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MQT SO QUAN DIEM CHI DAO PHAT TRIEN NHANH vA BEN VtJNG THEO TINH THAN DAI HQIXI ctjA DANG
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uoTig ITnh xdy dung ddt nuac trong thai ky qud do len chit nghia xd hgi (Bo sung, phdt trien ndm 2011) da khdng dinh: "Phdt trign kinh tl Id nhiem vu tnmg tdm; thuc hien cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda dit nudc gin vdi phdt trign kinh tg tri thuc vd bdo ve tdi nguygn, mdi trudng; xdy dyng ca cau kinh te hgp ly, hien dai, cd hieu qud vd ben viing, gdn kgt chat che cdng nghiep, ndng nghiep, dich vy... Bdo dam phdt triln hdi hda gifta cdc vimg, miln; thiic diy phdt triln nhanh cdc vimg kinh tl trpng diim, dong thdi tao dilu kien phdt trign cdc vimg cd nhilu khd khan. Xdy dyng nin kinh tl ddc lap, ty chu, ddng thdi chu ddng, tich cue hdi nhap kinh tl' quoc tl"^'^Chiin luge phdt triin kinh ti xd hgi 2011-2020 tilp tyc nhin manh: "Phdt hiln nhanh gin liln vdi phdt hiln bin vimg, phdt triln bin vumg Id ydu ciu xuygn suit trong Chiln lugc"^^^
Trong xdy dung nin kinh tl thi trudng dinh hudng XHCN, Ddng vd Nhd nudc dd
<'^ Ding liy Hpc vi$n Chinh trj Hanh chinh quoc gia Ho Chi Minh.
dl ra nhilu chii truang vd gidi phdp nhim thiic diy tdng trudng kinh tg, nhit Id chdt lugng tdng trudng, coi hieu qua kinh tl Id mdt hong nhiing npi dung quan hpng cua tdng trudng kinh tg, huy dpng vd su dyng cd hieu qud cdc ngudn lye cho tang trudng kinh tg. Hai mat cua tang trudng kinh te Id lupng vd chat. Lupng Id quy md, tdc dp;
chit la chat lupng vd hieu qua cua tang trudng bang cdc chi sd cy thg nhu: co cdu
r f F t
kinh te, ndng sudt cdc nhdn td tdng hpp (TFP), an sinh xd hdi, mdi trudng, cdi thien phiic lpi xa hdi, ddi ngheo.
Trgn CO sd nhiing thdnh tuu to ldn ciing nhu nhimg vdn de ndy sinh tft tang trudng kinh tg, Ddng ta ngdy cdng thdy rd ygu ciu vl sy phdt triln bgn viJng: Bdo ddm qud trinh phat triln phdi cd sy kit hgp chdt chg, hop ly, hdi hda gifta ba mat cua sy phdt triln, do Id phdt triln kinh tl, phdt triln xd hpi vd bdo v? mdi trudng.
- Phdt triln bin vihig vl kmh tl Id coi trpng ddm bdo chit lupng tdng trudng kinh tl.
Mudn vdy phdi diu tu cd hi?u qud vd duy tri tie dp tdng trudng kmh tl cao, on dinh trong mdt thdi gian ddi, tdng trudng theo chilu sau, chu khdng phdi chi theo chilu rpngf
LV LUAN C H I N H TR! 10 - 2011 15
- Phat trien ben virng xd hpi Id gdn tdng trudng kinh tl vdi thye hi?n tiln bO, cdng bdng xd hpi, gift gin vd phdt huy bdn sdc vdn hda dan tpc.
Phdt triln ben viJng ve mdi trudng Id phdi khai thdc cdc nguon tdi nguygn mOt cdch hgp ly, su dyng tiet kifm, nhit Id tdi nguyen khdng tdi tao, bdo v? mdi trudng vd tinh da d^ng sinh hpc.
Tdng trudng kinh tl Id ca sd quan trpng dl phdt triln nhanh, phdt triln bin vOng.
Phdt trien nhanh vd ben vthig gdn ch§t vdi nhau trong quy ho^ch, kl hogch vd ehinh sdch phdt trien kinh te xdhpi.
Tft khi nudc ta budc vdo thdi ky dii mdi, din nay dd cd ba chiln lupc phdt hiln kinh tg - xd hpi: Chien luge phdt trien kinh te - xd hgi 1991-2000; Chiin luge phdt triin kinh te - xd hgi 2001-2010 vd Chien luge phdt trien kinh te - xd hgi 2011-2020. Chign lupc 1991-2000 vdi mye tigu dat dupc Id:
thodt ra khdi khimg hodng. In dinh tinh hinh kinh tl - xd hpi; GDP ndm 2000 gip ddi ndm 1990. Chiln luge 2001-2010 nhim mye tidu: dua dit nudc ta khdi tinh hang kem phdt trign, ndng cao rd r$t ddi sing v^t chit tinh thin cua nhdn ddn, tao nin tdng dl din ndm 2020 nudc ta co bdn hd thdnh mgt nudc cdng nghiep theo hudng hi?n d^i...
GDP ndm 2010 it nhit gip ddi ndm 2000.
Chiln luge 2011-2020, mye tidu phin diu din ndm 2020 nudc ta co bdn hd thdnh nude cdng nghi?p theo hudng hi?n d^; ddi sing vat chit vd tinh thin cua nhdn dan dugc
ndng Ign rd r§t. GDP ndm 2020 theo gid so sdnh bing 2,2 lin so vdi ndm 2010. GDP binh qudn diu ngudi theo gid thye tl d^t khodng 3.000 USD.
Cd thi ndi, nhd cd tdng hirdng kmh tl md Vift Nam d^t duge nhthig thdnh tyu vl x3 hOi ddng ghi nhan. Mpt thdnh cdng duge cd thi gidi cdng nhdn Id ndng cao mftc song vd xda ddi, gidm nghgo. Ndm 2010, GDP binh qudn diu ngudi cua Vi?t Nam d^t 1.168 USD (cdn theo sue mua tuomg duang dat 3.120 USD). Ty If ddi nghgo cua Vi?t Nam dd gidm rd r?t. NIU nhu ndm 1993, Vi?t Nam c6 khodng 60% si ngudi nghgo, thi din ndm 2010 chi cdn dudi 10%. Muc chgnh l|ch hong phdn phoi thu nhap (h? so GINI) ciia Vift Nam khdng cao, thi hifn sy bit binh ding khdng ldn. Nhd cd tdng trudng kinh te, thu ngdn sdch tdng, ca cau kinh te dugc cdi thi?n, V.V.. Bdo cdo Chinh tri tai D^ hpi XI cua Ddng dd ddnh gid: "Dit nudc thye hi?n thdnh cdng budc dau cdng cupc ddi mdi, ra khdi tmh trang kem phdt triln; ddi song nhan dan dugc cdi thi?n rd r?t"^''\
Thdi gian qua cd the thiy, trong nhihig ndm ddu ddi mdi, vd vdi chu truong ddm bdo tdng trudng kinh tl dk thodt khdi nghgo
#
ndn, l^c h$u, chiing ta dd chii trgng vdo tdc dg tdng hirdng. Ba ndm lien tyc 1994,1995 vd 1996, toe dg tdng trudng GDP dat hgn 9%. Tuy nhign, vdo nhftng ndm dau cua the ky XXI, m$c du tie dg tdng trudng van cao, nhung khdng dn dinh vd cd chilu hudng gidm.
Bang 1: Toe dp tdng tnrdng kinh tl cua Vift Nam (%)
1996
9,3
2000
4,8
2005
7,8
2006 8,23
2007
• 8,4
2008 6,18
2009 5,32
2010
6,7
16 L? LUAN C H I N H TRI 10 - 2011
Trong liic nhieu nudc cd tdc dp tang trudng kinh t l thip, tham chi am thi tie dp tang trudng kinh t l ciia nudc ta nhu vay vdn cdn dugc coi la cao, nhung chit lupng tang trudng vd hieu qua tdng trudng cd chilu hudng suy gidm, chi phi trung gian cd chilu hudng tang cao. Chi phi hung gian cua ngdnh cdng nghiep va ndng, lam, ngu nghiep chilm trgn 50% gid tri sdn xuat vd cd chilu hudng tang. Nam 2010, chi phi trung gian cua nganh cdng nghiep
chiem tdi 77,5% gia tri san xuat cua nganh.
Trong thdi gian vua qua, tdc dp tang trudng GDP cao chu yeu la nhd vao vdn diu tu (khoang 60%). Vdi mpt nudc dang phat trien, khan hiem von, huy dpng dupc mpt khdi lupng ldn vdn trong nudc va nudc ngoai vdo dau tu thi day la mdt thanh cdng ldn. Tuy nhien, hieu qud su dung vdn khdng cao, md mdt trong nhirng chi so ddnh gia hieu qua su dung vdn la he sd ICOR cdn kha cao.
Bang 2: Toe dp tang tru-dng kinh te vd hf so ICOR ciia Vift Nam vd mpt so nudc
Viet Nam Trung QuIc Nhat Ban Han Quoc
Dai Loan/Trung Quoc
Thdi ky tang trucmg nhanh 2001-2008
1991-2003 1961-1970 1981-1990 1981-1990
Ty 1^ tang trudng (%) 7,5
9,7 10,2
9,2 8,0
ICOR 5,26
4,1 3,2 3,2 2,7 Ndm 2010, ICOR cua Viet Nam la 6,1,
tuy thip hom 8,1 cua ndm 2009, nhung khdng phdi Id hieu qud diu tu da dugc cdi thien.
NhiJng con sd trdn cho chiing ta thay, chit lugng tdng trudng kinh te mdi la mdt chi tidu, hay ndi cdch khdc Id mdt trong nhirng ndi dung cdn bdn ciia phdt trign kinh tl, nhit Id phdt hiln bin vimg. Bdi vi thye tl cd nhirng qudc gia tuy dat dupe muc dp tdng trudng kinh tl cao, nhung ciu hiic kinh tl, CO ciu kinh tl khdng thay ddi, tham chi tang trudng kinh t l chu ylu nhd vdo Igi thi khai thdc tdi nguygn. Do vdy, phdt triln bin vthig khdng chi tap trung vdo tdng trudng kinh t l ma cin thay ddi ca ciu kinh t l theo hudng tiln bd, ndng cao chit
lupng tang tnrdng kinh te, dac biet la thay ddi cudc sdng con ngudi cd vl chat vd lupng vd than thien vdi mdi trudng. Dd cung la phuang hudng chu dao ma Dai hdi XI cua Ddng khang dinh: "Ddi mdi md hinh tang trudng vd ca cau lai nen kinh tl;
day manh cdng nghiep bda, hien dai hda, phdt trign nhanh, bin vumg. Doi mdi md hinh tang trudng vd ca ciu lai nin kinh tl tu chii ylu phdt triln theo chilu rdng sang phdt triln hpp ly gifta chilu rdng vd chilu sdu; vua md rpng quy md, vua chii trpng nang cao chit lupng, hieu qud, tinh bin viing; tft tdng trudng chu ylu dya vdo tang vln diu tu, khai thdc tdi nguygn vd sft dung lao ddng gia re sang tang trudng ©hii ylu do
LV LUAN C H I N H TR! 10 - 2011 17
dp dyng tiln bp khoa hpc, cdng ngh?, thdi vd bdo vp mdi trudng. Thuc hi?n sdn nguon nhan lye chit lugng cao, ndng cao xuit s^ch. Phdi coi chit lugng sdn pham ndng suit lao dpng vd chit lugng sdn phim, s^ch, khdng gdy dnh hudng din mdi hirdng phdt triln cdng nghi?p, ndng nghi?p, dich vd ddi song con ngudi Id mgt hong nhftng vy cdng ngh? cao, cd gid trj gia tdng vd sftc tigu chi quan hgng cua phdt hiln bin vftng.
c^h tranh ldn gin vdi phdt triln kinh tl hi Ndng cao chit lugng nguin nhdn lye. Ddo thftc; gin kit ch$t chg phdt triln kinh tl vdi ^ao vd ddo tao l^i ngudn nhdn lye. Cd chinh thye hi?n tiln bp vd cdng bing xd hOi, bdo '^^^ ^^^ "^^ "g^°" "^^" ^^^ ^^°' "^^^ '^
ve mdi tnrdng..."^^) Phdt triln vdn hda, xd ^^^ ^^"^^^ 8^^' " ^ ^ ^ ^'•
hpi hai hda vdi phdt triln kinh tl, ddm bdo Thu ba, ddm bdo hdi hda tdng tnidng tiln bp vd cdng bing xd hpi trong tftng l^mh tl vdi tiln bp, cdng bing xd hpi. Thuc budc vd tftng chinh sdch xd hpi... Phdt hi?n tiln bp vd cdng bing xd hpi hong tung triln, ndng cao chit lugng nguon nhdn lye, ^^^^^ vd tftng chinh sdch Id mgt chu huong nhit Id nguIn nhdn lye chit lugng cao Id 1<^' "^^t qudn cua Ddng vd Nhd nudc ta, mpt hong nhftng ylu tl quylt dinh sy phdt ^^^ ^'?" ^ ^ ^^^^ ^o* d?p cua chl dp triln nhanh, bin vftng dit nudc. Tft dd phdi ^^^^- ^^^ ddm an sinh xd hdi tft cdc ket thing nhit nhftng quan diim chi dao sau: ^"^ ^^^ ^ g ^ ^ g ^'""^ ^^' ^P ^ 8 ^^
quyet tot chinh sdch lao dpng, vide ldm va thu nhdp. Tap tmng triln khai ed hieu qua chuomg trinh xda ddi gidm ngheo, nhit la 6 vimg sdu, vimg xa, vimg hdi ddo; chii trpng nhiJng gia dinh chinh sdch, ngudi cd cdng Thu nhdt, ddy manh CNH, HDH, tiep tyc
diy nhanh chuyen dich co ciu kinh tl, tdng ty trpng cdng nghiep vd dich vy, gidm din ty trpng ndng nghifp, nhung vdn ddm bdo gid tri gia tang cao. Chuyin ddi md hinh tdng
. , 1 • u *- • U-* 1 - -.. vdi cdch mang dg ddm bdo sy cdng bdng xa truang kinh te, coi chat luong, nang suat, * , , hidu qud, sue canh hanh Id mi tign hdng diu, ^^'- ^^^' "°^ P^^' ^ ^ " ^ ^ ^^ ^ " ^ 8 chu huong phdt triln theo chilu sdu, phdt '^ ' ^ "^^'^P '^^ * ° ^ ^^f ^ ° ^ ^ ^ •
triln khoa hpc - cdng nghe Id mpt nin tang Thu tu, hpi nh§p vdo nin kmh tl thi gidi cua qud hinh diy manh CNH, HDH dit nhung phdi xdy d\mg nin kinh tl dpc lap, ty nudc, phdt triln kinh tl tri thuc. chu, phdt huy n^i lye kit hgp vdi sftc mgnh
Thu hai, tdng cudng thu hut cdc nguon ^ ^ d^. Ddy Id ylu td dk phdt hiln bin lye cho tdng hudng phdt hiln, liy con ngudi ^ ^ 8 - ^ ^ dd, phdi khdng ngftng tdng cudng Id tnmg tdm cua phdt hiln nhanh, bin vftng, ^^^ ^^^ ^ tl vd sftc mgnh tdng hgp cua phdt huy tdi da nhdn tl con ngudi, eon dit nude dl ehu dgng va tich cue hgi nhap ngudi la chu dao nguIn nhdn lye eua sy ^ ^ tl qudc tl sau rgng vd hieu qud, nhanh phdt hiln. Ddc bipt Id nang cao chit lugng ^^ P^^ ddm bdo Igi ich eua qudc gia.
diu tu, hipu qud sft dyng vln, khai thdc vd
sft dung hipu qud tdi nguygn thign nhign, (i),(2),(3).(4) DCSVN: Vdn ki^n Dgi hpi dgi nhdt la dat, khoang sdn, ngudn nudc hrong biiu todn quSc ldn thu XI. NXB Chinh tri quoc dilu kien vd gidi ban cho phep vl mdt sinh gia. Ha NOi, 2011, h:.75,98,20, 37.
18 L? LUAN C H I N H TR! 10 - 2011
