Cong nghiep van hoa Oai Loan:
ThiFC trang phat trien va vai tro^*^
TRAN QUANG MINH TRAN MINH NGUYET*'
Sau nhiiu thdp ky tdng tru&ng kinh ti vd tr& thdnh mpt trong 4 con rong chdu A, bu&c sang ddu nhitng nam 1990, vimg lanh tho Ddi Loan da dung tru&c tinh trgng suy thodi moi tru&ng nghiem trgng, cdc gid tri vdn hoa truyin thong bi xoi mdn, nong nghiep dieng tru&c b& vue cua sic sup do. Tru&c tinh trgng do, Chinh phit Ddi Loan dd thuc hiin chiin luge "Cong nghiip vdn hoa vd sdng tgo" nhdm muc dich xay dung vd xdc dinh lgi cdc tinh ndng dge biet cita xa hpi Ddi Loan. Sau han 2 thap ky phdt triin, ede ngdnh cong nghiep vdn hoa vd sdng tgo eua Ddi Loan khong nhitng co nhitng dong gop quan trgng eho su phdt triin eua nin kinh ti md eon gop phdn qudng bd hinh dnh cua viing lanh tho ndy ra thi gi&i. Bdi viit di cap hai npi dung ehinh Id i) thiec trgng phdt triin cua cong nghiep vdn hoa Ddi Loan; vd ii) vai tro kinh ti, vdn hoa, ehinh tri cua cong nghiep vdn hoa Ddi Loan. Bdi viit ndy due kit nhitng thdnh tuu chu yiu trong qud trinh han hai thdp ky phdt triin eong nghiip vdn hoa vd sdng tgo cua Ddi Loan vd vai trd cita ngdnh cong nghiip ndy doi v&i suphdt trien cua Ddi Loan hiin nay.
Tir khoa: Cong nghiip vdn hoa, Ddi Loan, sue mgnh mim.
1. Dat van de
Khai niem cong nghiep van h6a moi dugc du nhap vao Dai Loan trong thap nien cuoi cua the ky XX khi qua trinh toan cau hoa dien ra sau rpng tren the giod. Trong nhiing thap ky truac do, Dai Loan, Hong Kong, Singapore, va Han Quoc da noi len do tang truomg kinh t l ngoan myc, tro thanh bon con rong nho 6 chau A. Tuy
TS., Vien nghien eii'u Bong BSc A Th.S., Vien nghien cu-u chau My
' Nghien cim nciy dugc tdi Irg bai Quy Phdt triin khoa hoc vd cong nghe quoc gia (Nafosted) Irong di Idi ma sd VI.2-2012.12.
nhien, he qua khong mong muon cua tang truomg kinh te nhanh ch6ng da dan den moi truomg sinh thai bj de dpa nghiem trpng, sy chuyen dich dan cu tir nong thon ra thanh thi va cac khu cong nghiep dan den tinh trang kinh te nong nghiep tren ba vuc sup do. Diing tru6'c tinh trang do, Chinh phil Dai Loan da thuc hien chii trucmg khoi phyc cac nganh nghe thu eong truyen thong ciing nhu phat trien cgng dong. Nam 1994, chinh sach "Trao quyen cho cgng dong" da dugc ban bo va thuat ngii "Cong nghiep van h6a" bat dau xuat hien tir do va tror thanh chinh sach cong nghiep trgng tam ctia Dai Loan. Thuat ngii cong
Jla^
-NhOng vin di KINH Tt VA CHJNH TRj THt GICTI So 8(244) 2016Tran Quang Minh - TrSn Wlinh Nguyet Cong nghiep van hoa Dai Loan: Thyc trang phat then.
nghiep van h6a gan lien vai chinh sach "Trao quyen cho cgng dong" nhan manh den tinh sang tao, khuyen khich moi cgng dong xay dyng lai
•mpt hinh anh mai, tao ra sy khae biet giira cac dia phuong thong qua cac san pham van h6a dac trung cua time dia phucmg. N6i each khac, san pham cua moijcpng dong la nhiing san pham npi dia h6a dac biet, khac biet so vai cac san pham san xuat pho thong. Dong thofi, nhin manh vao y thiic xa hpi cua moi ngucri dan.
Nam 2002, Chinh phu Dai Loan dl xuit chien luge "Thdch thuc 2008: Ki hogch phdt triin quoc gid" tap trung vao "Cong nghiip vdn hoa vd sdng tgo", bien eong nghiep van hoa tra thanh try cot phat trien kinh t l cua dit nuac.
Nam 2010, Dao luat "Phdt triin Cong nghiip vdn hoa vd sdng tgo" cua Dai Loan dugc ban hanh, trong do xac dinh "Cong nghiip vdn hoa vd sdng tgo Id ngdnh cong nghiep tap trung vdo cdc sdn phdm vdn hoa vd sdng tgo nhdm tgo ra eua cdi, ea hpi viic ldm thong qua viic hinh thdnh, su: dung vd bdo vi tdi sdn tri tui" Trong ngan han, n6 la sy nghiep cong nghiep h6a van hoa nham ma rong thi truomg tieu thy dii vai cac san pham van h6a, sang tao, tang cuomg tinh nang dpng trong thief kl sang tao thong qua cac npi dung van h6a va nang cao gia tri gia tang cua san pham. Hien nay, hiu nhu tit ca cac van de lien quan den phat trien cong nghiep van hoa a Dai Loan deu gan lien vai chien luge
"Cong nghiep vdn hoa vd sdng tgo"
Chien luge Cong nghiip vdn hoa vd sdng tgo ciia Dai Loan nhan manh den 15 ITnh -vyc dugc phan chia thanh 4 nh6m nganh la: (1) cong nghiep nghe thuat; (2) cong nghiep truyin thong; (3) cong nghiep thilt kl; va (4) cong nghiep ngi dung s l . Sau khi chinh phu Dai Loan thiic day phat trien cong nghiep van h6a va sang tao, nen kinh te Dai Loan da bit diu chuyen doi va phong each song ciia nguai dan ciing bat dau thay doi duai tac dpng cua cac san pham van h6a, sang tao, nghe thuat va kiln triic.
Toe do tang tru6mg cua cae nganh cong nghiep van h6a va sang tao khong chi cao ban so vai
tic do tang truomg GDP ma con tao ra nhieu viec lam hom, dong thoi d6ng mgt vai tro quan trpng trong vice thiic day sy da dang van hoa.
2. Thyc trang phat trien ciia cong nghiep van hoa Dai Loan
Cong nghiep van h6a Dai Loan truac nhirng nam 1980 phat trien theo mo hinh thi truomg ban dgc quyen va che dp ban chuyen che, d6 la mo hinh ket hgp ca nhiing dac diem cua ty do boa va dpc quyen trong truyen thong, van h6a.
Cho den cuoi nhirng nam 1980, mpt mat truyen thong van h6a Dai Loan van nam duai quyen kiem soat cua chinh phu quoc dan Dang, mat khae nen kinh te tu ban chu nghTa thanh cong tai Dai Loan ciing mof ra nhieu ca hpi phat trien eho cac phuang tien truyen thong van h6a. Tuy nhien, van h6a van chua dugc xem la mpt nganh cong nghiep toan dien nhu hien nay.
Trong giai doan ban dau, sy phat trien cua nganh cong nghiep van h6a Dai Loan van con le te, hinh thiic va npi dung dom gian'
Tir dau nhiing nam 1990, cac nganh cong nghiep van hoa eua Dai Loan da dugc chu trpng phat trien. Nam 1994 dugc coi la mpt thai dilm moc quan trpng khi thuat ngii "Cong nghiep van hoa" lan dau tien dugc hgp phap h6a trong ehinh sach "Trao quyen cho cgng dong" Thuat ngfi "cong nghiep van hoa" da dugc dua vao chinh sach phat trien quoc gia cua Dai Loan nam 1995. Den nam 2002, thuat ngii nay dugc doi ten thanh "Cong nghiep van hoa va sang tao". Tir d6 den nay, cong nghiep van h6a va sang tao da tra thanh mpt trong nhiing nganh cong nghiep mfii nhpn, try cot phat triln kinh t l ciia Dai Loan.
Nam 2002 la nam dau tien thyc hien chiln luge "Phat trien cac nganh cong nghiep van h6a va sang tao", doanh thu cua toan nganh dat 435,3 ty NTS va den nam 2007 con s l nay len den 617,4 ty N T $ l T I C dp tang truang trung
'Junhao Hong (1996)
" Bg Van hoa Dai Loan: "Bao cao thuang nien cac nganh cong nghiep van hda va sang tao 2008"
NhOng vin di KINH Tt VA CHINH TRI THt GICTI S6 8(244) 2016- 2 i ;
Cong nghiep van hoa Dai Loan: Thyc trang phat triln. Tran Quang Minh - T r l n Minh Nguyet
binh hang nam trong giai doan nay la 7,35%, cao hom so voi toe dp tang trucmg GDP hang nam trong cimg thai ky la 3,7%. Cong nghiep van h6a va sang tao da tao ra rat nhieu viec, da CO them 162,4 nghin viec Iam vao nam 2002 va 211,5 nghin viec lam vao nam 2007 . Lao dpng trong nganh cong nghiep nay chiem khoang 2,06% tong lao dpng tai Dai Loan.
Tir nam 2008 den nay, do anh huomg cua khimg hoang tai chinh toan cau nen toe dp tang tru6mg ciia toan nganh thap hon so voi giai doan truoc. Theo bao cao thuomg nien cac nganh eong nghiep van h6a va sang tao Dai Loan, nam 2008 doanh thu ciia toan nganh dat 678,3 ty NTS den nam 2011 con s l nay len din 784,2 ty NTS, tuy nhien
den nam 2012 doanh thu ciia toan nganh da giam xuing con 757,4 ty NTS, giam 3,42% so vol nam 2011 , lan suy giam dau tien trong gan ba nam suy thoai (Hinh 1). Nguyen nhan chu yeu do kinh te toan cau yeu kem dan den tieu dimg cua ngucyi dan Dai Loan cham lai, thi truomg xuat khiu ciing bj thu hep. Toe dp tang truomg trung binh cua toan nganh trong giai doan (2008 -2013) la 3,4%, chiem horn 5% doanh thu cua toan bp nen kinh tl.
Toe dp tang tru6mg viec lam trong giai doan nay la 0,42%, tao ra 0,17 trieu viec lam trong nam 2012.
Nam nganh c6 doanh thu cao trong nam 2012 la
Cong nghiep quang cao (145,0 ty NTS), cong nghiep phat thanh va truyen hinh (130,8 ty NTS), cong nghiep xuit ban (115,3 ty NTS), cong nghiep thu cong (105,8 ty NTS) va nganh cong nghiep thief ke kien true (63,2 ty NTS)' (Bang I). Trong do hai nganh cong nghiep co doanh thu cao nhat la quang cao va phat thanh truyen hinh chiem ban 40% doanh thu cua toan nganh, trong khi 3 nganh co doanh thu thap nhat la thief ke thai trang, ca sa iing dyng nghe thuat bieu dien va thief ke fryc quan chi chiem 0,5%i doanh thu toan nganh. Dieu nay cho thay sy mat can doi trong ca cau phat trien cac nganh cong nghiep van hoa va sang tao cua Dai Loan.
3
8
OOOODO 8000)0 7010DO CO3O0O 500000 4C00D0
Hinh 1: Duanh (hu cua nyanh tiing nghiep van hiia va sang tao Dai Loan (2008- 2U12)
Don vj: (trieu NTS)
wimn
lOOCOO •
0 KNam .. Doanh thu
^ ! 1
1 2008 678 330
2 2009 648.840
ajswua
3 2010 766,127
i I ' l l 4
M.
2011 784.254
5 2012 757.423
Nguon: Bp vdn hoa Ddi Loan, "Bdo cdo thu&ng niin cdc ngdnh cong nghiep van hoa vd sdng tgo ", thdng 11 ndm 2013.
Ghi chii: pi trdnh triing lap, cong nghiep sdng tgo cupc sdng khong dugc bao gom trong tinh todn ciia tdng doanh thu; Cong nghiip npi dung so da dugc tinh todn trong cdc ngdnh co liin quan.
' Xem 2.
. 8 6 Van hoa Dai Loan: "Bao cao thuong nien cac nganh ^ Bo van hoa Dai Loan, "Bao cao thuo'ng nien cac nganh cong nghiep van hoa va sang tao", thang 11 nSm 2013 cong nghiep van hoa va sang tao", thang 11 nam 2013
22 -NhOng vin di KINH Tt Mk C H I N H TRj THt GICTI So 8(244) 2016
T r i n Quang M i n h - T r i n Minh Nguyet Cong nghiep van hoa Dai Loan: Thyc trang phat trien...
Bdng 1: Doanh thu va toe do tang truong ciia cac nganh cong nghiep van hoa va sang tao Dai Loan (2008-2012)
Dan vi: nghin NTS, %
Nghe thuat true giac
Am nhac va nghe thuat bieu dien Co' SO' irng dung bieu dien nghe thuat
Thil cong
Phim anh Phat thanh va truyen hinh Xuat ban Quang cao Pop Music &
Culture Content
Thiet ke san pham Thiet ke true quan
Thiet ke thai trang Thiet ke kien triic
Doanh fhu Toe do tang truong Doanh thu Toe dp tang truong
2008 4.535.881
8.653.664
572.048
91.612.268
13.726.527 108.205.935 110.490.213 126.159.157 19.022.919
46.073.147 2.228.538
142.470 68.113.271
2009 3.635.929
-19,84%
7.754.865 -10,39%
682.039 19,23%
95.641.754 4,40%
13.318.258 -2,97%
111.189.972 2,76%
104.145.589 -5,74%
112.116.782 -11,13%
17.672.136 -7,10%
47.587.605 3,29%
2.750.307 23,41%
159.404 11,89%
56.805.594 -16,60%
2010 4.102.997
12,85%
9.055.455 16,77%
463.010 -32,11%
142.334.818 48,82%
14.971.153 12,41%
124.075.997 11,59%
114.712.860 10,15%
135.680.364 21,02%
18.601.208 5,26%
56.358.482 18,43%
3.639.231 32,32%
207.779 30,35%
64.178.160 12,98%
2011 4.388.549
6,96%
10.058.067 11,07%
1.171.085 152,93%
139.010.354 - 2,34%
20.013.451 33,68%
127.960.511 3,13%
115.090.559 0,33%
144.238.107 6,31%
19.587.742 5,30%
55.795.323 -1,00%
2.735.159 -24,84%
287.805 38,51%
64.021.212 -0,24%
2012 5.460.523
24,43%
11.181.141 11,17%
1.012.311 13,56%
105.773.337 -23,91%
20.689.288 3.,38%
130.797.491 2,22%
115.286.356 0,17%
144.964.606 0,50%
19.203.296 - 1,96%
54.459.057 -2,39%
1.671.148 -38,90%
317.561 10,34%
63.211.783 -1,26%
CAGR' 4,75%
6,62%
15,34%
3,66%
10,80%
4,85%
1,07%
3,53%
0,24%
4,27%
-6,94%
22,19%
-1,85%
Ngudn: Bp vdn hoa Ddi Loan, " Bdo cdo thu&ng niin ede ngdnh cong nghiip vdn hoa vd sdng tgo", thdng 11 ndm 2013.
*" CARG: Toe dp tang truang doanh thu binh quan
NhOng vin di KINH T^ VA CHJNH TRj TH^ GICTI So 8(244) 2016- 23
Cong nghiep van hoa Bai Loan: Thyc trang phat triin... Trin Quang Minh - TrSn Minh Nguyet
Doanh thu cua nganh cong nghiep van h6a Dai Loan chu y6u la tir fhu nhap trong nuac, chiem 90,64% t6ng doanh thu trong nam 2012, trong do ty le xuit khau cua nganh cong nghiep thief ke la tuong doi cao so vai cac nganh cong nghiep khac. Hinh 2 cho thiy, toe do fang truong doanh thu trong nude cua toan nganh trong hai nam (2011 va 2012) kha khiem t6n chi tang khoang 0% - 1%. Quan sat kim ngach xuat khiu c6 thi nhan thay, 2012 la nam dau tien frong gin 5 nam fang truong xuat khau giam.
Nguyen nhan chu yeu la do cuoc khung hoang ng khien cac nuac chau Au giam nhu cau tieu thy cac san pham cong nghiep van hoa, vi vay
frong giai doan 2008 - 2012. Tuy nhien, cQng frong giai doan nay, cac doanh nghiep co von kinh doanh duai 100 ty NTS thuong c6 doanh fhu khong on dinh. De giai quyet tinh trang thieu von trong cac doanh nghiep vira va nho (SME) va cac doanh nghiep sieu nho, Uy ban giam sat tai chinh Dai Loan da giai thieu Ke hoach mo rong ho trg tai chinh cho cac nganh cong nghiep van h6a va sang tao. Tir nam 2012 din 2013, s6 lugng cac doanh nghiep vira va nho (SMEs) va sieu nho da tang fir 44,97% len 50,66% trong tong so cac doanh nghiep boat dong frong ITnh vyc cong nghiep van h6a va sang tao.
700000
600000
500000
ma doanh fhu xuat khau
cua nganh cong nghiep Hinh 2: Doanh thu xuat khau cong nghiep van hoa va sang tao van hoa Dai Loan da Dai Loan (2008-2012)
giam gia tri. Dan vi; Trieu NTS Cac doanh nghiep
hoat dong frong nganh cong nghiep van hoa va sang tao tai Dai Loan ngay cang da dang va phan bo rong hon cac doanh nghiep trong cac linh vyc cong nghiep khac. Nam 2008, Dai Loan c6 tong cong 57.509 doanh nghiep boat dgng frong ITnh virc van hoa va sang tao, den nam 2012 con so nay tang len 58.686 doanh nghiep, tang 2% so voi nam 2008' Cac doanh nghiep quy mo lan c6 von kinh doanh fren 100 ty* NTS duy tri f6c do tang truong trung binh hang nam la 3,05%
I Doanh thu trong nuo'c 555,475 IDoanh thu xuat khau ! 44,060
508,587 64,872
601,437 86,942
606,037 : 610,937 98,320 ' 63,090 Nam Doanh thu trong nu'O'c Doanh thu xuat khau
Nguon: Bo Vdn hoa Ddi Loan, "Bdo cdo thuang nien cdc ngdnh cong nghiep vdn hoa vd sdng tgo'', thdng 11 ndm 2013.
' Bg van hoa Dai Loan: Bao cao thuo'ng nien cac nganh cong nghiep van hoa va sang tao, 2013.
' Shu-Lien Chang (2015).
24 -NhOng vin di KINH T^ VA CHINH TR.I TH^ GICTI So 8(244) 2016
Trin Quang Minh - Trgn Minh Nguyet Cong nghiep van hoa Oai Loan: Thyc trang phat triin...
Qua cac so lieu thong ke n6i tren, co the nit ra mgt so dac diem ciia thi truong cong nghiep van hoa va sang tao Dai Loan nhu sau:
Thic nhdt, thi truong san pham cong nghiep van h6a va sang tao da tang truong nhanh trong mgt khoang thai gian ngin duoi 10 nam (fir nam 2002 den nam 2008). Trong giai doan nay, foe do fang truong ciia cac nganh cong nghiep van hoa va sang tao khong chi cao ban so vai foe do tang truong GDP ma con tao ra nhilu viec lam. Sau d6, thi truong fang truong cham lai va bat diu fri tre.
Thie hai, thi truong cong nghiep van hoa va sang tao Dai Loan phat triln nhanh chong, tuy nhien ty le doanh thu xuit khiu trong ting doanh fhu toan nganh vin eon thip, doanh thu cua thi truong chil ylu la fir fhu nhap trong nuac, chilm 90,64% ting doanh thu frong nam 2012'
Thic ba, cac doanh nghiep quy mo Ion c6 tic do tang truong manh han va co siic eanh tranh lan hon rat nhieu so vai cac doanh nghiep vira va nho. Dir lieu thong ke cho thiy cae doanh nghiep van h6a va sang tao c6 s6 vln dilu le fren 100 trieu NTS luon duy fri miic tang truong duong. Tuy nhien, doanh fhu ciia cae doanh nghiep van h6a va sang tao co vln dilu le duai 100 trieu NTS, vin chua In dinh, do d6 chinh phli Dai Loan can c6 them chinh sach h i trg dac biet cho cac doanh nghiep vira va nho.
Thic tu, CO cau cong nghiep van hoa va sang tao bao gom nhilu ITnh vyc, song nhiing ITnh vyc dugc chinh phu Dai Loan dac biet quan tam, d6 la: i) Thief ke san phim; ii) cong nghiep ngi dung so; iii) thu cong; iv) am nhac va nghe thuat bieu diln; v) phim anh va vi) phat thanh va truyen hinh. Ting s l vln fai trg cua chinh phu cho cac nganh nay tir 2010 din 2013 len toi 384.600.000£'" (tuong duong 157.038,01 trieu Dai te).
3. Vai tro ciia cong nghiep van hoa Dai Loan
3.1. Vai tro kinh te
Thie nhdt, vai fro kinh te cua Cong nghiep van h6a Dai Loan c6 the nhan thay dugc mgt each tryc tiep va dinh lugng dugc doi voi nen kinh te. Dieu nay dugc the hien thong qua sy d6ng gop cua nganh nay vao GDP va tao cong an viec lam cho nguo'i lao dgng.
Nam 2002, tong san pham trong nuac (GDP) cua Dai Loan la 293,69 ty USD din nam 2013 GDP da fang len 475,33 ty U S D " . Trong 10 nam, "gia frj gia fang" frong GDP Dai Loan dugc tao ra boi nganh cong nghiep van hoa va sang tao da tang fir 435,3 ty NTS (tuong duang 14,05 ty USD), chilm 4,7% GDP Dai Loan frong nam 2002 len 785,5 ty NTS (tuong duong 25,35 ty USD), chilm 5,3% GDP Dai Loan trong nam 2013. S l lugng cac doanh nghiep boat dgng trong ITnh vyc cong nghiep van h6a va sang tao da tang fir 44.713 doanh nghiep, tao ra 162.436 viec lam trong nam 2002 len 57.509 doanh nghiep, tao ra 195.156 viec lam trong nam 2008. Nhin vao foe do tang truong ciia Cong nghiep van h6a va sang tao Dai Loan frong giai doan (2002 - 2013) c6 thi thay ty le tang truong trung binh hang nam cua nganh cong nghiep nay la 5,2%) eao ban so vai toe do tang truong GDP binh quan la 4,3%
trong ciing thai ky'^ Tir nam 2002 din nam 2009, s l lugng cac doanh nghiep hoat dgng trong ITnh vyc van hoa va sang tao tang gip 1,3 lan, viec lam tang 1,2 lin''^
B6 van hoa, Bao cao thuang nien cac nganh cong nghiep van hoa va sang tao Dai Loan 2013 '"Amanda Lin (2010)
http://www.tradingeconomics.com/taiwan/gdp '^http://translate.google.com.vn/translate?hL-vi&sl=zh- TW&u=https://www.moea.gov.tw/MNS/dop/content/wH andMenuFile.ashx%3FmenuJd%3D4192&prev=search
" . Bo van hoa Dai Loan, "Bao cao thuang nien cac nganh cong nghiep van hoa va sang tao Dai Loan 2003 - 2008"
NhOng vin di KINH Tt Mk CHJNH TRj T H i GICTI S6 8(244) 2016-
25
Cong nghiep van hoa Dai Loan: Thyc trang phat trien. Trin Quang Minh - T r i n Minh jjgjjygl
Bdng 3: Dong gop cua Cong nghiep van hoa Dai Loan cho tang truong GDP (2002 - 2007) Dan vi: ty NTS, %
Doanh thu
Ty le tang truong hang nam
D6ng g6p ciia CNVH vao GDP
2002 435,3
4,70
2003 503,2 15,60%
4,70
2004 556,5 10,61%
4,90
2005 581,1 4,42%
4,90
2006 599,8 3,22%
4,90
2007 617,4 2,93%
4,80
Ngudn: Bp van hoa Ddi Loan: "Bdo cdo thu&ng nien cdc ngdnh cong nghiip van hoa vd sdng tgo Ddi Loan 2003-2008"
Bdng 4: Dong gop ciia Cong nghiep van hoa Dai Loan cho tang tru-ong GDP (2008 - 2013) Dffn vi: ty NTS, %
Doanh fhu
Ty le tang tn.r6ng hang nam
Dong gop cua CNVH vao GDP
2008 678,3
5,38%
2009 648,8 -4,35%
5,20%
2010 766,1 18,08%
5,65%
2011 784,2 2,37%
5,74%
2012 757,4 -3,42%
5,39%
2013 785.5 3,7%
5,3%
Nguon: Bp vdn hoa Ddi Loan, "Bdo cdo thu&ng nien cdc ngdnh cong nghiip vdn hoa vd sdng tgo Ddi Loan 2013 "
Bdng 5: So lu-ong viec lam trong nganh cong nghiep van hoa va sang tao Dai Loan
Dffn vi: viic ldm (%)
So lugng viec lam Ty le tang truong
2002 162.436
2003 167.443
3,08%
2004 185.758
9,68%
2005 195.684
5,34%
2006 207.785
6,18%
2007 211.550
1,81%
2008 195.156
-7,40%
Nguon: Bp vdn hoa Ddi Loan, "Bdo cdo thu&ng nien cdc ngdnh cong nghiip vdn hoa vd sdng tgo Ddi Loan 2003 - 2008 "
Thie hai, Cong nghiep van h6a c6 tac dgng phim van boa, sang tao c6 the nhan gip boi khi gian tiep hay con ggi la "tac dgng lan toa" din chiing dugc chip nhan va thuong mai h6a boi sy phat frien cua cac ITnh vyc khac cua nln kinh cac nganh cong nghiep san xuat va dich vu te thong qua tieu dimg cac san phim cong khac. Nguori ta co thi xem Cong nghiep van hoa nghiep van hoa. Gia trj kinh fl ciia nhiing san va sang tao nhu boat dgng kinh t l thugng
26 -NtiOng vin di KINH Tt Mk CHfNH TRj TH^ GICTI So 8(244) 2016
T r i n Quang Minh - Trin Minh Nguyet Cong nghiep van hoa Dai Loan: Thyc trang phat triln...
nguon cung cap dau vao cho cac nganh cong nghiep khac trong nen kinh te. Thong qua ca che thi truong, cac san pham, dich vu, ngi dung va cac y tuong sang tao co the lan toa rong rai qua cac phuong tien truyen thong hien dai (nhu dien anh, truyen hinh), va do d6 tao ra hieu img khuech fan va lan truyen, thuc day viec lam va fhu nhap frong cac nganh cong nghiep khac, giiip cai thien chat lugng cuge song va moi truong sinh thai cua dat nuac. Sy yeu thich cua nguo'i xem doi vai cac bg phim truyen hinh de dang hap dan hg den vai cac san pham cua cac ITnh vyc khac. Cac dien vien nhu Dang Le Quan, Lam Tam Nhu, Lam Chi Linh, Gia Tinh Van, F4... dugc yeu thich qua cac bg phim truyen hinh Dai Loan khi lam dai dien thuong hieu cho cac san pham... da lam tang miic tieu thy cua cac san pham nay khong chi trong nuoc ma con a nuoc ngoai. Theo uac tinh cua Oxford Economics, ITnh vyc dien anh va truyen hinh gian tiep d6ng g6p them 111.205 trieu NTS vao GDP cua Dai Loan frong nam 2013 va qua do h§ trg them 82.200 viec lam va 8.201 trieu NTS doanh thu thue. Tong dong gop kinh te cua nganh cong nghiep nay (tinh ca tac dgng tryc tiep va gian tiep) vao GDP cua Dai Loan frong nam 2013 la 168.088 frieu NTS, tao ra 113.800 viec lam va 16.457 trieu NTS doanh fhu thul.
Ngoai ra, cac bg phim truyen hinh Dai Loan ngay cang gianh dugc nhieu giai thuong fai cac lien hoan phim the gioi da tao ra mgt sy quan tam manh me trong cgng dong nuac ngoai, gop phan thuc day sy phat triln nganh cong nghiep du lich nuac nay. Bg phim "Cuge dai cua Pi"
do Ly An dao dien ra mat tren toan the giai cQng la phim khai mac Lien hoan phim New York lan thir 50 tai Nha hat Walter Reade va Alice Tully a thanh phi New York vao ngay 28 Thang 9 nam 2012. Sau khi phat hanh, Cuge dai cua Pi da thanh cong noi bat ve thuong mai, thu vl hon 600 frieu USD fren toan ciu. Phim da doat dugc nhieu giai fhu6ng fai ll trao giai Oscar lan thii 85 ciing nhu giai Qua ciu vang.
Cac dia danh xuit hien frong cac canh quay ciia bg phim ciing tra thanh diem du lich hap dan du khach nuac ngoai.
2.2. Vai tro vdn hoa
Ben canh viec dong gop tryc tiep va gian tilp vao nen kinh te, Cong nghiep van boa Dai Loan con co vai tro khoi phuc, bao ton va truyen ba cac gia fri van h6a dan tgc ra the giai.
Thie nhdt, cong nghiep van h6a Dai Loan c6 vai tro khoi phuc va bao ton cac gia tri van h6a truyen thong cua dan tgc. Van hoa Dai Loan la su pha trgn da van hoa giira nen van h6a truyen thong Trung Quoc vai nhimg anh huong dang ke fir cac nuac Dong A, bao gom Nhat Ban, va anb huong cua cac nuac phuang Tay nhu My, Tay Ban Nha va Ha Lan. Theo thai gian su pha trgn van h6a nay da tao ca hgi cho Dai Loan dan dan phat trien nen van h6a rieng biet cua minh, chu yeu la bien the cua van h6a Trung Hoa. Su da dang va khac biet cua van h6a Dai Loan dugc the hien r5 trong cae san pham nghe thuat thi giac nhu do gom, ky hga, hgi hga, dieu khac, kien tnic va cac san pham nghe thuat thi giac hien dai (nhiep anh, video, lam phim), thief ke va thu cong my nghe. Cac san pham nghe thuat thi giac nay luu giii nhirng gia tri van h6a cua Dai Loan trong fimg thai ky lich sir dan tgc.
Tai Dai Loan, chung ta c6 the bat gap rat nhieu le hgi dan gian, hgi chg nghe thuat fruyin thong, va hang nghin ngoi den tha dao giao fren khap hon dao
Dan ban dia Dai Loan ciing co cac nen van hoa khac nhau. Hien nay, Dai Loan co khoang 480.000 nguoi dan ban dia, chiem 2% tong dan so cua hon dao nay, bao gom cac tih6m dan tgc Amis, Paiwan, Atayal, Bunun, Rukai, Puyuma, Taroko, Seedeq, Tsou, Saisyiat, Thao, Tao, Kavalan and Skizaya. Y thiic khoi phuc va bao ton ban sac van hoa cua cac dan toe ban dia Dai
'Van phong thong tin chinh phii Dai Loan, http://www.taiwan.gov.tw.
NhOng vin di KINH T^ VA CHINH TRj TH^ GICTI S6 8(244) 2016- 27
Cong nghiep van hoa Bai Loan: Thyc trang phat trien. T r i n Quang Minh - T r i n Minhjvlguygt
Loan bit diu tir nhiing nam 1990. Chfnh phu Dai Loan da chinh thiic thong qua ten ggi "cu dan ban dia" vao nam 1996 thay cho ten goc la . "dong bao miin mii" va thanh lap Hgi dong cac vin dl ban dia vao nam 1998 de thiic day va nang cao phuc lgi cho nguoi dan ban dia. Chinh phil tao dieu kien cho cac nhom ban dia phat huy kien thiic ve van h6a ban dia ra ben ngoai thong qua cac hgi chg trien lam, trinh dien nghe thuat va ban hang fhu cong my nghe ban dia. Nghe thuat va tinh sang tao cua nhirng san pham van boa nay ngay cang pho bien tren khap Dai Loan.
Ben canh d6, vai sy phat trien cua cong nghiep van h6a giai fri va sy pho cap cua mang internet, nguai dan Dai Loan c6 ca hgi tiep xiic vai van h6a nhieu hon, dugc thuong thiic, nghe, nhin va cam nhan ve van h6a, ve cac gia fri truyen thong cua dan tgc. Cac san pham van h6a giai tri la mgt g6c van h6a cua nen van h6a tien tien, dac biet nganh cong nghiep dien anh Dai Loan da tao nen dien mao va net dac sac cho van boa dan tgc nuac nay. Rat nhieu bg phim Dai Loan da thanh cong khi dua cuoc song doi thuong vao phim anh mgt each ty nhien, gan giii. Qua nhirng bg phim dcyi thuong ay bg giao dye nen nep gia dinh, ton ti trat ty, gia giao xa hgi va qua d6 dinh hudng ve van h6a loi song cho xa hgi.
Thit hai, Cong nghiep van h6a Dai Loan co vai fro truyen ba cac gia tri van h6a ra the giai, dua cac gia tri van hoa len mgt tam cao mai.
Dai Loan da tien hanh so b6a kho tang van hoa quoc gia (bao gom khao eo hgc, tai lieu luu trii, hien vat, thu phap va hgi hga, he thyc vat va dgng vat, sach quy hiem, va cac tai san khac) dl cung cap cho cac doanh nghiep va nguod dan vdi each thiic gan nhu mien phi. Qua frinh sl hoa nguyen goc van hoa truyen thong khong nhimg gin lien vai qua trinh khoi phuc va bao fin ban sac van h6a dan tgc ma con giiip Dai Loan giai • thieu dugc nln van hoa dgc dao cua minh vai fhl gioi, dong thod chia se kinh nghiem voi cac nuac thong qua cac du an da quic gia, hgp tac quic tl.
va truyin thong toan ciu, tir do tang cuong kha nang canh tranh cua Dai Loan.
Ben canh do, thong qua xuit khiu van hoa va cac san pham cong nghiep van boa nhu: thu cong my nghe, am nhac, am thyc, du lich... Dai Loan da fruyin tai dugc tinh than va linh hon cua quic gia, p h i bien dugc cac gia frj van h6a dgc dao cua dan tgc vai the giai, nang cao hinh anh hip dan vai ban be quoc te.
C6 fhl thiy, nganh cong nghiep van hoa xuat khiu cua Dai Loan da khang dinh dugc gia fri tren thi truong toan cau, tao dugc lan s6ng yeu thich van h6a Dai Loan a nuac ngoai, thong qua d6 sy hilu bilt v l van h6a Dai Loan fren the gioi dugc nang cao. Ban than nguai dan Dai Loan ciing luon y thirc ve viec quang ba hinh anh lanh thi. Nhirng cong dan Dai Loan gianh chien thing tren cac diu truong quoc te thuong khong bao gia bo la co hgi quang ba hinh anh lanh tho.
Tat ca nhiing dieu nay da g6p phan nang cao hinh anh cua Dai Loan tren toan the gi6i.
2.3. Vai tro chinh tri
Vai tro cua cong nghiep van h6a khong chi dimg lai 6 khia canh van hoa ma con the hien ro a khia canh chinh tri fren ca hai mat doi ngoai va doi ngi. Ve mat doi ngoai, cong nghiep van h6a khong chi gop phan thiic day the giai hieu biet ve gia tri van hoa, con nguo'i Dai Loan ma con nang cao hinh anh va sy fin nhiem cua -vung lanh tho nay vai cgng dong quic fl. V l mat dii ngi, nganh cong nghiep van boa Dai Loan co tac dgng nhat dinh den doi sing chinh tri cua nguori dan trong nuac, giiip nguoi dan nang cao nhan thiic van h6a, dam bao sy In djnh xa hgi va on dinh chinh tri.
Vi chinh tri doi ngogi, Dai Loan khong co quan he ngoai giao chinh thiic vai cac nuac Ion va khong dugc huong co che thanh vien trong cac to chirc quoc tl. Gerald Chan mgt nha diu tu bat dgng san noi tieng nguai Trung Quoc da mo ta Dai Loan la "mgt quoc gia giau c6 ve mat tai chinh, nhtmg ngheo nan ve mat ngoai giao".
28 -NhOng vin di KINH T^ VA CHfNH TRj TH^ GICTI S6 8(244) 2016
T r i n Quang Minh - Trin Minh Nguyet Cong nghiep van hoa Dai Loan: Thyc trang phat triln...
Dai Loan chi co quan be ngoai giao chinh thirc voi 22 lanh fhl nho va khong dugc chinh thirc cong nhan hai bat cii mgt quoc gia Ion nao.
Viec CO lap ngoai giao nay la kef qua cua chinh sach "mgt nuac Trung Quoc'' Theo chinh sach nay, cac quoc gia c6 quan he ngoai giao chinh thiic vai Trung Quoc phai cat diit quan he vai Dai Loan, va ngugc lai. Do ket qua cua chinh sach nay, Dai Loan hien nay chi c6 dai dien van phong lanh sy fai 57 quoc gia ggi la Van phong Kinh te va van hoa Dai Bac. Dieu nay da huge chinh phil Dai Loan phai dua ra cac giai phap sang tao de duy tri vi tri dgc lap tren toan cau va giai phap hiiu hieu nhat la thong qua quyen lyc mem. Tan cong sire manh mem cua Dai Loan boat dgng tren nhieu cap do, nhung c6 le mgt trong nhirng phuang tien the hien quyen lyc mem hiru hieu nhat va dugc biet den nhieu nhat la thong qua xuat khau cac san pham cong nghiep van hoa va sang tao.
Nha lanh dao Dai Loan Ma Anh Ciru timg tuyen bo: "Dai Bac phai gia fang siic manh mem neu muon c6 vi the vung vang fren the gioi" Muc tieu quan frgng nhat frong chinh sach doi ngoai cua Dai Loan chinh la phan biet Dai Loan va Trung Quoc tren truong quoc te.
Du luan Dai Loan lo ngai rang, mgt Dai Loan vo danh se de dang bi danh bai neu xay ra chien tranh vai Trung Quoc. Dai Loan da sir dyng thanh cong quyen lyc mem de nang cao hinh anh cua minh thong qua xay dyng cac thuang hieu noi tieng the giai nhu Giant, Din Tai Fung va tang cuong sy bien dien cua cac san pham van hoa va cong nghiep van h6a Dai Loan tren toan the gioi, dac biet la tai Trung Quoc dai luc.
Thong qua viec xuat khau cac phuong tien truyen thong va cac san pham van h6a sang Trung Quoc, chinh phu Dai Loan hy vgng se giiip nguai dan Trung Quoc hieu biet nhieu hon ve Dai Loan, va trong mgt tho'i gian dai se giup Trung Quoc nhan ra sy ton tai va phat trien ciia Dai Loan.
Ben canb do, cong nghiep van h6a n6i chung con dugc sir dung nhu mgt phuang tien hieu
qua dl nang cao hinh anh ciia Dai Loan voi the giai. Vi du: Sy pho biln cua phim truyen hinh thin tugng Dai Loan va mgt s l chuang trinh giai fri truyin hinh voi nhung cau chuyen tinh yeu lang man hay gay cuori da thu hiit dugc mgt s l lugng 16n khan gia dac biet la cac khan gia fre. Nhiing ngoi sao noi tieng Dai Loan co anh huong dang kl frong phim anh, am nhac, va truyin hinh tai cac quoc gia chau A. Cac dao dien nii tilng Dai Loan nhu Ly An va Thai Minh Lugng da giiip the gio'i biet den Dai Loan nhu mgt viing lanh tho sang tao va nang dgng.
Til sy yeu thich cac bg phim truyen hinh, yeu thich than tugng, cac khan gia ciing yeu thich vung lanh fhl va con nguo'i Dai Loan, tir do hg Cling CO xu huang tim hieu ve cac fin tiic chinh tri ciia viing lanh tho nay. Dong thai, cac chuong frinh truyen hinh Dai Loan, phat song a nhieu nuac va khu vyc, ciing co the lam cho cong chiing hieu ro ban ve Dai Loan.
Ve ehinh tri doi npi, cong nghiep van hoa Dai Loan c6 tac dgng nhat dinh den dai song chinh tri ciia nguo'i dan. De nang cao kha nang tham gia vao do'i song chinb tri, nguoi dan can phai khong ngirng nang cao gia fri van boa rieng cua hg fir viec biet dgc biet viet den viec nang cao nhan thiic ve van boa. Cong nghiep van hoa phat trien se giiip nguai dan c6 nhieu CO hgi nang cao chat lugng van h6a ciia hg.
Theo so lieu thong ke dieu tra cho thay, trong cac cuoc bau cir lanh dao Dai Loan hoac cac cuge bo phieu c6 lien quan khac, nguoi dan co frinh do hgc van hay chat lugng van h6a cao se than trgng ban frong quyet dinh bo phieu cua minh, do d6 ket qua bieu quyet co the dam bao tinh cong bang hgp ly va khach quan. Ngoai ra, cong nghiep van hoa phat trien co the gia tang dang ke co hgi viec lam, cai thien tinh trang that nghiep, dam bao sy on dinh xa hgi va on dinh chinh tri. Dac biet trong giai doan khiing hoang tai chinh, Dai Loan da phai doi mat voi thach thiic rat nghiem trgng, ty le thif nghiep tang len dang ke so voi nhiing nam truac do, b i n loan an ninh xa hgi. Tai tho'i diem d6, phat triln
NhOng vin di KINH T^ VA CHINH TRj THt GICTI S6 8(244) 2016- 29
Cong nghiep van hoa Dai Loan: Thyc frang phat trien. T r i n Quang Minh - T r i n Minh Nguygt
manh cac nganh cong nghiep van h6a, giai quyet vice lam, chac chan la mgt bien phap tot de on dinh dai song cho nguo'i dan.
Tom lgi, Dai Loan la mgt viing lanh tho co rat nhieu lgi the de phat trien cac nganh cong nghiep van hoa va sang tao. Vimg lanh tho nay la mgt xa hgi da van b6a, dan chu va co'i ma, c6 mgt nen giao due pho cap, va cac dac diem van h6a so vai cac nuac chau A la kha noi bat.
Trong nhiing nam gan day, Dai Loan da tro thanh mgt manh dat mau mo de phat trien cac nganh cong nghiep van hoa va sang tao. Sy gia tang nhanh chong cua nen kinh te Trung Quoc va sy hinh thanh cac khu vyc kinh te lan cua Trung Quoc trong khu vyc chau A la mgt co hgi hiem co doi vai cac doanh nghiep van hoa va sang tao Dai Loan. Ben canh do, Dai Loan timg thong tri nganh san xuat cong nghiep cong nghe cao the giai, da tich liiy dugc von, chuyen mon,
cong nghe tien tiln, tinh linh hoat va kha nang thich ling trong chuli gia fri cong nghiep toan ciu. Cac nganh cong nghiep van hoa va sang tao CO thi hgc hoi va k l thira dugc nhiing kinh nghiem quy bau nay de tiep tyc phat frien len.
Cong nghiep van hoa va sang tao Dai Loan khong chi d6ng vai tro quan trgng trong viec thiic diy sy phat trien kinh te cua Dai Loan trong bii canh toan cau boa va hgi nhap kinh te quic tl, ma con d6ng gop quan trgng vao viec quang ba hinh anh cua vimg lanh tho va con nguo'i Dai Loan ra the giai frong mgt boi canh khic nghiet cua tinh trang bi rang buoc ve mat ngoai giao vai chinh sach "mgt nuac Trung Quic" C6 fhl noi rang chinh sach phat trien cong nghiep van hoa va sang tao cua Dai Loan da dat dugc nhftng thanh tyu rat dang khich le.
Nhiing kinh nghiem ciia Dai Loan trong viec phat frien siic manh mem dan tgc thong qua thiic day cac nganh cong nghiep van hoa va sang tao se la nhirng tham khao hHu ich cho Viet Nam*
Tai lieu tham khao:
1. Amanda Lin (2010): Sector Report Creative Industries Taiwan, www.ukfi.gov.uk
2. Bg van hoa Dai Loan: "Bao cao thuang nien cac nganh cong nghiep van boa va sang tao, 2013.
3. Bg van h6a Dai Loan: Bdo cdo thuang niin cdc ngdnh cong nghiip vdn h&a vd sdng tao 2008.
4. Bg van h6a Dai Loan: Bdo cdo thu&ng nien ede ngdnh cong nghiip van hoa vd sdng tao Ddi Loan 2003 - 2008.
5. http://translate.google.com.vn/translate?hl=vi&sl=zh-
TW&u=hffps://www.moea.gov.tw/MNS/dop/confent/wHandMenuFiIe.ashx%3Fmenu_id%3 D4192&prev=search, http://'www.tradingeconomics.com/taiwan/gdp.
6. Junhao Hong (1996): Cultural Relations of China and Taiwan: An Examination of Three Stages of Policy Change. Interculfural Communication Studies VI :1
7. Laura Conigliaro (2013): Cultural Diplomacy: Taiwan" http:/^log.project2049.net/
8. Shu-Lien Chang (2015): Policy momentum for the development of Taiwan's cultural creative industries, hffp://www.researchgate.net
9. Van phong chinh phii Dai Loan, http://www.faiwan.gov.tw.
30 -NtiOng vin 6i KINH T^ VA CHfNH TRj THt GICTI S6 8(244) 2016
