PHAT HUY VAI TRO CUA VAN HOA TRUYEN THONG
PGS, TS L 6 HOU AI •'
I
van hda tmyen thdng la nhirng gia trj^vat chat va tinh than duge tao nen trong cac thdi ky ljch sir, tmyen tir ddi nay qua ddi khac, the he tmdc den the he sau lam nen ban sac dan tdc, bao dam sy tdn tai va phat trien eua dat nudc. Sy phat trien cua con ngudi, cua xa hdi bao gid cung gan lien vdi sy phat trien cua van hoa. Xay dyng va phat trien kinh te phai nham muc tieu van boa, vi sy phat trien toan dien ciia con ngudi. Cac yeu td van hoa tmyen thdng phai dugc hoa quyen, gan bd vdi ddi sdng hien tai va cac boat ddng xa hdi tren cac phuomg dien kinh te - chinh tri - xa hdi, gdp phan tao thanh ngudn ndi lyc quan trgng, thiic day sy phat trien cua kinh te. Do dd, phat huy yeu td tich cyc cua van boa tmyen thdng la gdp phan cting ed nen tang tinh than ciia xa hdi de phat trien kinh tl mdt each ben virng.
Tuy nhien, do tinh chat ciia nd, van hda tmyen thdng lai hudng tdi duy tri sy dn djnh, de cao chu nghTa kinh nghiem, chii nghTa binh quan, coi trgng gia tri tinh than, tao nen xung ddng lyc tac ddng ngugc chieu lam kim ham sy phat trien kinh tl.
(•) Trudng Dai hpc Kinh te', Dai hpc D^ Ning.
Chting ta dang thyc hien day manh cdng cudc hdi nhap va phat trien dat nudc gan phat trien kinh te vdi nang cao ddi sdng vat chat va tinh than cho ngudi dan. Vi vay, mudn dua dat nudc phat trien ben virng, dn djnh thi khi hoach dinh chien luge phat trien kinh te - xa hgi phai dugc xac lap tren CO sd van hda. Chien luge phat trien van hda khdng tham gia vao qua trinh tang trudng kinh te thi ldi sdng, nhan each bj bien dang, cac gia tri bj mat can bang, dan den nhieu nguy co khac nhau.
Nhu vay, van hda tmyen thdng, mdt mat la ddng lyc cho phat trien kinh te, song mat khac lai la lyc can gdp phan tao nen sy tri tre, kim ham sy tang tmdng kinh te. Do vay, ve nguyen tac can phat huy mat tich cyc va ban che mat tieu cyc ciia van hda tmyen thdng ddi vdi phat trien kinh te Viet Nam trong bdi canh hien nay.
2
Trai qua hang ngan nam dau tranh^dung nudc va giii nudc, dan tdc ta da hinh thanh nen nhtrng gia tri tmyen thdng tdt dep. Dd la tinh than yeu nudc ndng nan;
tinh than doan ket, y thiic cdng ddng dan tdc; y thue ty lap ty cudng; tmyen thdng nhan ai, nhan van, thuong ngudi nhu the thuang than, thuy chung nghTa tinh; tmyen thdng hieu hgc, tdn su trgng dao, de cao
LY L U A N C H I N H TRM 2 - 2009 57
dan tri, trgng dung nhan tai; dtic tinh can cii, cham chi, sang tao trong lao ddng san xuat va chien dau. Trong bdi canh toan cau hoa, nhtrng gia tri tmyen thdng dd tiep tuc dugc gin giir va nang len mdt tam cao mdi, ket hgp dugc qua khti vdi hien tai, dan tdc va qudc te: "Van hoa cd sy ket hgp hai hoa giira gia trj tmyen thdng va gia tri hien dai, thim nhuan tinh than dan tdc, nhan van""\
Cd nhu vay, van hoa mdi dap ting dugc yeu cau ctia sy phat trien dat nudc, giir vai trd la dgng lyc, la mue tieu, la nen tang eiia su phat trien kinh te - xa hdi.
Mdt he chinh sach phat trien van hoa, khdng chi cd cac gia trj tmyen thdng, ma quan trgng hom la phat huy cac gia trj tmyen thdng dd, tren quan diim "vugt tmyen thdng"^^\ Phat triin van hoa phai ed sy chgn Igc cac yeu td tmyin thdng. Giir gin cac quan he tmyen thdng bang each xay dyng mdt tmyen thdng mdi, phuc vu phat trien kinh te - xa hdi. Bao ve ban sic van hoa dan tdc phai gan lien vdi viec md rdng giao luu qudc te nham tiep thu cd chgn Igc nhtrng cai hay, cai tien bd trong van hoa cac dan tdc khac de: "Xay dung va hoan thien gia trj, nhan each con ngudi Viet Nam, bao ve va phat huy ban sic van hda dan tdc trong thdi ky edng nghiep hda, hien dai hda, hdi nhap kinh tl qudc tl"^^\
Nhimg tmyen thdng tdt dep cua dan tdc phai dugc phat huy trong diiu kien mdi trd thanh ndi lyc cho su phat triin kinh tl hien nay. Phat huy cac gia tri tmyIn thdng len mdt tam cao mdi de chting ta cd du kha nang dua nhan each, dan tri, nhan luc, nhan tai cua timg cdng ddng va ca dan tdc len tam cao mdi, dap ting yeu ciu su nghiep cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dit nudc. Dd
la phat huy tmyIn thdng yeu nudc, doan ket, nhan ai de tap hgp ca dan tgc diing len rtia ndi nhuc ddi ngheo lac hau, xay dung mdt xa hdi cdng bang, dan chii, van minh, mgi gia dinh dugc hanh phiic, con ngudi dugc giai phdng; phat huy tmyen thdng hieu hgc de xay dung mdt nen giao due qudc dan, vuon tdi xa hdi hgc tap, sanh vai vdi cac nen hgc van, nen giao due ctia cac nudc tien tien; phat huy tmyen thdng tu lap, tu cudng de xay dyng nen kinh te ddc lap tu chu, thyc hien hoa nhap ma khdng hoa tan. Tren co sd dd, van hda mdi trd thanh nen tang tinh than cua xa hdi: "Tiip tyc phat trien sau rdng va nang eao chit lugng nen van hda tien tien, dam da ban sic dan tdc, gan ket chat che va ddng bd hon vdi phat trien kinh te - xa hdi, lam cho van hda tham sau vao mgi linh vuc ctia ddi song xa hdi"^''\
3
De phat huy cac gia tri van hoa tmyIn•thdng trong giai doan hien nay cin thuc hien nhiing giai phap sau:
Ddy manh viec gido due gid tri truyin thong ddn tpc trong nhdn ddn, dgc biet la the he tre. Dang ta cd chu tmong xay dung con ngudi Viet Nam la "nhirng ngudi kl thtra nhirng gia tri tmyIn thdng dan tdc va phat triin vl nhan each tu tudng, tri tu?, dao dtic vdi nang lyc tdng hgp, ky thu|it tien tiln"'^\ Con ngudi Viet Nam hien nay phai mang nhirng diic tinh mdi cd sy hoa quyen giiia tmyIn thdng va hien tai, gat bo nhirng yiu td tri tre, lac hau va bd sung nhiing yeu td mdi, dap img yeu cau xay dyng va phat triin dit nudc. Thyc hifn vifc giao due tmyIn thdng dan tdc va tmyIn thdng each mang la day dao ly lam ngudi cho hgc sinh, sinh vien, biin nd thanh von
58 LY L U A N CHlNH TR! 12 - 2009
quy ciia moi ngudi, cd y thiirc khat vgng vugt qua mgi khd khan thir thaeh, khic phuc nguy co tut hau xa ban vl kinh tl, quyet tam xay dyng dat nude giau manh.
De giao due cac gia trj van boa tmyIn thdng cho the he tre can tang cudng cho hgc sinh, sinh vien di thyc tap, thyc tl, diy manh cac boat ddng xa hdi, dua sinh vien di tham nhirng dja danh cdn luu giii nhiing gia tri tmyen thdng van hoa dan tdc va tmyen thdng dau tranh each mang. Td chiie cac boat ddng van hoa hudng ve cdi ngudn, td chtic nhirng ngay le cua dan tdc, thdng qua tham quan du lich van hoa de giao due con ngudi gan bd vdi que huomg dat nudc, niem ty hao ty tdn dan tdc, dac biet chti trgng den viec giao due tinh than can cu, chju khd chiu thuong, thdng minh sang tao ctia dan tdc, tao nen y thtic quy trpng lao dpng lam giau cho ban than va xa hdi. Tang cudng cho hpc sinh, sinh vien tham quan nha may, xi nghiep, co sd san xuat kinh doanh dien hinh, thudng xuyen td chtic tga dam giira sinh vien vdi nha doanh nghiep. Tang ngudn lyc dau tu cho giao due, dao tao. Dau tu cho giao due la dau tu cho con ngudi, quyet djnh sy phat trien kinh te - xa hdi.
Phdt huy mat tich cue, hgn che mat tieu cue cua vdn hoa truyen thong trong viec xdy dung con nguai Vi^t Nam hien dgi, nhdm tgo nguon nhdn luc chdt lupmg cao de phuc vu cong cupc cong nghiep hoa, hi^n dgi hoa ddt nudc.
Phat trien ngudn nhan luc, dac biet la ngudn nhan lyc cd chat lugng cao la muc tieu ldn hit sure quan trgng ddi vdi sy phat trien kinh tl cua dit nude, nhit la trong giai
doan day manh cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda. Phat trien ngudn nhan lyc la phat triin con ngudi, la thuc tinh, la phat huy tiim nang cua con ngudi thanh stic lao ddng cua xa hdi. Phat trien ngudn nhan lyc tmdc hit la dao tao ngudn nhan lyc cd nang lyc lao ddng, la mdi ngudi ty hao va phat trien ban than, phat huy nang lyc tao ra san phim cho xa hdi. Giai phap quyet djnh de nang cao ngudn nhan lyc la phat trien giao due dao tao.
Myc tieu cua giao due la hinh thanh va phat trien nhan each con ngudi. Tren co sd dd, phat trien giao due nham thyc hien nang cao dan tri, dao tao nhan lyc va bdi dudng nhan tai. Ndi each khac, phat triin giao due nham phat trien con ngudi bin virng de phat trien kinh te - xa hdi. Phat trien ngudn nhan lyc la mdt muc tieu Idn ddi vdi sy phat trien dat nudc. Qua trinh nay lam thay ddi co cau kinh te, co cau lao ddng va co cau giai tang trong xa hdi. Giao due chinh la nod gin giir, tmyen thu va phat huy nhiing gia tri chung cua loai ngudi, he thdng gia trj chung ciia tmyen thdng dan tdc. Giao due, dao tao de tao ra con ngudi va cac the he tiep tuc sang tao cac gia trj.
Nhu vay, van hda la ndi dung va ciing la muc tieu ciia giao due.
Nhiem vy va muc tieu co ban cua giao due hien nay la phai xay dyng nhtrng con ngudi va the he tre thiet tha gan bd vdi ly tudng ddc lap dan tdc va chii nghTa xa hdi, cd dao diic trong sang, cd y chi kien cudng xay dung va bao ve Td qudc; giii gin va phat huy cac gia trj tmyen thdng, cd nang lyc tiep thu tinh hoa van hda nhan loai, cd y thtic cdng ddng va phat huy tinh tich cyc ca nhan lam chii tri thtrc khoa hpc cdng nghe
LY LUAN CHlNH TRM 2 - 2009 59
hien dai, cd tu duy sang tao, cd tac phong cdng nghiep, cd tinh td chirc va ky luat, giao due y ehi vuon len chiem ITnh dinh cao khoa hpc vi sy phat triin kinh te dat nudc.
Phdt huy tinh thdn hiiu hpc cita ddn tpc, ndng cao mat bdng ddn tri, thuc hien hien dgi hod nong thon huang tdi nen kinh te tri thirc.
Ndng thdn Viet Nam tap tmng ddng dao ngudn lao ddng, la nod sinh sdng cua 80%
dan sd ca nudc. Day la noi cd du tai nguyen thien nhien, san xuat luong thyc, thyc pham de nudi sdng con ngudi. Chiing ta dang day manh cdng cudc hien dai boa ndng thdn, phat trien toan dien ndng, lam, ngu nghiep gan vdi cdng nghiep che bien ndng, lam, thuy san va ddi mdi co cau kinh te ndng thdn theo hudng hien dai boa.
Hien dai hoa ndng thdn bat dau tir cdng nghiep boa ndng nghiep ndng thdn la phai giai quyet mdt loat van de, nhung yeu td quan trpng la khoa hpc, ky thuat, cdng nghe de chuyen bien co cau kinh te, giai quyet cdng an viec lam cho lyc lugng lao ddng du thira d day. Cdng nghe se giiip cho lao ddng tham gia vao gudng may djch vu thuang mai, thu cdng my nghe. Liic dd mgi khu vyc se phat trien, tao ra mdi lien he chat che gitra cac tmng tam nghien cim khoa hgc vdi ndng thdn. Trong sy phat trien ndng thdn hien nay va trong tuong lai thi viec phd cap va nang cao trinh do van boa cho can bd, dang vien va nhan dan theo tinh than cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa la rat can thiet. Ndng thdn phai trd thanh nhiimg viing van hoa mdi dii sue tiep can cdng nghe vdi quy md rdng ldn. Ngheo ddi la vi thieu van hoa, lao ddng d trinh do
thip. Lao ddng cd trinh do van hoa mdi cd kha nang hiiu biit va nam bat dugc khoa hgc, ky thuat va cdng nghe hien dai d mtrc do cin thiit dl iing dung vao san xuat. Tren thyc tl d ndng thdn, nhit la d viing sau, viing xa, trinh do dan tri rat thap, nhieu phong tyc tap quan lac hau cdn tdn tai, dang la lyc can ddi vdi cdng cudc hien dai boa ndng nghiep va ndng thdn.
Mdt trong nhiing giai phap quan trgng bien nay la phat huy tmyen thdng hieu hgc, cin cii, sang tao trong lao ddng de phat triin ndng nghiep, ndng thdn. Thyc hien xa hdi hgc tap, tao diiu kien cho nhumg ngudi khdng cd diiu kien dugc di hgc, dugc phat triin, coi viec hgc la nghTa vu, la bdn phan cua mdi cdng dan. Phat trien ndng thdn phai phd cap va nang cao van hoa cho mgi ngudi. Ngudi lao ddng d ndng thdn, nhat la viing sau, viing xa phai biet dgc, biet viet, biet tinh toan. Mgi ngudi, mgi tang ldp nhan dan d ndng thdn trong do tudi lao ddng phai cd trinh do hgc van tdi thieu de tiep thu cdng nghe tao ra ngudn nhan lyc cho dja phuomg minh, ciing ca nudc phat trien kinh te - xa hdi. Trong tuong lai, ngudi ndng dan hien dai phai cd tri thuc, hieu biet nhat djnh ve khoa hgc, ky thuat va cdng nghe, ap dung nhirng thanh tyu khoa hgc, ky thuat va cdng nghe de nang cao nang suat vat nudi, cay trdng.
De nang cao dan tri d ndng thdn, can day manh viec phat trien deu khap mang ludi tmdng hgc d cac viing ndng thdn. Lap hdi khuyen hgc, hd trg bang cae suat hgc bdng cho nhirng sinh vien, hgc sinh ngheo hieu hgc. Xay dung co sd ha ting, dudng, tmdng, tram va cd ehe do khuyin khich giao vien giang day din viing xa xdi heo
60 LY LUAN CHlNH TRM 2 - 2009
lanh de nang cao dan tri, phat trien sy nghiep giao due. Thyc hien giao luu van hoa giira ndng thdn va thanh thj, va gitra cac viing mien. Phat ddng phong trao xay dyng lang van boa, ap, ban van hoa.
' ' Khai thdc cdc gid tri vdn hod, ddy mgnh hogt dpng du Uch, tdng nguon thu cho su phdt trien kinh te.
Qua trinh toan cau hoa va phat trien nen kinh tl thj tmdng tao nen xu hudng quay ve vdi gia trj van boa tmyen thdng cua dan tdc, ve the gidi ty nhien. Dd la dieu kien thuan lgi phat trien du ljch sinh thai va du ljch hudng ve cdi ngudn.
Dat nudc chting ta cd nhieu danh lam thang canh ndi tieng, nhieu di san van boa quy bau. Mdi tinh, thanh la mdt viing cd dac thil ve van hoa, ljch str kinh te va canh quan mdi tmdng, dd la co sd cho viec quy hoach cac vfing de phat trien du ljch. De day manh boat ddng du Ijch can dau tu xay dyng cac cdng trinh van boa truyen thdng;
tdn tao, tu bd cac di tich ljch sir, dau tu xay dyng cac cdng trinh van boa tmyen thdng, tugng dai ky niem, cac cdng vien mang ten danh nhan cua dan tdc; tang cudng boat ddng cac loai hinh van boa tmyen thdng;
phat trien phong trao quan chting boat ddng van hoa dan gian, cac loai hinh nghe thuat tmyen thdng cua dan tdc.
Bao dudng, tdn tao cac di san van hoa tmyen thdng, nhu: Van Mieu Qudc Ttr Giam, Chiia Mdt Cdt, Den Tran Vii vdi buc tugng ddng den ljch str, cac khu phd cd, den thd cac anh hiing dan tdc va nhirng ngudi cd cdng vdi nudc. Khdi phuc cac di tich canh quan d Dien Bien Phii, den vua Dinh, Tiln Le va cac hang ddng d Ninh
Binh, thanh nha Hd, den Ba Trieu, dit Lam Kinh d Thanh Hoa, dgng Phong Nha d Quang Binh; thanh ed, Khe Sanh, Lao Bao d Quang Trj. Khdi phuc cac loai hinh kien tnic nghe thuat Champa. CJ Hdi An, tien hanh quy hoach bao tdn khu phd cd, nha cd, cau cd, chi hien dai hda nhtimg khau can thiet. Khdi phuc, tu sira Thanh dja My Son, va xay dung he thdng ket cau ha tang thuan tien cho viec di lai, an nghi cua du khach.
Day manh boat ddng cac loai hinh nghe thuat tmyen thdng. Bao ve, gin giir van hoa dan gian, nhu hd gia gao, hd mai nhi, ca Hue, tien hanh djch cac bai tho ra tieng nudc ngoai, khdi phuc cac dieu miia cung dinh. Khdi phuc cac di san van boa tinh than, nhu nem cdn d Tay Bae, quan hg Bae Ninh, tranh Ddng Hd, hat vi dam d Nghe An, Ha TTnh, ca Hue, hat bdi, hat vd d Binh Djnh, hat bai chdi, cai luong d mien Nam, miia cdng chieng d Tay Nguyen.
Qua cac nhan vat, cac sy kien ljch sir, cac cdng trinh kien tnic nghe thuat, loai hinh van hoa dan gian tai hien mdt each sinh ddng qua khu hao hiing cua dan tdc trong lao ddng san xuat va chien dau, va khat vpng vuon len cua cha dng ta trong mpi hoan canh, gdp phan xay dyng the he tre, nhimg con ngudi van minh hien dai mang nhan each van hoa dam da ban sac dan tdc.
Tiln hanh quy hoach, cai tao mpt sd cira biin va do thj cd uu the ve mat mdi tmdng sinh thai, canh quan khi hau de trd thanh dia diim nghi mat, tham quan: Ha Long, Nha trang. Da Lat, Sim Son, Ctra Ld, Cdn Dao, Phu Qudc, bai tim My Khe, ban dao Som Tra, Ngu Hanh Son d Da Ning, v.v..
LY LUAN CHlNH TR! 12 - 2009 61
Cac di san van hoa va nhirng canh quan thien nhien bd sung cho nhau, gan bd vdi nhau tao thanh nhirng diem du ljch ddc dao thu hiit khach du ljch trong va ngoai nudc, tao them ngudn thu eho dat nudc.
Cdn dua ra nhieu bien phdp de giU gin vd phdt huy bdn sdc vdn hod ddn tpc trong qud trinh giao luu hpi nhdp.
Hdi nhap ve kinh te, giao luu ve van boa dang dien ra het sire sdi ddng. Chting ta dang dting trudc co hdi rat ldn ddn nhan tinh hoa van hoa ctia nhan loai, trinh do tien tien ciia the gidi de lam cho dat nudc phat trien, nit ngan khoang each vdi cac nudc trong khu vyc va tren the gidi. Tuy nhien, trong qua trinh dd khdng chi dien ra theo mdt chieu thuan, ma cdn cd mat trai ctia nd, dd la nguy co siing ngoai, danh mat ban sac van hoa dan tdc, trd thanh thti van hoa vay mugn, ngoai lai.
Tmdc tinh hinh dd, trong qua trinh hdi nhap va phat trien, chiing ta phai lay ban sac van hoa, gia trj van hoa tmyen thdng ciia dan tdc lam nen tang. Nen tang cd vumg chae thi mdi gan dye khoi trong, tiep nhan dugc nhiing gi thyc sy la tinh hoa ctia van hoa, van minh nhan loai, lam da dang, phong phii them van boa dan tdc. Qua trinh giao luu, hdi nhap vdi ben ngoai, chiing ta phai thyc hien tdt cac viec dao tao, bdi dudng mdt ddi ngii cac nha boat ddng tren ITnh vyc van hoa, nhirng nha kinh te cd tai nang, ban ITnh, tam huyet vdi dan tdc, tiep thu van hoa, van minh cua nhan loai lam giau van hoa dan tdc, phat trien kinh te, phat trien dat nudc. Thanh lap cac tnmg tam Viet Nam hgc d mgt sd nudc cd nen khoa hgc, ky thuat va cdng ngh? tien tien.
quan ly tot mang intemet ca hai chieu.
Thudng xuyen td chiirc cac hdi thao khoa hgc vdi cac td chtic qudc te ve van hoa, dat nudc va con ngudi Viet Nam, qua dd lam cho thi gidi hiiu chting ta hon va chiing ta cd diiu kien tiip thu cac gia trj van hoa ctia thi gidi, tim hiiu cac md hinh gin giu va phat huy tmyIn thdng van hoa cua cac nudc. Suu tim, chgn Igc nhiing tac pham nghe thuat tieu biiu ctia Viet Nam dich ra tiing nudc ngoai. Quan ly, ehi dao thdng nhit, phan cdng ranh mach trong boat ddng giao luu van boa qudc te. Dua ndi dung van hoa, van minh cua cac nudc vao chuong trinh hgc d eae cap. Cd chinh sach cu the dl thu hiit tri thtic la Viet kieu ve nudc lam viee, cdng hien cho dat nudc. Thuc hien ddng bd cac giai phap tren day, thiet nghi, se lam cho van hoa tham sau vao tam ly cua qudc dan, nghTa la van hoa phai stra dugc tham nhiing, ludi bieng, phii phiem, xa xi; van hoa phai lam eho ngudi dan cd tinh than trach nhiem cao trudc van menh ciia dan tdc, "van hoa phai soi dudng cho qudc dan di" nhu Chu tjeh Ho Chi Minh da can dan.
(1) Do Mudi: The hien khdt vpng cua nhdn ddn vi chdn thi4n my, NXB Van hpc. Ha Npi. 1993,
tr.80. - •"•••••. '"^- •'•
(2) GS Le Quang Thiem: Vdn hod vdi suphdt trien cua xa hpi Viet Nam theo dinh hudng xa hpi chii nghia, NXB Chinh tx\ qudc gia. Ha Npi, 1998, tr. 142. ' " "
(3),(4) DCSVN: Vdn ki?n Dgi hpi Dqi biiu todn quoc ldn thir X, NXB Chinh yj qudc gia.
Ha Npi, 2006, y. 106.
(5) DCSVN: Vdn kien Hpi nghi ldn thir 5 Ban Chdp hdnh Trung uang Ddng khod VIII, NXB Chinh yj quoc gia. Ha Npi, 1998, y.89.
62 LY LUAN CHINH TRM 2 - 2009
