VAN H 6 A NinHi: T H I I A T TROiia wirtc
Bao ton am nhae dan gian la each ufng xuf vdfi lich sur
NGUYi:N DANG NCHI
17 hang muc duoc UNESCO c&ng nhdn vd \dn vinh di sdn vdn hOa lh£ gioil tir 1994 d^in nay Id con sfl qud sifc tudng luong. Ddy Id nidm vui Idfn khdng chi vdl
nhung chuyen gla Idm hd so md cdn lan tda manh me den cdc td'ng ldp nhdn ddn. Chi nhin vdo dl
sdn dm nhae, sau nha nhae cung dinh Hue, khdng gian van hda cong chieng Tay Nguyen, dan ca quan ho, ca trii, hat xoan,
tm hdt ghee, cheo Tdu. si - luon, hdt then, hdt cheo, vi - dam. cai luong, hd bdi chdl, tdi tut, cdc didu ly... dd'u xufng mat anh (ido, du didu kidn Idm hd so d ^ trinh UNESCO xem xdt vd tdn vinh. CiJ(
dd ndy, muoi mirol Idm ndm nu^a, cd le Vidt Nam se duoc xdp vdo tdp dd'u ciia nhutig nudfc cd nhidu dl sdn diftfc UNESCO cOno nh$n.
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udn ndm nay vdi ky nghi t^t khd ddi. ngudi yfiu am nhae ddn gian sg cd du thdi gian de vd vdi nhihig midn da't (it nhdt Id trong ky lie) md d dd cd cdc Idn diCu dan ca dd duoc UNESCO ..Ong nhan la kici tde di san van hda phi vai ihe ciia nhdn loai. D€n Id vira d^ du .xuan, thudng thiic. vira de suy va nghi nhiing di san am nhae iCrng cd tir ldu cua ddn tde. nhung vira duoc khodc tren nd mdt nidm vinh hanh Idn. Hai di^m de'n dang duoc chu y hem ca, dd Id Kinh Bde (vdi ddn ca quan ho) vd viing ddl Td Hung Vucmg (vdi hdi xoan). Tdi chpn dan ca quan hp. hat xoan ldm vi du die'n hinh la bdi hai loai ddn ca ndy cd mdl he Ihd'ng iruydn thuye't kha thuye't phuc, nd cd the Id co sd de nhin sang cae the' loai dan ea khac.Nucmg vao nhimg truydn thuye't da ed, khdng ngoai muc dich la khdng dinh gid tri lich sir cua (img thd loai, lir dd se tha'y dupc thai dd ung xii, ling ddi eiia eon ngudi ngay nay vdi qud khu, hien lai vd tuong lai thdng qua viee bao tdn, phat huy ede di san dm nhae trong bdi canh hien tai.
Vdi ddn ca quan hp, nhidu truydn thuye't da gpi nhdc d^n su cd mat lau ddi cua nd tren viing Kinh Bde. Cd truydn thuyet ddy tinh ihuyg^t phuc. bdi nhihig ddu
ii'ch ciia nd vdn hiCn hihi d^n ngay nay, chdng han ddn thd Vua Ba Ihuy td quan ho d lang Didm la mdl vi du. Chuyen kd rdng: con gai thii 6 ciia vua Himg xinh dep, nd^t na.
de'n ludi cap ke ma chdng ngh! de^n viec chpn phd ma. chi ihich ngao du son thiiy. Xin vua eha mdt con ihuydn. cdng ehiia chpn 49 ddi trai gai khdng eiing ddng hp, hang ngay xudi ngupc ddng sdng Cdu.
Mdl hdm thuydn cua hp bi bao gidng \d vao viing da't va hp d lai khai khdn vimg ddt hoang nay.
Trong khi lao ddng. cdng chua thudng day eho 49 cap trai gai ca hat, rdi dupe cdng chiia xe duyen.
phan mdi cap 6 mdl vung rieng, sau nay trd thanh 49 ldng quan ho.
Sau khi cdng chua md't, hp dat ddn thd d ldng Didm vd ldn vinh la Vua Ba thiiy td quan hp. Mdng 6 thang hai am lich hdng nam, ldng Didm md hdi tai d^n, trude la Ifi Vua Ba, sau Id trai gai ca hat mimg xudn.
Ldi hat ndy goi Id hdt quan ho (1).
Truydn thuyet tren cd le Id ddng quan tam nhd't, vi trong nd hdi nhidu ye'u td: lich sir ngudn gdc, dan stf, dia ly, tdp qudn tui ngudng, phuong thik trinh didn... ciing vdi nhiing bie'n chuyen vd k 6 ndi gifla cdc ytfu td nay.
Vd lich sir ngudn gtfc va thdi didm ra ddi, ndu can cii vdo truydn thuyft thi dan ca quan hp da cd each
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Stf 344 Thdng 2-2013chung ta tren dudi 40CX) nam, do con gai vua Hiing truydn day. Day la mdt con sd het siie ihuyet phue. Tuy nhien, ddu truydn thuyet cd
"nhud'm mau hch sir hda, thieng hda" theo cdch tu duy ciia "Idng tdi. lang ta". thi nd vdn cii la mdt trong nhung didm tua dd nhidu ngudi nucmg vdo dd ma ly giai cac vdn dd khac nhau. ke ca khoa hoc va ddi sdng tam linh, dac biei id cdng viec bao tdn quan hp trong llidi dai hien nay.
Nhin trSn phuong didn vd dia ly thi Kinh Bde xua la viing dd't cd, cd .sdng, cd mii. cd chiia chien va nhirng canh ddng rdng. Ld viing dai ndm giua chau ihd cao va chdu thd ihdp. noi day ed the' la mdt Irong nhiing diem lain dirng ehan eua ngudi Viei dd tie'p luc cudc hanh lien vd phuong Nam Kmh Bde timg Id trung tam van hda eiia ngudi Viet dau thdi ky irung ed.
Hien tai, d Bde Ninh. khu ven sdng Cdu vd sdng NgQ Huyen Khe vdn cdn nhidu lang cd ciia ngudi Viet. Nhu vay. tren phucmg dien vd dia ly thi tha'y tinh hpp Iy ciia truydn thuyet khi de cap ve thdi diem, lich .sir ra ddi eua dan ca quan hp Vdi hat xoan, iruydn thuye't cung ly giai ve su ra ddi cua the loai ndy. Hai trong nhieu truydn thuye't dang chii y la:
Thu nhd't: vua Hung di tim dat ddng dd, tdi trua qua thdn Phii Dire vd nghi trua lai mdt khu
AM_NJdAC
rimg gdn dd. Nhin ra bai cd Irudc mat. thdy ddm ire ehan irau dang chm vd mua hai vui ve. Thdy vay. "Dire Tiianh ca hdn hJo nhirng ngudi di theo dem bdi hai ma ho bie't day cho lu ire.
Nhu'ng dieu hai ay cung la nhu'ng dieu hat xoan dau lien"(l).
Thif hai: chuySn kd vd hoang hau trd da mai khdng sinh ha. Que Hoa mua dep hai hay duoe trieu vao miia hat phuc vu dO hoang hau quen di dau ddn. Hodng hau nhu duoc lie'p them smh lire v.i sinh dupc 3 ngUdi con trai luan Hi, Vua Hiing vui mimg \';i "iruydn cho cac cdng chiia va cung nir hpc nhirng dieu mua, b.'ii hat ciia Que' Iloa.
Tlidi didm dd VM miia xuan, nen vua dat ten cho dieu hat miia Id hat xuan. TK XII ba Le Thi Lan Xuan ngudi Tam Ndng la va vua Ly Thdn Tdng cho SUU ldm va Id chiic phudng hat, vi kieng hiiy nen ddl ten hat xuan ihanh hai xoan"{2)
Nhu vay, ne'u can cii vao iruydn ihuye'l thi hat xoan ciing ed mdl bd day ciing Ijch sir iren dudi 4(X) nam cd le la ra ddi irudc quan ho. Chi tfnh lir liic ba Le Thi Lan Xuan suu lam va id chirc lai phudng hat thi de'n nay da 9 ihe ky, qua la mdt con sd vd eiing an tuong ve mat thdi gian
Budc ra ngodi truyen thuye't. hai loai dan ca cd nhidu didm khac nhau ve: he thd'ng bdi ban.
each thiic id chiic. each hat Dac biet Id khdng
Nhieu ngudi mdc trong phi^c quan hp va cung hot ddn ca quan hp trong le xac l$p ky li^c qudc gia Anh Phuong Anh
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VAN H 6 A NPiHI^ THl IAT TBOMfl UUtft gian trinh didn, quan hp (ddn ca giao duyen) mang tinh dan da. cdn hdt xoan (dan ca nghi Id phong luc) ludn gdn khdng gian ihieng.
Cd le cdn eii vao nhiing luan chirng khoa hoc trong hd SO dd cii, ndm 2009 UNESCO da nhin nhan diing khi cdng nhan dan ca quan hp Id di san phi vai the' dai dien ciia nhdn loai; nam 2011. hai xoan Id di dan van hda phi ihfi eiia nhan loai can dupc bao ve khdn cdp. Ddy la eo hdi td't dd nhan ddn cimg nhDng ngudi lam cdng tac ve van hda nghe Ihuai nhm nhdn Iai nhiing gia tri am nhae eiia Ong cha dO lai.
Lich su da tao nen. tac ddng, ghi hu qua trinh hinh ihanh. diit gay vd phat tridn ciia cdc the' loai am nhae ddn gian. va nd ue'p tuc lam nhicm vu a'y 6 ihdi die'm hien tai eung nhu lucfng Iai. Viec UNESCO cdng nhan cdc di san am nhae dan gian trong thdi gian qua, ngodi nidm vui. su vinh hanh eua cdng ddng di san ndi rieng. eiia nhan dan ca nude ndi chung. ihl day edn la bai toan vd ciing khd khan vd the iing ddl vdl ca qua khii hicn tai vd tuong lai. GiQ cho dupc nhiing gid tri trude kia da cd, phdt tridn nd trong thdi dai mdi dd la nhiem vu phai ldm trong Iiic nay, ludn ddi hdi nhiing ngudi ldm cdng tae quan ly phai dua ra duoc ldi giai vira ed ti'nh saeh luoe, chie'n luoe lau dai vd trude mdt mdt each hpp ly.
Nhiing di san dm nhae sau khi duoe vinh danh, nnh thdn ciia nhQng nha quan ly cdc cd'p ird nen sdl sdng hon bao gid he't. Bai loan bao ldn va phdi huy eae di san ndi chung da cd nhidu ldi giai. nhung xem ra ehua ai cd the liem cdn tdi ke't qua cudi ciing. Ngudi thi cho rdng bao ton chi'nh la phat huy, ngudi khae lai cd y kie'n ngupc Iai, cude tranh cai vd eae quan niem, khai niem vdn ehua nga ngu. Tuy nhien, bang tinh thdn va trdch nhiem eiia ngudi duong thdi trude nhirng gia trj am nhae vd gia ma dng cha de lai, nhidu ngudi. nhidu dja phuong da bdt tay vdo cdng viec. cho dii cd dung hudng hay Chech hudng thi didu dd eung ehdng quan trpng ddi vdi hp.
Xin dupc trd Iai vdi hat xoan va dan ca quan hp sau khi UNESCO cdng nhdn va vinh danh dd thdy duoc nhflng vific da ldm, ndi rdng ra dd Id
cdch ling xCr ciia ngudi duong thdi vdi mdt di
•san. Cd Ic xudt phdt tir bdnh thanh ti'ch, hay tit each hidu phdi dua cdc di san ra cdng ddng vd sdng trong mdi trudng cdng ddng, nen khdng it ngudi ta da tim each cho nd .stfng lai dii bdt ky d ddu. Thuc ra m6i loai hinh ddn ca ddu cd ngudn gtfc vd khdng gian trinh didn rieng. Hat xoan Id dan ca nghi Id phong luc gdn chat vdi nghi Id Ihd ciing Hting Vuong vd khdng gian didn xudng Id dinh ldng. Bdi vay mdt nguyfin ly CO ban Id mudn hat xoan i6n tai va phat trifin dupc phai dat nd trong ehinh khdng gian ciia 4 Idng xoan cd d Phii Thp, nhung khdng gian khae cd le la khdng hop.
Vific dua hat xoan vao cdc trudng phd ihdng vd trudng van hda nghe thuat, n^u gido vifin khdng phai Id nghfi nhdn thi dd roi vao llnh irang "gieo vimg ra ngd". Hem nOa. ddi lupng Ihuc hanh hat xoan Id nhihig cd gai ire. chii khdng phai ai hdt ciing duoc. vl day Id ldi hat nghi lfi cd tinh 'hifing. Trfin phuong difin vfi mat tdm linh, dia didm. khdng gian va ngudi hat, cdeh hdt ed mdt vai trd vd ciing quan trpng trong vific quyfit dinh tinh chdt cua mdt thd loai, va cao hon dd la net van hda ung xii dtfi vdi nhiing ngudi khai edng lap qudc. N^u hat xoan duoe trinh didn d mpi noi, tham chi ed ngudi da nghT tdi khdi phuc hdt xoan dfi quang ba thu hiii vd phue vu khach du ljch thi cd te dd se la ldi eanh bdo eiia mdt each lam thifi^u can nhdc irudc sau
Hifin tai vd cd le ca trong tuong lai, mdt sd dinh duoe xdy dung lai vdi stf tidn khdng nho, trong khi dd, chii nhdn Ihuc hdnh van hda lai ihi^u mdt ehinh saeh lai ehi'nh mang tinh kha Ihi cQng nhu mdt quan tam cdn thifi't d^n cdc nghe nhdn. Sd kinh phi dd duy tri cho mpi hoat ddng da it, nhung tai thudng phan bd theo difin md khdng theo didm. Dd Id mdt trong nhimg didu dd ddn nghe nhan va nhiing ngudi cd tam huyet 6in mdt tu tudng ehan nan. budng loi, vd hau qua ciia nd Id cdc di san dm nhae dan gian ngdy cdng bi mai mdt. hoae bi bien sang mdt dang thdi khdc.
Vfe dd ndy khdng rieng d tinh nao, ma la chung eho cdc dja phucmg cd di san dupc STi|Stf344
H i Thdng 2-2013
UNESCO vinh danh trong thdi gian qua. Xin la'y mdt vi du cu thfi: Nam 2005, khdng gian van hda cdng chieng Tay Nguyen dupc UNESCO cdng nhan la kifit tae iruydn khdu vd phi vat the ciia nhan loai. Hai nam sau dd, hpc vifin Am nhae Hufi'eir nhae .sT Khdc Yfin Ifin Tdy Nguyen mua bd cdng chifing dfi vd phuc vu cho viec giang day d khoa Am nhae di san. Chuye'n di dd mac dii khdng thuan lpi nhung mang lai cho nhae si mdt dn tuong tdt dep. Trong men say di san duoe vinh danh, ddng bao ndi rdng edng chieng Id di san ciia the gidi nen khdng ban, mud'n mua thi phai cd su ddng y va gia'y gidi thieu ciia UBND va sd VHTTDL. Rd rang ddng bao Tdy Nguyen da cd y thirc td't irong vice bao ve di san ciia hp. vdn dd cdn lai la co ehe, ehi'nh saeh vd chifi'n luoe bao ldn sao eho phu hpp md thdi. Nam 2012, khi nha nghien ciru Bill Trong Hien eiing dodn lam phim vao Tdy Nguyfin - noi ma anh da bd khdng it cdng siic nghien ciiu cdng chieng- cho biet cdu chuyen vd cdng chieng bay gid da khae.
Vdi hdt quan hp, trong viec bao tdn va phdt huy nd trong thdi dai ngay nay cflng khdng cd gl xan Ian hem cac di san am nhae duoc UNESCO edng nhan. Ngudi ta cflng dua vdo chuong trinh hpc hdt dan ea day cho hpc sinh cdc cap. Ve mat Iy ihuye'i ihi phdn ndo cd thfi' chdp nhan duoc. vi nd vua dap iing duoc tinh cap bach trudc mat, vira ndm trong chie'n lupc lau dai ctia cdc nhd quan Iy. Thue le'thl Iai hodn todn khac, vi ddy la ldi hat giao duyen ddnh cho tudi tfl cap ke trd ien, ne'u cho cdc em hpc, didu ndy khdng hpp ly tren nhidu phucmg dien: the trang, nhan thiic va dac biet la vdi each hat ky thuai, cac chau mdu giao, hpe sinh tidu hoc khd cd the dap iing duoe. Khdng phii hop vdi tam ly Ifla tudi, vdl vai dupc difin, chdc ehdn se gay tdm ly ehan nan cho cac em, va de roi vao tinh trang kidu "danh rdn gifla chimg".
Mdt dieu nua thudng gap dd Id, trong edng vific bao tdn va phat tridn cdc di san, do tdm ly thich khufi^ch truong ma cdi tam ly nay cd mdm mdng sau xa vd mang dam net van hda tieu ndng "cai gi Idng tdi cung nha't", nfin khdng it ngudi ctf gdng Idm ra nhflng cai khac la vd xa
A M N H A C V A MOA rdi vdi truydn thdng. Trudng hpp bifi'n quan hp tfl ldi hat giao duyfin nam nfl thanh ldi hat tdp ihe vdi 370 ngudi iham gia dd dupc cd tfin trong ky luc ghi nei. hay md loa thai to dd hat... da lam sai lech linh thdn eiia mdt thd loai dan ea.
dd la nhiing minh chiing cu thd eiia iam I;? thich khufich iruong nfiu trfin.
Bao tdn vd phai trifin di san trong edng ddng ciia chinh nd. ludn Id mdl phep ti'nh ddy thu thach ddl vdt ngudi giai. Hai ludng y kien khac nhau. tham chi la dd'i nghich nhau, mdt bfin Ihi cfl khang khang phai bao tdn nguyen ven, mdt bfin thi cho dd la hifin lupng ddng bang van hda, vi rdng nd phai dupc phai trifin trong thdi dai ngdy nay. Dan ea quan ho Bde Ninh va hat xoan Phii Tho trong tdng thfi eung su hen ddi ciia nd vdn cdn don gian hon nhflng thd loai dm nhae dan gian lifin quan den nhidu hu tuc lae hau.
Ne'u nhflng loai dan ca nay dupc vinh danh, thi cudc iranh luan giua hai ludng y kifi'n tren vdn difin ra dai ddi va chua cd hdi ket. The mdi biet ilm ra mdt khdi niem de hieu va djnh hudng td't cho vific bao ldn vd phdt huy di san am nhae dan gian trong thdi dai ngay nay la vd eung khd khan. Cd the vi, di san dm nhac dan gian nudc nhd nhu ben Id mdl ddng sdng ngay ngdy bi con sdng eua ihdi gian xody mdn, xd vd. vd cdc nha quan Iy cung lim mpi cdeh che chdn de cd the gifl dupc nhiing gi edn Iai. Tinh thdn dd dang dupc khich lfi, nhung each Idm va hieu qua eua nd lai la mdt chuyen edn ban. Ndi each khac.
ddu lam bdng each ndo di chang nua, thi didu ddu lien vdn phai tdn trpng ljch su •
N.D.N [. Phdm Trong Toiin, Tuang ddng, khdc biet giUa hdt xoan, hdt gheo Phd Tho va quan ho Bac Ninh. Lu^n an Tie'n sT Van hoa hoc. Vifin Van hoa - Thflng Un. 2005.
ir 87-88.
2. Ngfl Quang Nam. Xuflm ThiCm. Dia chi Vinh Phu:
Vdn hda ddn gian vung Dd't To. So Vdn hda vd Thdng itn VTnh Phii xb, VTnh Phd,l986. ir.145-146.
i. Vu Kim Bien, Vdn hien Idng xd vUng Ddt To Hang Vuong. Trung iim UNESCO ihOng lin lir lifiu lieh sir vk van hda Vifil Nam va So Van hda Thflng lin Th^ thao linh Phii Tho xb, Phii Tho. 1999, lr.256.
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