Qudn ly Tdi nguyen rung & Moi trudng
J DAC DIEM HE THlTC V A T 6 KHU BAO TON THIEN NHIEN XUAN NHA,
" • • •
TINH SON LA
D i n h Thi H o a \ H o a n g V a n Sam^
ThS. Trudng Dgi hpc Toy Bdc PGS.TS. Truong Dgi hpc Ldm nghiep T O M T A T
He thuc vat 6 Khu Bao ton thien nhien Xuan Nha, tinh Som La kha da dang va phong phii Ket qua ghi nhan dupe 1068 loai thupc 487 chi va 159 hp thuc vaL Cac hp co s6 loai nhilu nhit tai khu vuc nhu hp Thau diu, ho Dd, hp Cue, hp Dau, hp Dau tim... Cac chi co s6 loai chilm uu the nhu Rubus (hp Hoa hong), Ficus (hp Dau tam), Ardisia (hp Don nem), Quercus, Lithocarpus (hp De). Nghien ciiu da b6 sung 75 loai mdi cho he thuc vat Xuan Nha va dac biet la 03 loai moi cho he thuc vat Viet Nam la Sung accamp - Ficus accamptophylla (Miq.) Miq., Sung xuan nha - Ficus ruginervia Comer va Do quyen xuan nha - Rhododendron pseudochrysanthum Hayata. Ve dang song cho thay, nhom ch6i tren co ty le cao nhat vdi 78,84%, vl yeu to dia ly co den 74,44% s6 loai toan he thupc yeu t6 nhiet ddi tai Khu Bio t6n thien nhien Xuan Nha. He thuc vat Khu Bao ton thien nhiSn Xuan Nha co gia trj bao ton cao voi 53 loai bi de dpa trong pham vi quoc gia va qu6c tl, trong do 44 loai trong Sach do VietNam (2007), 12 loai d-ong danh luc do cua lUCN (2014) va 13 loai theo ND32/2006.
Tir khoa: Bao ton, da dang sinh hoc, hi thirc v^t, Khu Bdo tdn thien nhien Xuan Nha.
I. DAT VAN DE
Khu Bao tdn thien nhien (BTTN) Xuan Nha, tinh Scm La dugc thanh lap nam 1986 vdi tdng dien tich gan 22.000 ha thudc huyen Van Ho va Mdc Chau, tinh San La. Khu BTTN Xuan Nha la mdt frong nhting trung tam da dang viing Tay B5c Viet Nam vdi nhiSu loai quy hiem cd gia tri bao tdn cao da dugc ghi nhan nhu Thdng pa cd, Bach xanh. Pa mu, Du sam, Thdng xuan nha, NghiSn... Nhim cung cdp thdng tin tdng quat va diy dii vg cac dac diem cua he thyc vat thudc Khu BTTN Xuan Nha, lam ca sd khoa hgc cho viec quan ly va bao tdn he thyc vat ndi rieng va da dang sinh hgc tai khu BTTN Xuan Nha ndi chung, chiing tdi tiSn hanh nghien ctiu dac dilm ciia he thyc vat tai day. Ket qua nghien ciiu la qua trinh dihi tra nghien ciiu trong 3 nam, tir 2013 d8n2015.
n.DOITUONQPHU'aNGPHAPNGHIENCUU 2.1. Doi tirong nghien cihi
Vat lieu nghien ciiu la cac loai thyc vat bac cao cd mach tai khu BTTN Xuan Nha, Son La.
2.2. Phirong phap nghien ciru
- Phuang phdp dieu tra thuc dia: Thu thap sd lieu ngoai thyc dia fren 15 tuydn di qua hau het cac dai cao va frang thai rtmg ciia khu BTTN Xuan Nha. Chidu rdng tuyin la 10 m, chieu dai cac tuyin tir 3 km din 8,5 km. Tren cac tuyen dieu tra, chiing tdi lap 45 d tieu chuan cd dien tich Idn (2500 m^) va tiin hanh thu thap cac mau, anh, thdng tin v l cac loai thyc vat thudc ddi tugng nghien ciiu.
Phucmg phdp xir ly so lieu: Phuomg phap thu mlu va xii ly mau thyc vat theo tai lieu
"Cdm nang nghien ctru da dang sinh vdt"
(Nguyen NghIa Thin, 1997); fra ciiu theo cac tai lieu frong giam dinh mau va fra ciiu ten khoa hgc cac loai thyc vat nhu: Cdy co Viet Nam (Pham Hoang Hg, 1999 - 2000); Ten cdy rimg Viet Nam (Bg Ndng nghiep va PTNT, 2000);
Cdm nang tra ant vd nhan biet cdc ho thuc vdt hat kin a VietNam (Nguyin Tiin Bdn, 1997); Thuc vdt chi Viet Nam, tap 1 11 (Vien Khoa hgc va Cdng nghe Viet Nam, 1996 - 2007)...
Phuang phdp chuyen gia: Sii dung phuong phap chuyen gia frong xii ly, giam 66 TAP c m KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 2-2016
Qudn ly Tdi nguyen rimg & Moi trucmg dinh mau va tra cuu ten khoa hgc cac loai thyc
vat. Cac mlu dugc fra ciiu va luu tru tai Trudng Dai hgc Lam nghiep va Dai hgc Tay Bac.
- Nghien ciiu, danh gia ve gia tri bao tdn tai nguyen thyc vat theo Sach dd Viet Nam 2007, danh luc dd lUCN nam 2014, nghi dinh 32 CP nam 2006.
m . KET QUA NGHIEN CUtJ, THAO L U . ^ 3.1. Da dang cac taxon thyc vat
Bang 01. Da dang taxon
3.1.1. Ba dang ve thdnh phan lodi
He thyc vat d Khu Bao tdn thien nhien Xuan Nha rit da dang va phong phii vdi 1068 loai thugc 487 chi va 159 hg thugc 5 nganh thyc vat bac cao cd mach la Thdng dat - Lycopodiophyta, Cd thap biit - Equisetophyta, Duang xi - Polypodiophyta, Thdng - Pinophyta va nganh Nggc lan - Magnoliophyta. Tinh da dang cac taxon dugc the hien d bang 01.
ciia he thirc vat Xuan Nha TT
1 2 3 4 5 5.1 5.2
Tba Khoa hoc
Lycopodiophyta Equisetophyta Polypodiophyta Gymnospermae Angiospermae Dicotyledones Monocotyledones
Tong
Ten Viet Nam Nganh Thong dat Nganh Co thap biit Nganh Duong xi Nganh Hat tran Nganh Hat kin Lop 2 Id mam Lap 1 Id mdm
He So luffng
2 1 18
6 132 108 24 159
I
% 1,26 0,63 11,32 3,77 83,02 67,92 15,09 100
Chi So Chi
4 1 37 12 433 360 73 487
% 0,82 0,21 7,60 2,46 88,91 73,92 14,99 100
Loai So Loai
18 2 119
17 912 801 111 1068
% 1,69 0,19 11,14
1,59 85,39 75,00 10,39 100 Qua bang 01 cho thay, he thyc vat Xuan
Nha cd dai dien ciia ca 5 nganh thyc vat, phan Idn cac taxon tap trung frong nganh Hat kin vdi tdng sd 912 loai, 433 chi va 132 hg, chiem ty frgng 85,39% sd loai, 88,91% sd chi va 83,02 % sd hg ciia ca he thyc vat. Trong dd, Idp Hai la mam chiem dai da sd vdi 801 loai, dat 75%. Tiep den la nganh Duong xi vdi sd lugng loai kha phong phii la 119 loai, chilm 11,14% va thap nhat la nganh Cd thap btit vdi duy nhat 1 loai. Xet chung cho toan he thyc vat khu vyc cii trung binh mdi hg cd khoang 6,7 loai. Chi sd da dang chi la 2,2 tuong ting vdi trung binh mdi chi cd tir 2 den 3 loai va trung
binh mdi hg cd 3,1 chi.
3.1.2. Cdc lodi mdi bo sung cho he thuc vat XuanNha
Qua nghien cthi chting tdi da phat hien va bd sung 75 loai thyc vat mdi va 17 hg cho he thyc vat Khu bao tdn thien nhien Xuan Nha so vdi mdt sd nghien ciiu da cdng bd. Dieu nay cho thay, khu vyc Xuan Nha cdn tiem an nhilu gia tri da dang sinh hgc vdi nhilu loai mdi chua dugc kham pha het.
Dac biet, trong nghien ciiu nay, chting tdi da phat hien them 03 loai thyc vat mdi cho he thyc vat Viet Nam cd phan bd tai Khu bao tdn thien nhien Xuan Nha (bang 02).
TAP CHi KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 2-2016 67
Qudn ly Tdi nguyen rimg & Moi trudng
Bang 02. Loai mdi cho he thyc vat Viet Nam duoc phat hien tai Xuan Nha_
T T Ten khoa hoc loai Ten loai Viet Nam
Ten ho thuc vat
Ten ho Viet Nam
So hieu tieu ban 1
2 3
Ficus accamptophylla (Miq.) Miq Ficus ruginervia Comer Rhododendron
pseudochrysanthum Hayata
Sung accam Da xuan nha D6 quyen xuan nil a
Moraceae Moraceae Ericaceae
Dau tam Dau tam Do quyen
XN905 XN169 XNlOl
3.1.3. Da dang bdc chi vd hp thuc vat
Qua nghien ciiu da thong ke 10 hg da dang nhat tai khu vyc nghien ciiu chiem 6,29% tdng sd hg, 32,12% ting s6 loai ctia khu he thyc vat.
Cac hg da dang ve thanh phan loai la hg Thau dau (Euphobiaceae) 61 loai, hg Ca phe (Rubiaceae) 48 loai, hg Cd (Poaceae) 37 loai, hg De (Fagaceae) 35 loai, hg Ciic (Asteraceae) 32 loai, Dau tim (Moraceae) 28 loai, hg Dau (Fabaceae) 27 loai, hg Duong xi thudng (Dryopteridaceae) 25 loai va hg Long nao (Lauraceae) co 24 loai. Tai Xuan Nha cac bg da dang nliat da phan deu la nhiing hg giau loai ciia he thyc vat Viet Nam. Ngoai ra, sy co mat cua 2 hg thyc vat A nhiet ddi la Long nao (Lauraceae) va De (Fagaceae) trong nhom 10 hg giau loai chiing to anh hudng kha ro cua do cao dia hinh den thanh phan loai ciia he thyc vat Xuan Nha.
Ket qua ciing cho thay, 10 chi da dang nhat CO 125 loai, chiem 11,70% tdng so loai va chiem 25,87% sd chi cua toan he thyc vat.
Trong do, chi Rubus (Rosaceae) cd sd loai nhilu nhit la 18 loai, chiem 1,69%, chi Ficus (Moraceae) co 15 loai 1,50%. Tiep theo la cac clii Ardisia (Myrsinaceae) va chi Quercus (Fagaceae) diu cd 14 loai, chi Lithocaipus (Fagaceae) cd 13 loai, chi Asplanium (Aspleniaceae) cd 12 loai, chi Antidesma (Euphorbiaceae) va Elaeocaipus (Elaeocarpaceae) deu cd 10 loai, 2 chi Bauhinia (Caesalpiniaceae) va Crotalaria (Fabaceae) diu cd 9 loai). Sy cd mat cua ctia chi .Ardisia, Asplanium vdi chu yeu la cac loai ua bdng, am nhu La khdi, Trgng diia hay cac loai phu sinh nhu Td dieu cho thay he thyc vat khu vyc CO dac diem kha am. Cac chi khac nhu cac chi Sdi, De thugc hg De lai the hien tinh A nhiet ddi do khu vyc cd nhieu nod dia hinh cao tren 1000 m.
3.2. Da dang ve dang sdng cua thuc vat Dang sdng dugc danh gia theo lieu chuan cua Raunkiaer (1934). Ty le phan tram cua nhdm dang sdng va cac dang sdng cu the dugc the hien trong bang 03.
Bang 03. Dang song ciia he thuc vat Xuan Nha T T
1
/.;
1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 2
3
4 5
Dang song Nhom cay choi tren Cdv go
Cdy lim (bui) Ddy leo song lau nam Cdy hi sinh song lau nam Car thao song lau nam
Cdy AT sinh, bdn ky' sinh song lau nam Nhom cay choi sat dat
Nhom cay choi nua an Nhom cay choi an Khoni cay choi mot nam
Tong
Ky hieu Ph MM Na Lp Ep Hp Pp Ch Hm
Cr Th
So loai 842 421 176 114 49 77 5 72 68 56 30 1068
Tv le (%) 78,84 39.42 16,48 10,67 4,59 7,21 0,47 6,74 6,37 5,24 2,81 100 68 TAP CHI KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 2-2016
Qudn ly Tdi nguyen rirng & Moi trudng Nhdm chdi tten (Ph) chilm ty le cao nhat SB = 78,84 Ph + 6,74 Ch + 6,37 Hm + 78,84% toan he thyc vat. Trong dd, nhdm cay + 5,24 Cr + 2,81 Th
ga (MM) chilm din 39,42%. Cac nhdm cdn l^i 3 3^ ^ ^ ^^^g ^ | y|„ ^3 ^i^ ,^ ^^^ ^g thyc vat chiem ty le thap tii 2,81% d nhdm cay chdi
mgt nam (Th) cho den 6,74% d nhdm cay chdi sat dat (Ch). Tir ket qui fren, chiing tdi dua ra phd dang sdng cila khu he thyc vat Khu Bao tdn thien nhien Xuan Nha nhu sau:
Chiing tdi sii dung he thdng phan loai ciia Nguyin Nghia Thm (2004) dl phan loai cac yiu td dia ly cho 1068 loai frong he thyc vat Xuan Nha. Kit qua the hien tai bang 04.
Bang 04. Cac yeu to dja ly cua he thurc vat Xuan Nha Cac yeu to
Yeu to the gidi Yeu to nhift doi Yeu to lien nhiet ddi - Lien nhiet ddi
- Nhiet ddi chau A, chau Uc va chau My - Nhiet ddi chau A, chau Phi va chau My
Nhiet ddi chau A, chau Uc, chau My va cac dao Thai Binh Duong
Yeu to CO nhiet ddi - Co nhiet ddi
- Nhiet ddi chau A va chau Uc - Nhiet ddi chau A va chau Phi Nhiet ddi chau A
- Nhiet ddi chau A - Ddng Duong - Malezi - Ddng Duong - An Dp - Dong Duong - Hymalaya - Ddng Duong - Nam Trung Quoc - Dong Duong
On ddi - On ddi Bac - Dong A - Bac My - On ddi CO the gidi
- On ddi Dia Trung Hai - Chau Au - - Dong A
Dac hull Dac hiru Viet Nam Dac him hep Can dac hiru Yeu td cay trong Chua xdc dinh Tong
Chau A
Ky hieu 1
2 1.1 2.2 2.3 3 3.1 3.2 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 6 6.1 6.2 7
So loai 7 795
34 25 1 6 2 60
7 48 5 701 379 32 50 52 151
37 40 9 3 0 12 16 141 83 47 11 15 70 1068
Tyle(%) 0,66 74,44
3,18 2,34 0,09 0,56 0,19 5,62 0,66 4,49 0,47 65,64 35,49 3,00 4,68 4,87 14,14
3,46 3,75 0,84 0,28 0,00 1,12 1,50 13,20
7,77 4,40 1,03 1,40 6,55 100
He thyc vat Xuan Nha the hien dac diem Trong nhdm cac vimg phan bd nhiet ddi, chu cua mdt he thyc vat nhiet ddi dien hinh vi cd yiu van la nhiet ddi chau A vdi 65,64%> sd tdi 74,44%) s6 loai thudc nhdm nay va chi cd loai. Nhdm yiu td dac hiiu tai Xuan Nha 3,75% sd loai cd vimg phan bo thudc dn ddi. (13,20%) tuang duang vdi ty le dac hiru chung
TAP CHI KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 2-2016 69
Qudn ly Tdi nguyen rimg & Moi truomg cua toan he thuc vat Viet Nam (11,49%) (Thai Van Trtmg, 1978). Nhtmg nlu so vdi mgt sd he thyc vat cac khu khac nhu VQG Hoang Lien (yiu td dac hiru chiem 16,60%, theo Nguyen Qudc Tri, 2008), BTTN Pii Hoat, Nghe An, (ty le nay la 16,9% theo Hoang Danh Trung & cs, 2010) hay VQG Ba Vi (24,6% theo Trin Minh Tuin, 2014) thi Xuan Nha cd ty le dac hiiu thip ban. Tuy nhien, can chii y nghien cuu bao tdn cac loai dac hiiu ciia Khu Bao tdn, nhit la cac loai mdi dugc phat hien nhu Thdng xuan nha, Do quyen xuan nha, Sung.
3.4. Da dang ve gia tri bao ton
He thyc vat tai Khu Bao ton thien nhien Xuan Nha khdng chi da dang vl thanh phan loai ma cdn da dang ve gia tri bao tdn. Ket qua dieu fra da ghi nhan dugc 53 loai thyc vat thudc 33 hg, chilm 4,96% sd loai va 20,75%
sd hg frong tdng sd 1068 loai va 159 hg thyc vat tai Khu Bao tdn thien nhien Xuan Nha.
Trong dd cd 44 loai frong Sach dd Viet Nam nam 2007, 13 loai thudc Nghi dinh sd 32/2006 va 12 loai frong danh luc dd lUCN 2014 (Dinh Thi Hoa va cdng sy, 2016).
rv. KET LUAN
He thyc vat d Khu Bao tdn thien nhien Xuan Nha, tinh San La rit da dang vl cac bac taxon, dang sdng va yiu to dia ly. Qua nghien ctiu da ghi nhan dugc 1068 loai thudc 487 chi va 159 hg thudc 5 nganh thyc vat bac cao cd mach. Nghien ciiu da gdp phin bd sung them dugc 75 loai cho danh lyc he thyc vat khu vyc va dac biet la phat hien 3 loai mdi cho he thyc vat Viet Nam cd phan bd tai Xuan Nha. He thyc vat Khu Bao tdn thien nhien Xuan Nha vdi 05
nhdm dang song chinh, frong dd nhdm cay choi fren la chilm im thi vdi 78,74% so loai va the hien dugc tinh chit nhiet ddi ciia he thuc vat khu vyc. He thyc vat Xuan Nha ciing rit da dang ve cac yeu td dia ly, frong do nhdm yeu td nhiet ddi chiem cao nhit vdi 74,44% so loai toan he. He thyc vat Xuan Nha cd gia tri bao tdn cao vdi 53 loai bj de dga trong pham vi qudc gia va qudc te. Ket qua nghien ciiu ve cac dac diem ciia he thyc vat Khu Bao tdn thien nhien Xuan Nha la ca sd quan frgng cho nhiing nghien ciiu tiep theo cimg nhu cho cdng tac quan ly, bao ve frong thdi gian tdi, gdp phan gin giu tai nguyen da dang sinh hgc cho Khu Bao tdn Xuan Nha ndi rieng va khu vyc Tay Bac ndi chung.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Nguyen Tien Ban (1997). Cdm nang tra cuu va nhgn biet cdc ho thuc vdt hat kin d Viet Nam. Nxb.
Nong nghiep. Ha Npi.
2. Nguyen Tien Ban (chu bien) & cs (2003, 2005).
Danh luc cdc lodi thuc vdt Viet Nam, tap 2, 3. Nxb.
Nong nghiep. Ha Npi.
3. Bp Khoa hpc Cong nghe (2007). Sach do Viet Nam, Phdn II - Thuc vdt. Nxb. Khoa hpc Tu nhien va Cong nghe. Ha Npi.
4. Bp Nong nghi?p va Phat trien nong thon (2000).
Ten cdy rimg Viet Nam. Nxb. Nong nghiep. Ha Npi.
5. Dinh Thi Hoa, Hoang Van Sam, Nguyin Hirng Chien (2016). Da dang thuc vat quy hi6m tai Khu Bao ton thien nhien Xuan Nha, tinh Son La. Tap chi Nong nghiep vd Phdt trien Ndng thdn 2: 124-130.
6. Pham Hoang Hp (1999 - 2003). Cdy cd VietNam, quyIn 1-3. Nxb. Tre, TP. Ho Chi Minh.
7. Nguyin Nghia Thin (1997). Cam nang nghien ctiu da dang sinh vdt. Nxb. Nong nghiep. Ha Npi.
8. Vien Khoa hpc va Cong nghe Viet Nam (1996 - 2007). Thuc vdt chi Viet Nam, tap 1-11. Nxb. Khoa hpc Ky thuat. Ha Npi.
70 TAP c m KHOA HQC VA CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP SO 2-2016
Qudn ly Tdi nguyen rirng & Moi trudng
FLORISTICS IN XUAN NHA NATURE RESERVE, SON LA PROVINCE
Dinh Thi Hoa, Hoang Van Sam SUMMARY
The flora of Xuan Nha Nature Reserve, Son La province diverse in species composition, conservation value, life form, and phyto-geographical elements. The result of research showed that there are 1068 species belonging to 487 genera and 159 families recorded. The flora with some dominant families such as Euphorbiaceae, Poaceae, Rubiaceae, Fagaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Moraceae. The research has found 75 new records for flora of Xuan Nha and especially, 03 species are new records for flora of Viet Nam (Ficus accamptophylla (Miq.)Miq, Ficus ruginervia Comer, Rhododendron pseudochrysanthum Hayata). The existence of a variety of life-forms reflects the typically tropical characteristics of the flora at the Na Hau Nature Reserve. Phanerophytes are the most dominant life-forms with about 78.84% and tropical elements are the most dominant phyto-geogiaphical elements with 74.44% of total plant species in Xuan Nha Nature Reserve. A total of 53 plant species are threatened. There are 44 species are Usted in Vietnam Data Red Book (2007), 12 species Usted m the lUCN Red Ust (2014), 13 species in Decree 32/2006 of Vietaamese govemment.
Keywords: Biodiversity, consevation, flora, Xuan Nha Nature Reserve.
Ngircri phan bien Ngay nhan bai Ngay phan bien Ngay quyet dinh dang
PGS.TS. Vu Quang Nam 01/4/2016
08/4/2016 15/4/2016
TAP CHi KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE LAM NGHIEP S6 2-2016 71
