. Neu nam 2008 chi cd khoang 1,1 trieu lugt khach den tham quan (trong do: qudc t§ la 570 nghin lugt khach, ttong nude la 535 nghin lugt khach) va 81 khach san va nha trp [3, tr.88] thi ddn nam 2018 eon sd nay da Idn ddn han 5,01 tridu lugt khach (trong dd: qudc te la 3,8 trieu lugt khach, ttong nude la 1,2 teieu lugt khach) va 638 khach san, nha nghi, Homestay, biet thy cd the sin sang ddn mpt ngay han 21.000 khach luu tru [3, tr.161-162], gdp phan nang ty trpng CO ciu kinh te cua nhdm nganh dich vu - du lich - thuang mai nam 2018 chiem hon 71,28% GDP. Ddi sdng kinh td cua ngudi Hdi An dugc phat trien va di theo la mftc hudng thu ddi sdng van hda, tinh thin, phuc lgi xa hdi cua ca edng ddng dugc thay ddi, nang cao vugt bac (thu nhap binh quan diu ngudi hien nay dgt gan 46 trieu ddng/nam). Bd mat dd thi, ndng thdn ngay cang khang trang, xanh, sgeh, dep theo dinh hudng xay dyng thanh phd sinh thai - van hda - du lich [8]. Khdng nhimg thi, cac hogt ddng quang ba, tiiyen tmydn vl cac di san van hda thdi gian qua da gdp phan Iam cho hinh anh thanh phd
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Hoi An thucmg xuyen xuat hien tren cac kenh traySn hinh, thong tin, phim anh va cac loai Sn phim van hoa, bao chi trong va ngoai nuoc. Thucmg hieu Hoi An ngay cang lan rong hon khi hang nam (tit nam 2008 dfa nay) deu lot vao t6p d i n d i u cac cupc binh chon giai thuang cua cac t6 chiic khoa hpc, du lich, van hoa uy tin tren thS gioi hien nay. Trong nhitag danh hieu, giai thucmg cua ban be khSp nam chau danh cho Hpi An trong nhitag nam qua, dang c h i y la; "Trang tin CNN cua My da ca ngoi Hpi An la mpt trong nhitag do thi co dep nhat Dong Nam A; Tap chi du lich danh tiing hang diu Travel and Leisure cua My da cong b6 danh sach 15 thanh ph6 tuyet vol nhit thi gioi, trong do Hpi An dung dau bang vol 90,39 diSm va cho hay ring dpc gia cua hp gpi Hpi An la "vien ngpc nho cua vimg dit" (trong binh chpn nam 2018, Hpi An dling thii 8). Ngay 16/7/2019, Hpi An tro thanh tam iiim chu y hinh anh tuyet dep ve Chita c i u , biSu tuong hem 4 thi ky ciia pho Hpi duoc Google vinh danh tren trang chu bing net ve do hpa si Shanti Rittger thi hien tren trang Google Doodle" [7, tr.67-68]. Bai viit nay phan tich thuc trang va giai phap tang cuong cong tac bao t6n va phat huy di san van hoa Hpi An.
2. T h u c t r ? n g cong tac bao ton va phat huy di san van hoa Hpi An
2.L Thdnh tm
Mot la, sau khi Khu ph6 c6 Hpi An dupc UNESCO cong nhan la Di san Van hoa ThS gioi, Thanh uy, nhan dan H5i An da xac dinh chpn huiing phin dau, xay dung Hpi An tro thanh thanh pha sinh thai - van hoa - du lich. Nam 2006, chinh quySn
thanh pha Hpi An triin khai "Dtr an ton tao CO so ha t i n g trong Khu pho ca Hpi An" do So Van hoa Thang tin Quang Nam lam chu d i u tu. Cung thoi gian nay, Uy ban nhan dan (UBND) thanh pha Hpi An ban hanh Quy c h i quan ly", bao t6n di san, d6ng thai ph8i hpp vcri Trung tam Quan ly Bao ten Di san van hoa Hpi An da to chiic tpa dam vol chu d i "Cong tac quan ly, bao t6n, phat huy Di san van hoa the gidi Hpi An - chang duong 10 nam nhin lai" voi su tham gia cua hon 100 chuyen gia, nha nghien ciiu, nguoi d&n - nhitag chu the cua di san d t o g thoi dong vai tro true tiep sit dung, quan ly mpt s6 di san tren dia ban thanh phe. Cudn sach "Di san van hoa Hpi An - nhin lai m6t chang duong" da ghi lai kit qua 34 nam xay dimg va bao t6n Di san Van hoa T h i gioti Hpi An.
Theo s6 liSu diiu tra cua Trung tam Quan ly Bao ten Di san Van hoa Hpi An (tinh d i n cu6i nam 2019), tren dia ban Hpi An hien co 1.432 di tich da duoc x i p hang va dua vao danh muc khoanh vimg bao ve.
Trong da, co 29 di tich cap quae gia, 46 di tich cap tinh va 240 di tich ngoai Khu pha ce duoc dua vao danh muc thanh pho quan ly; da xay dung ho sa xep hang 44 di tich cip tinh va tien hanh tu bo htm 224 di tich tir nguan van ngan sach cua Nha nuoc hang nam, g6p p h i n quan trpng trong viec ch8ng xueng c i p cac di tich [8].
c a n g tac trimg tu, tan tao va phat huy di san van hoa vat the va phi vat thi cac dan tpc tren dia ban dupc chinh quyin thanh phe chu trpng va djit dupc ket qua tich cue.
Dei v(ii cac nghe va lang nghi trayin theng, hien Hpi An co 31 ca so san xuit ling den, tap trung chii y i u a khu phi c8;
xa c i m Kim va khu vuc phuong Minh An ca gin 300 hp san xuit chiiu coi. Nghi tranh dira a C i m Thanh cung phat triin.
Le Thi Hdng Van Ben canh vi$c bao tdn va trimg tu cac di san
van hda lich sft, chinh quyin thanh phd Hdi An Cling rit quan tam den viec phyc dyng cac ll hpi vSn hda dan gian tmydn thdng nhu Id hdi dua ghe. Id rude Long Chu, ll mua lan, tl ca Ong, Id ciu ngu, Id hdi Chua Ong, Id Via Ba Thien Hau, le via Sinh Thai TienNuang... Theo thdng kd cua Dang bp thanh phd Hdi An thi cae le hdi tmyen thdng cfta cu dan thanh thi, ndng thdn, bien dao, cua ngudi Hoa, cua cac tdn giao hdu het da dugc chu trpng phuc hdi. Cac quy che, quy dinh quan ly xay dung, sfta chfta, tu bd, tdn tgo di tich, bien hieu, trat ty dd thi, kinh doanh dich vu... teong Khu phd cd dupe dieu chinh, dap ung tdt han yeu can bao tdn va phat huy cac di san van hda the gidi.
Hai la, tuydn tmyen, quang ba di san van hda Hpi An. Du la mdt do thj nhd, nhung thanh phd Hdi An cd 01 Bao tang tong hgp va 04 Bao tang chuyen de (Bao tang Dd thi thuang cang Hdi An - gpi tat la Bao tang Hdi An; Bao tang Van hda Sa Huynh; Bao tang Van hda dan gian; Bao tang Gdm su mau dich) va 01 Nha luu niem ddng chi Cao Hdng Lanh. Hien nay, he thdng bao tang d Hpi An luu gift vdi "Tdng sd hien vat trung bay la 3.482 hien vat vdi 8.740 hien vat kho. Cac hien vat nay da dugc thiit lap, xay dung hd so day du tft ly Hch hien vat, sd dang ky kiem ke bude dau, sd phan logi. Ngoai viec luu hd so bing van ban, cae hien vat da dugc sd hda, luu trft kit ndi vdi phan mem quan ly di san" [6, te.2]. Cac bao tang d Hdi An hien nay khdng chi la noi tnmg bay di san vdi hinh thai tinh ma da dua nhiing hogt ddng true quan vao gidi thieu nhu cac hogt dpng trinh dien nghi ttuydn thdng tai Bao tang Van hda dan gian.
Tinh hx nam 1999 din nay, cac didm bao tang/nha luu nipm tten cung vdi di tich
chua cau va Quan Cdng milu do Trung tam trye tilp quan ly, da ddn 8.302.537 lugt khach tham quan, ttong do khach qudc tl la 5.664.080 lugt, khach ndi dia la 2.638.457 lugt [8].
Cftng vdi do, cac le hdi Idn nhd gin nhu dugc td chftc quanh nam nhu Id hdi ciu Bdng, cae le gid td nghe, le hdi cau Ngu, Id hdi Van hda the thao mien bien, ll hdi im thuc... Nhieu le hdi da trd thanh san phim du lich ddc dao nhu Id hdi Hanh trinh Di san.
Id hdi Hdi An - Cam xuc mua he; Id hpi giao luu van hda Viet - Nhat... Dac biet, viec tai hidn "Dem Phd ed", "Phd khdng dpng ea"
duge nhidu du khach teong va ngoai nude quan tam, gdp phin tich cyc teong vide quang ba di san van hda Hpi An den cac qudc gia teen the gidi
Ngoai ra, nham tuyen trayen, quang ba, phat huy cac di san van hda, thanh phd Hpi An da trien khai cac san pham, su kien, chuang trinh nhu; "Hdi thi hgp xudng qudc te Viet Nam tgi Hdi An; Lien hoan im thyc qudc td; Festival to lua va thd cam ViSt Nam - the gidi; mua rdi nude" [1, tr.46];
x&y dyng cac cdng trinh van hda - the thao tieu bidu trong 10 nam qua (2008-2018), nhu: hoan thien he thdng kdt cau hg tang Khu phd ed Hdi An, xay dyng Bao tang Hpi An, Nha luu niem Cao Hdng Lanh, Quang tmdng sdng Hoai, Khu vudn tupng Hpi An, Cdng vidn Kazic, Nha bidu dien nghe thuat cd tmydn... eai tgo nha hat ngoai trdi, cai tao cdng vien tupng dai ddng chi Nguy Duy Hidu, khai thac va phat huy khu cdng vien Ddng Hiep, cum cdng vidn ven bi6n cim An - Cftu Dai, cdng vien An tugng Hdi An, cdng vien Hdi An, cdng viSn Dai tudng nidm Thanh phd tai xa Cam Thanh"
[1, te.47]. Hidn nay, thanh phd Hdi An da xay dyng va td chftc dugc cac le hdi, su kien thudng nien, gdm: hdi Tet dan tdc.
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hdi den long, Tet Nguyen Tieu, Tdt Tmng thu, cac gid td nghe, cftng vdi nhidu hogt ddng hgp tac, giao luu van hda, ket nghia, luu didn nghe thuat gifta Hdi An vdi nhieu dia phuang teong nude va d cac nude nhu Trung Qudc, ItaHa, Thai Lan, Dftc, Nhat Ban, Han Qude... Thanh phd cung da thudng xuyen tham muu va lam nhiem vy thudng trye td chftc cac sy kien van hoa the thao eua tinh nhu Le hdi "Quang Nam - Hanh trinh di san". Lien hoan va Hpi thi hpp xudng qudc te, cac su ki$n qudc gia va qudc te nhu cac eupc thi Hoa hau Viet Nam, Hoa hau Hoan Vft, Hoa hau Trai Dat, hdi nghi APEC...
Ba la, hoan thien cdng tac quan Iy nha nude vd bao tdn va phat huy di san van hda Hdi An. Sau khi Khu phd cd Hpi An dugc UNESCO cdng nhan la Di san Van hda Thi gidi, vdi sy quan tam dgc biet cua cac cap, nganh d Trung uong, tinh. Dang bp Hpi An da khdng ngimg phat huy ndi lyc trong cdng tac bao tdn va phat huy di san van hda eua dia phucmg dugc thi hien thdng qua nghi quyet cac ky Dai hdi Dang bd, nghi quyit Hdi ddng nhan dan, cac quy hogch, dl an, dy an cfta UBND thanh phd, co ban dd la: Bao tdn Khu phd ed Hdi An - Di san van hda the gidi phai gan vdi bao tdn canh quan thien nhien (sdng nude, bien - bai bidn, dao va cae cdn bai tren sdng). Ddng thdi, gin vdi bao tdn cac lang que sinh thai, nghd - lang nghe tmyen thdng. Ben cgnh dd, gin bao tdn va phat huy di san van hda vdi mue tieu phat tien kinh te du lich, dich vy, dem lai lgi ich cho ca cdng ddng dd xay dyng, phat ttiln Hpi An trd thanh thanh phd sinh thai - van hda - du Uch.
Nhim tilp tiic thuc Men "Du an tdng thi diu tu bao tdn tu bd va khai thac di tich dd thi cd Hdi An", ngay 12 thang 01 nam 2012, Thft Urdng Chhih phu da ban hanh Quyit
dinh sd 78/QD-TTg phe duyet "Quy hoach diu tu tdng thd bao tdn, tdn tao va phat huy gia tri Di san Van hda Thd gidi do tiii cd Hpi An gin vdi phat triln thanh phd Hdi An va du lich giai doan 2012- 2025", teong dd ghi ro: (i) vl quy hoach su dung dit. Pham vi nghien cuu khoang 1,6 km^, ttong dd, khu do thi cd ed dien tich 0,3 km^, gdm: vimg I la vung bao ve dgc biet, vimg duge xae dinh yeu td ciu thanh di tich, ciu thanh dd thi ed phai duge bao ve nguyen ttgng; vimg IIA la vimg chi duge xay dung cac cdng trinh nham tdn tao di tich va danh thang; vimg JIB la vimg bao vd canh quan; vimg ddm la vanh dai xanh; (ii) vd quy hogch dau tu bao tdn di san van hda. Ngudn vdn thuc hien cua quy hoach nay bao gdm ngan sach Trung ucmg, ngan sach dia phuang, tai ttg cua qudc te va ngudn xa hdi hda.
D I thuc hien tdt cdng tac quan ly, bao tdn va phat huy di san van hda ndi ehung, cac di san van hda d Hpi An ndi rieng, Tnmg tam Quan ly Bao tdn Di san Van hda Hdi An da tham muu UBND thanh phd Hpi An ban hanh 02 quy chd quan ttpng la Quy chd Quan ly, bao tdn, sft dyng di tich ttong khu phd cd Hdi An va Quy ehe quan ly, bao tdn lang gdm Thanh Ha; ddng thdi tham muu UBND tharih phd ban hanh co che hd ttp bao vd di tich, co ehe hd trg tu bd di tich, de an vay vdn khdng lai trong vdng 3 nam danh eho cae ehu di tich thupc sd hitu tu nhan thyc sy khd khan dl tu bd di tich.
Ben canh do, thanh phd Hpi An da cho thanh lap mang ludi cdng tac vien bao tdn di san van hda teong Khu phd cd Hdi An va phe duyet phuang an bao tdn va phat huy di san van hda tren dia ban xa Cim Thanh.
Ddng thdi, thanh phd Hdi An da diy manh cdng tac nghien cim, ban hanh va thyc thi hieu qua kd hoach quan ly, quy ^hl bao ve di san thi gidi theo quy dinh ciia UNESCO vaNghi quyit sd 109/2017/ND-
Le Thi Hdng Van CP ngay 21 thang 09 nam 2017, quy dinh
ve bao ve va quan ly di san van hda va thien nhien the gidi. Xay dung, triln khai cac du an, chuong trinh diu tu, nghien cuu ve bao tdn, teanh thft su giup dd teong va ngoai nude ve ngudn luc, dac biet la vdn, giai phap ky thuat, ftng dyng cdng nghd sd doi vdi viec quan ly, tu bd, tdn tao di san va da dat dugc nhihig thanh tyu to Idn ttong edng tae bao tdn va phat huy di san van hda tten dia ban.
Cung vdi dd, nhim dua nghi quydt vao cudc sdng, nganh van hda thanh phd Hdi An da phdi hgp vdi cac dia phuang, cac nganh diy manh cdng tac tuyen tmyen, phd biin, giao due phap luat vd quan ly, bao tdn di tieh. Cdng tac nay dugc tap trung thuc hifn thdng qua nhieu hinh thftc xuat ban, ddng thdi td chftc tuyen trayen Luat Dl san van hda, cac vSn ban duoi luat, cac quy che, cac an pham nhu cam nang hudng dan tu bd di tich, sach danh muc di tich; thdng tin nghidn cftu bao tdn di san; cac sach, an pham ve ket qua nghien cftu... phd biin din tung hd dan, chft di tich. Do dd, vide quan ly, bao tdn va phat huy cac gia tri cua di san van hda Khu phd cd ndi rieng, toan bp he thdng di san van hda d Hdi An ndi ehung dupe ca ht thdng chinh tri, cac eip chinh quyen, cac ca quan chuydn mdn va ca cpng ddng ngudi dan Hdi An cftng ehung tay.
Dilu nay da dugc Thanh fty Hdi An nhgn dinh: "Van hda - xa hdi dgt dugc nliieu kit qua ndi bat, ddi sdng tinh than cua nhan dan dupe nhan len" [4, tt.l7].
Trong dilu kidn dac thu la thanh phd Di sSn van hda The gidi vdi hang nghin "di tich sdng", ttong do hau het di tich thupc sd hihi tu nhSn va tap the, nen chinh quyen thanh phd da sdm chft ddng ban hanh mpt sd quy che dupc cdng ddng nhan dan ung hp, gdp phan nang cao nhan thftc; nang cao trach nhiem cua ca cdng ddng, cua tftng eo quan chftc nang, eae cap chinh quydn, cfta
ca he tiidng chinh tti teong vide gift gin, bao tdn nguyen ven va sft dung, phat huy cd hieu qua quin till di san van hda cua nhan logi. Han nfta, tft ngudn tiiu ve tham quan, dl gdp phin quan ly, bao tdn tdt Khu phd cd, thanh phd da thanh Igp dpi ngu cdng tac vien (nam 2019 vdi sd lugng 33 ngudi la nhftng td tmdng, khdi tmdng cac khdi phd teong khu phd cd, dugc hd ttg kinh phi 120.000d/thang/ngudi). UBND thanh phd Hdi An ciong ban hanh co chi hd trg kinh pb' cho ngudi bao vp di tich thupc sd him cdng ddng, Nha nude theo 3 muc: di tich xip hgng cip Qude gia: 350.000d/thang/ngudi; di tieh xip hang cip Tmh: SOO.OOOd/thang/ ngudi; di tich thugc danh muc bao ve cua thanh phd:
270.000d/thang/ngudi [8]. Dya theo ca chi ho teg cua tinh, thanh phd cung da ban hanh CO chd quan ly h5 ttg kinh phi tu bd, tdn tgo di tich thude sd hftu tu nhan va tgp the teong Khu phd cd Hpi An. CJ Hpi An, cac di tich ddu dugc lap hd so phap ly nham phuc vy cho viec quan ly, sua chiia, tu bd, sft dung, phat huy di tieh. Ngoai cac di tieh dupe cap bing di tich cap qudc gia, cap tmh, sd cdn lai deu dugc cap giay chimg nhan thupc Danh muc bao ve cua thanh phd. Ben eanh cdng tac lap hd so ly lich di tich, vipe lap hd so khoanh vimg bao ve, trich luc ban do; dung bia gidi thieu di tich va cim mdc khu vyc bao ve, dae biet cac di tich thude sd hihi nha nude va so hiJu cdng ddng ddu dugc thanh phd ra quyet dinh thanh lap td quan ly (thanh phin bao gdm dai dipn thdn/ khdi phd va cdng ddng dan cu tai dia phuang) va gin vdi chftc nSng quan ly nha nude efta cac dia phuang xa/
phudng cd cac di tich do.
2.2. Hgn chi, thdch thiec
Hien nay, cdng tac quan ly, bao tdn va phat huy di san van hda Hpi An cdn gap nhiSu khd khan thach thftc: (i) nhung ap luc cua vin dd dan sd, mat dd va thanh phan dan cu 129
trong dd thi tang nhanh khd kilm soat, nhit la trong khu phd cd va tac ddng mat trai cua tdc dp dd thi hda, phat teien dich vy - du Hch gay nen tinh trang tranh mua, tranh ban, cd mdi, chen lan, trung bay hang hda Idn xdn, phan cam... Didu nay da va dang Iam anh hudng nghidm trpng len tinh toan ven, tinh chan xac eua di san van hda, cua canh quan mdi trudng sdng, canh quan di tieh va cac quan he xa hdi, gia dinh, tdc hp, anh hudng den dao due Idi sdng thuan hau cua con ngudi Hdi An xua; (ii) noi sd ha tang cac tuyen giao thdng du Hch ehinh dang qua tai, va xudng cap ngliiem trpng;
(iii) ngudn lye lao ddng ed dao tao, cd chat lugng teong linh vuc dich vu - du lieh thieu tram trpng, khdng dap ung kip vdi nhu eau phat trien hien nay; (iv) nguy co do bidn ddi khi hau toan can ma khu vyc Hpi An cung la trpng diem d mien Tmng, Viet Nam, dang quan tam la bao, lut di theo nguy co la sdng va nude bien dang, xdi Id bd sdng, bd bien, tinh tegng bdi egn, ngap ung, va ea he lyy bdi xa lu d dau ngudn; (v) nguy co chay nd do hogt ddng qua tai bdi cac hoat ddng dich vu cua con ngudi trong khu phd cd;
(vi) sy thieu hogc khdng cd cae logi vat Ueu tmyen thdng cho tu bd di tich theo nguyen tac bao tdn tinh chan xac; thidu hoac khdng cdn cac nghd nhan/ tay nghd tmydn thdng cao cho tu bd di tich, "tmyen nhan" cho hoat ddng dien xudng dan gian...; (vn) nang lyc quan Iy cua can bd cac nganh chuc nang, cac cap chinh quyen dia phuang, nhat la d cac xa/ phudng cdn hgn chd... bdi khdng theo kip vdi tdc dp phat tridn, thay ddi/ bien ddi nhanh chdng do tac ddng mgnh me cua sy phat tridn (nhat la phat triln du lich), cac te ngn xa hpi, cac van de vl trat tu - an ninh, an toan xa hdi phat sinh ndng hang ngay, bdi sy bat cap ve cac van ban phap quy chua theo kip vdi nhidu biin doi d dia phuong dat ra [9]; (vni) trong bdi
canh toan ciu hda va hdi nhap qudc te sau j rdng hidn nay cua Viet Nam, nguy ca phai ^ nhgt, danh mit nhiing gia tei van hda cung nhu teong vide bao tdn va phat huy di sin van hda tren dia ban thanh phd Hdi An, bdi le, toan cau hda cd lihung bude phat trien mdi, eiing vdi sy phat tridn cua khoa hpc va edng nghe da thuc diy qua trinh hirih thanh xa hdi thdng tin ma d do nhihig thdng tin tidu cyc da va dang de dpa true tiep den viec bao tdn va phat huy di san van hda d Hdi An. Mot sd it nude Idn dang lpi dyng qua trinh toan eiu hda dl tim each tmyen ba cac gia tei van hda, ngdn ngu, tap quan, ldi sdng efta minh ra khip the gidi, vdi sy hd trp die luc cfta cac cdng cy, phuang tien tmyen thdng da ndn tang, thyc hien muu dd
"ba quyen van hda" cua minh, lam phai nhat nhimg gia tri van hda cfta dan tde.
Nhieu yeu td phan gia tri, phan van hda va nhftng quan diem, tu tudng dpc bai dd dang xam nhap, lam bien dang nhimg di san van hda, dgo dftc tmyen thdng. Day la mpt nguy ca dang hien huu va ngay mdt gia tang vdi Hdi An, cung nhu nhiJng tac dpng tieu eye cfta no tdi tang Idp thanh nien, nhu: chgy theo Idi sdng sung bai vat chit tim thudng, chuan muc dao dftc lech lac, ldi sdng lai cang, thyc dung, ca nhan, vi ky, sinh ngogi, xa rdi nhimg gia tri ti:uyln thdng dan tdc.
Dd la thach thftc khdng nhd ddi vdi giao due va dao tao d thanh phd trong vide bao tdn va phat huy di san van hda. Ngoai ra, nhiing tac ddng tieu cue trong qua trinh toan ciu hda da va dang lam dao chidu, lech hudng nhieu gia tri van hda d Hdi An. Mdt sd bd phan dan ehung, dae biet la gidi tre da khdng coi trpng van hda, cung nhu bao tdn ya phat huy di san van hda, thay vao do la ldi sdng hudng thu, thyc dung, chudng Tay, chudng My, Han Qudc... Trong bdi eanh dd, nhidu logi hinh di san van hda cfta Hdi An dftng tmdc nguy co bi mai mpt vdi 130
Le Thi H^ng Van
' " ' » ^ ^ t i r ; . t ^ S " « : c L q u a n % o n v i i ^ c a n g t . c d . M o _ c 6 Nammi", , . , , ,, . .
tSm Ion, quy ^ nli'^" ™ " ^ ' ™ ™ hucmg khong nho den vi$c bio ton vi phat huy di san van hoa cia minh. Nhitag ntai aSi moi, cong tac giii gin va phat huy di
._ hpi giao liru, hpc h6i kinh nghi?m tir cio nude tien tien, nhim nang cao trinh d$ phan tich, XVI1^ thong tin cua cdn bp I t a cong tic du bio. Diy manh hoat dpng h w tic skvtohoatr'Jdiabta thanh pha Hoi An giiia cie dia phuang trong nude. v6i cac Jang dling trade nhSng thii thach rit lom, nu6c ban de c6 thSm oil nhin da dang ve Chang han su nhat nhoa, hoa tan, le thupc, tinh hinh kinh ti, chinh tri, xi hpi vi vin
danh mit din ban sic van hoa vimg mien hoa khu v\rc va thi gidi. ^ da va dang diin ra. Nhiing va chjim, dyng Hai Id, day manh cong tic tuyen tmyen
dj gifta cac gia tri van hoa truyin th6ng bio t6n va phat huy di sin van hda trong cua dan toe a Hoi An vol cie gia tri vSn qui trinh toin cau hda va hpi nhap quoc te hoa tft ben ngoai vio ngiy cing manh me, (, thanh ph6 Hpi An thong qua cie phucmg
tien thong tin dai ehung nhim tuyen truyen, pha biin cie chu trucmg, chinh sach, dinh hudng vi y nghia, tim quan trpng cOa van hda, cong tic bao tdn vi phat huy di sin
van hda cua dia phuang. ^ Ba Id, xiy dmg, hoin thien ca che,
chinh sach bao tdn va phat huy di san vin hda d Hpi An; ddng thai, sira dcji, bo sung, hoin thien chinh sich bio ton Di sin van hda Thi gidi Hpi An; thuc Men phong tang ngh$ nhan nhan dan, nghe nhan uu tu theo quy dinh cua Luat Di sin van hda va Luat Thi dua khen thudng; tao mpi diiu kien di nghe nhan truyen day van hda dan gian cua thanh phd cho the he doi hoi chinh quyin dia phuong ciing nhu
nguoi dan Hpi An (chu thi van hda) phii lam thi nao di giii quyit mau thuan giiia bao tin va phat huy di sin van hda ciia dja phuong, giiia giii gin vi ptiat huy ban sac voi hgi nhap, giao thoa.
3. Giai phap tang cirong bao ton va phat huy di san van hoa H6i An
Mot la, ning cao nang luc du bio cua Nhi nuoc. Trong b6i cinh toan cau hda hien nay, nhihig biin dpng Idn tren the gidi ca ve kinh te, chinh tri, vin hda da va dang tic dong Idn den cie qudc gia, khu vuc, do dd can day manh cdng tic nghien cim, phin tich, du bao kip thdi, chinh xic ea hpi vi thach thuc cung nhu dien bien cua cac nhin to tic ddng se li ca sd de dieu chinh, bd sung nhOng ndi dung cin thiit di thuc hi?n thang lpi dudng ldi dpc lap, tu chu eua Dang, khdng ngimg nang cap vi the qudc gia, dua dit nude phit trien nhanh, ben viing trong thdi gian tdi. De lam dupe dieu nay, thanh phd Hpi An can phai nang cap chit lupng cin ba lam cang tie du bao bang
sau tai cac gia dinh va d cdng ddng theo dia bin ling xi...
B6n Id, bao ton va phit huy di sin vin hda phii ludn gin lien vdi tang cudng giao due phap luat. Phip luat co vai trd dac biet quan trpng ddi vdi viec dieu chinh hanh vi cua con ngudi trong xa hpi. Cimg vdi dao dirc, phap luit xa hdi chii nghia hudng con ngudi tdi he gii tri chan - thien - my, trimg tri va ngin chan cii ic, cai xau nhim lam lanh manh hoa xa hpi. Do vay, can phii giao due y thuc phap luat cho mpi tang Idp nhan dan, nhat la ddi vdi thanh nien, hpc 131
sinh, sinh vien; giup hp tranh dupe nhftng hanh vi pham phap va trd thanh nhftng edng dan sdng, lam vide theo Hiln phap va phap lugt.
Ndm Id, phat trien dpi ngu can bp, edng chuc ttong ITnh vyc van hda cua thanh phd Hdi An dap ftng dugc ydu ciu bao tdn va phat huy di san van hda. Tang cudng cdng tac giao dye chinh tri tu tudng, nang cao ban ITnh cua dpi ngu can bd, giup hp ty tin, dam duong dau vdi nhung khd khan, thach thue; thye hien tdt quan ly can bd, quan triet mdt each sau sac de mdi can bd, dang vidn nim viing chft teuong, quan diem, chinh sach cua Dang va Nha nude vd bao tdn va phat huy di san van hda; khdng chu quan, ndng vdi, theo dudi nhiing lgi ich ca nhan, lgi ich tmdc mit ma lo la, mat eanh giac, nhit la doi vdi can bd lanh dgo ehu chdt, ddi vdi cap uy va ngudi dftng dau co quan, don vi. Thye hien tdt eae khau: quy hogch; dao tao, bdi dudng; bd tri, sft dyng can bd va chinh sach ddi vdi can bp. Trong quy hoach can bd can coi ttpng nhung ngudi cd pham chat va nang luc, du tieu chuan eua chftc danh can bd.
4. Ket luain
Hidn nay, Di san van hda Hpi An da trd thanh thuang hieu kha hap din ddi vdi du khach trong nude va qude te. Lupng du khach din Hdi An gia tang manh me hang nam. Dac biet quan the kien true dd thi ed ndi rieng, Di san van hda Hdi An ndi ehung dugc quan ly, bao tdn va phat huy ngay mot tdt ban, cd hieu qua, duge UNESCO danh gia cao va trao tang nhidu giai thudng cao quy, hang nam ludn dugc cac td chftc, tgp chi qude tl biu chpn la mdt ttong nhftng diim din du lich hip din trong khu vyc va
teen thi gidi. Vdi quyit tam cao va su vao cupc cfta cac ben lien quan ttong cdng tac bao tdn va phat huy Di san Van hda The gidi d Hdi An, di san van hda Hdi An se tilp tue dugc bao tdn va phat triln bin viing trong tuong lai.
Tai lifu tham khao
[1] Ban Thir6ng vu Th^nh uy Hpi An (2018), Hgi An 10 ndm ki thiea vdphdt triin bin vieng, H^i An, Qu^g Nam.
[2] Chuygn 6.h Hpi An (2019), Tgp chi Xua vd Nay, s6 5\3.
[3] Chi cyc Th6ng ke th^nh ph6 H^i An (2019), Nien gidm Thdng ki thdnh phd H^i An 2018, H$i An.
[4] Ddng bp tinh Qudng Nam (2015), Vdn kiin Dgi h0i dgi biiu Idn thit XXI, nhiim ky 2015 - 2020, Tam ky, Qudng Nam.
[5] Ddng C^ng sdn Vi^t Nam (2016), Vdn Kiin Dgi hpi dgi biiu todn qudc Idn thii XII, VSn ph6ng Tmng ucmg Dang, Hd Npi.
[6] Nguyin Chi Trung (2018), "Bdo thn ti'nh chdn xde ciia di sdn \h phdt triSn du lich b^n viing - nhin tu gdc d$ H0i An, Qudng Nam", tham ludn Hoi thdo Hpi nhgp qudc id vi bdo tdn - ca hpi vd thdch thuc cho cdc di sdn vdn hoa, D^i hpc Qu6c gia Thdnh ph6 H6 Chf Minh, Thdnh ph6 H6 Chf Minh.
[7] van h6a Hgi An (2020), Hpi An trin du&ng phdt triin, Ph6ng Van h6a vd Thong tin th^nh ph6 HOi An, Hgi An.
[8] https://hoianheritage.net/vi/trao-doi-chuyen- nganh/chuyen-de-nghien-cuu-trao-doi/20-nam- bao-ton-va-phat-huy-di-san-van-hoa-the-gioi- hoi-an-826.html
[9] http://vaiihoaquangnamonline.gov.vn^ao-ton- bao-tang/20-nam-bao-ton-va-phat-huy-di-san- van-hoa-the-gioi-o-hoi-an.html
