Cac yeu to anh hu'dng den
y dinh khdi nghiep cua sinh vien Tru'dng Dai hoc Tra Vinh
^ ^ * * DC/CJNG KIM H^W DIEP THANH TGNG'"
Tom tat
Nghien cffu ndy sff dung phuang phdp phdn tich yiu to khdm phd (EFA) vd hoi quy da bii'n di xdc dinh cdc yi'u tddnh hudng din y dinh khdi nghiip cda sinh viin Trudng Dgi hgc Trd Vinh thdng qua cudc khdo sdt 496 sinh viin dgi hgc chinh quy d cdc khdi ngdnh khac nhau dang theo hgc tgi TrUdng. Kit qud cho thdy, cde yi'u td': Nhdn thffc kiem sodt hdnh vi; Quy chudn qud'c gla/vdn hda; Rdo c&n khdi nghiip; Moi trudng thi chi; Sd thieh vd sff dam mi; Ddng ca khdi nghiip; Yi'u to xd hdi; Thd tuc thdnh ldp doanh nghiip cd dnh hudng din y dinh khdi nghiep cua sinh vien TrUdng Dgi hgc Trd Vinh.
Tuf khoa: y dinh khdi nghiip, sinh viin, Trudng Dgi hgc Trd Vinh Summary
This research deploys exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and multivariate regression to clarify determinants of entrepreneurial intention of students aiTra Vinh University. By a survey of496 students at differrent faculties of the university, the research paints out such influential factors as Perceived behavirol control; Vietnamese national regulation/culture; Risk of start-up; Institutional environment.
Hobby and passion. Motivation of start-up; Social factors; Procedures for establishing a business.
Keywords: entrepreneurial intention, student, Tra Vinh University
GlCfl THIEU dtfdc biet de'n de'n vdl md hinh Ly thuye't ve hanh vi ke hoach, d^y la mdt trong nhtfng md hinh dtfdc su"
Da cd nhi^u nghien cihi v^ y dinh khdi dung phd' bie'n nha't de giai thich y dinh khdi stf kinh nghiep ciia sinh vien, tuy nhien, trong bd'i doanh cua mdl cd nhin. Theo dd, y dinh thtfc hien canh canh tranh viec iam, moi trtfdng mdt hanh vi chiu tac dpng ciia 3 ye'u td': Thai dd cija kinh doanh bie'n ddng, thi cac ye'u to' anh ca nhan, Quy chuan chu quan va Nhan thtfc kiem soat htfdng den y dinh khdi nghiep se thay hanh vi.
doi theo ttfng dd'i ttfdng va thdi gian cu Trong nghidn ctfu cua Mark Pruett va cdng stf the. Vi vSy, nghien ciJu cda tdc gia nhim (2008) danh gia anh htfdng cua cac yd'u td' de'n y dinh ki^m dinh cac yeu td' anh htfdng dd'n y khdi nghiep cua sinh vidn ttf cac vung dia Ij' khac dinh khdi nghidp cua sinh vien Trtfdng nhau, nhdm tac gia chi ra 3 nhdm cac yd'u to'. Dd la:
Dai hoc Tra Vinh. Tijf dd, giiip sinh vidn Van hda hay qud'c gia; Xa hdi (vai trd ban than, ung tim ra cac giai phap nham thuc day tinh hd cua gia dinh); va Tam ly (tinh cach/ky nang doanh than khdi nghiep va ttf duy lam chu trong nhan cua ban than, nhan thtfc ve dpng cd va rao can sinh vidn ndi rieng; ddng thdi, gdp phin khdi nghiep). Nghien ctfu cung nhan th§'y rang, sinh cung ca'p cho Nha trtfdng ve ly thuyd't va vidn d Trung Qud'c quan tam nhilu v6 rdi ro va rao can thtfc tidn giao due dai hpc ndi chung. khdi nghiep ldn hdn cac ntfde khac.
Cdn Yet Mee Lim va cpng stf (2012) dtfa ra 5 nhdm CO s d LY THUYET VA PHUONG thang do de danh gia stf sSn sang khdi nghiep cua sinh PHAP NGHIEN CCTU vien nganh kinh doanh, gom cd: Dac diem doanh nhan;
Stf sSn sang kinh doanh; Thtf ttf sinh va anh htfdng cua Casdly thuyit gia dinh; Ky nang kinh doanh; Yd'u td'ddng Itfc va rao Trong khdi nghiep, Ajzen (1991) can cua doanh nghidp mdi.
'ThS., I Email: [email protected]
"TS., Trtfdng D^i hgc Tra Vinh I Email: [email protected] Ngay nhdn bdi: 20/01/2019; Ngdy phdn bi?n: 10/02/2019; Ngdy duyet ddng; 20/02/2019
Economy and Forecast Review
43
HINH: MO HIMH LY THUYET VE CAC YEQ TO AMH HCiCiNG DEN Y DINH K H S I NGHIEP
BAMG 1: TEM BIEN VA Y MGHIA CUA BIEN Kj' hieu
Y SE NO RI IE WI IN"
MO SO EU P„
P, clen P„
E
Y nghTa Y dmh khdi nghiSp (bi^n phu thupc) Nhan thii'c kiem soat hanh vi Quy chuan c\u6c gia/van hoa Rao can khdi nghiep MOI Uif&ng the che Sir.sCn s&ng kinh doanh Sd thich va sir dam rag Dong cd khdi nghiSp Yeu t^xa hoi Giao due khdi nghiep He so'chan cua mo hinh He sd U'dc Iifdng cua bien doc lap Sai sd'cua mo hinh hoi quy
DS'u ky vong + + + + + + + +
Ngudn. De xual cua n h o m tac gi3
Tai Viet Nam, Nguydn Thanh Hung va Nguydn Thi Kim Pha (2016) khang dinh, cac ye'u td' anh htfdng dd'n y dinh khdi nghidp cua sinh vidn Trtfdng Dai hpc Tra Vinh thdng qua nhan to' Stf hf hn ve tinh kha thi trong khdi nghiep, gdm; Hoat ddng giang day; Hoat ddng ngoai khda; Y kien cua nhtfng ngtfdi xung quanh; Sd thich kinh doanh. Stf ttf tin ve tinh kha thi trong khdi nghiep cang cao, thi y dinh khdi nghidp cua sinh vien cang tang.
Mdt nghien cii\i khac cua Nguydn Qud'c Nghi va cgng stf (2016) ke't luan, cd 4 yd'u td tac dpng dd'n y dinh khdi stf doanh nghiep cua sinh vidn: Thai dp va stf dam md; Stfsan sang kinh doanh; Quy chuan chil quan;
va Giao due. Ngoai ra, Dd Thi Hoa Lien (2016) cdn chi ra rang, 5 ye'u td'tac ddng dd'n y dinh khdi nghidp kinh doanh cua sinh vien, bao gdm: Giao due va dao tao tai trtfdng dai hpc; Kinh nghidm va trai nghidm; Gia dinh va ban be; Tinh each ca nhdn; Ngudn vd'n.
Qua tham khao cac nghien ctfu di trtfdc, trong bai viet nay, nhdm tac gid di xuft 9 ye'u to' anh htfdng ddn y dinh khdi nghiep cua sinh vien Trtfdng Dai hpc Tra Vinh. Dd la: NhSn thtfc kiem soat hanh vi; Quy chuan qud'c gia/van hda; Rao can khdi nghiep; Mdl htfdng the che'; Stf san sang kinh doanh; Sd thich va stf dam md; Ddng cd khdi nghiep; Ye'u td xa hdi; Giao due khdi nghiep. Ben canh dd, 3 bid'n kiem soat: Gidi tinh, Nganh hpc va Nln tang gia dinh cung dtfdc xem xet cd anh htfdng dd'n y dinh khdi nghiep hay khdng. Md hinh nghien ctfu dtfdc the hidn tai Hinh.
PhiAfng phdp nghien cihi Nhdm tac gia thtfc hidn khao sat bang phtfdng phap chpn mSu phi ngiu nhidn, dd'i ttfdng la sinh vien dai hoc chinh quy d cac khd'i nganh: Kinh te'. Ky thuSt, Ndng nghiep Thuy san, Ngdn ngtf Khmer tai Trtfdng Dai hoc Tra Vinh. 500 phid'u khao sat dtfdc phat ra trong thdi gian ttf thang 12/2017 den thang 02/2018, sau khl thu vi va sang lpc cdn lai 469 phid'u hdp Id, chie'm 93,8%. Nhtf viy, so heu thu thap dtfdc dam bad vide thtfc hien to't md hinh nghidn ctfu.
Nghien cii\i nay siJ dung phtfdng phap phan tich hdi quy da bid'n sau khi kiem dinh dp tin cay bang he so' Cronbach's Alpha va phan tich EFA.
Md hinh hoi quy cd dang nhtf sau:
r = Ao+I^/SE + p^o + p,Ri + P;E 4- pfWl + pJN^ + p^O^ + P^O]-^ p^U^ +'£
Y nghTa cua cac bie'n dtfdc giai thich 6 Bang 1.
KET qUA NGHIEN CLfU VA THAO LUAN
Trtfdc he't, nhdm tac gia tid'n hanh phan tich Cronbach's Alpha va nhan tha'y, cac thanh phan ciia thang do d^u cd dd tin c|y ldn hdn 0,7. Nhtf vay, thang do thie't ke trong nghien ctfu nay cd y nghia trong thd'ng kd va dat he so'tin cay can thie't.
Tid'p de'n, tac gia thtfc hidn phan tich EFA. Ke't qua EFA cac bie'n ddc lap cho bid't: (1) Ki^m dinh tinh thich hdp ciaa md hinh chd gia tri 0,5 < KMO = 0,904 < 1,0;
(2) Kiem dinh Bartlett's ve stf ttfdng quan cua cac bie'n quan sat (Sig. = 0,000 <
0,05) chtfng td cac bie'n cd lidn quan chat che vdl nhau; (3) Tong phtfdng sai trich = 64,869% > 50% dat yeu cau, diin nay cd y nghia la 64,869% thay ddi cua cac yeu td dtfdc giai thich bdi cac bie'n quan sat va cho bie't 9 nhdm ye'u td giai thich dtfdc 64,869% dp bid'n thien cua dff lieu. Nhtf vay, ke't qua EFA la hoan toan thich hdp.
Sau khi phan tich EFA cho cac bie'n ddc lap, 9 nhdm yd'u td dtfdc dinh danh nhtf sau. Nhan thtfc kiem soat hanh vi (SE); Mdi trtfdng the che (IE), Rao can khdi nghidp (RI); Quy chuan qud'c gia/
van hda (NO); Stf san sang kinh doanh (WI); Sd thich va stf dam me (IN); Ddng cdkhdi nghiep (MO); Yd'u tdxa hpi (SO);
Thu tuc thanh lap doanh nghidp (PC).
Ben canh dd, phan tich EFA dd'i vdi bien phu thudc, ke't qua cho tha'y hd sd KMO = 0,831; tdng phtfon^ sai trich
44
= 62,139%; he sd' tai nhan to' cua cac bie'n quan sat > 0,5; he sd Eigenvalues
= 2,282. Kiem dinh Barlett's cd Sig. = 0,000 (<0,05), do do cac bie'n quan sat cd ttfdng quan vdi nhau trong tdng the'.
Cud'i cung, nhdm tac gia lie'n hanh phan tich hdi quy. Ke't qua Bang 2 cho bie't, chl sd Durbin-Watson = 2,029, eho tha'y md hinh khdng cd ttf ttfdng quan;
chl sd VIF cua cac bie'n ddc l|p < 10, ndn khong cd hien ttfdng da cpng tuyd'n giffa cac bie'n ddc lap, do dd md hinh hoi quy cd the chl'p nh3.n dtfdc. Nhit vSy, ca 9 yd'u td' deu cd anh htfdng dd'n Y dinh khdi nghidp ctia sinh vidn Trtfdng Dai hpc Tra Vinh.
Phtfdng ttinh hdi quy dtfdc vid't lai nhtf sau:
Y = - 0.026 + 0,402SE + 0,1451E - 0,203RI + 0,176NO + 0.275IN + 0,380MO-i-0,220SO + 0,096PC
Trong do, bie'n "Nhan thtfc kiem soat hanh vi" cd anh htfdng manh nha't de'n Y dinh khdi nghiep vdi beta = 0,402. Khi sinh vien danh gia tang them 1 diem, thi y dinh khdi nghidp cua sinh vidn se tang thdm 0,402 diem. Kd't qua nay phu hdp vdi nghien ciiXi cua Karimi va cdng stf (2014) khi cho rang, ca sinh vidn nam va nff deu can nhac kha nang kid'ra soat cua ban than trtfdc khi quyet dinh klidi stf doanh nghiep.
Bie'n "Quy chuan qud'c gia/van hda"
cd he sd'beta = 0,176. Nhtf vay, khi sinh vidn danh gia tang them 1 die'm, thi y dinh khdi nghiep cua sinh vien se tang thdm 0,176 did'm. Thtfc td' cho thay, d cac ntfde phat trien, xa hpi coi ttpng chu doanh nghidp, cho rang chu doanh nghiep la ye'u td'tao ra cua cai va sif giau cd, dang tdn trpng.
"Rao ckn khdi nghiep" la ye'u td' duy nha't cd gia tti beta im (-0,203), cd nghia la khi sinh vien danh gia giam xud'ng 1 diem, thi y dinh khdi nghiep cua sinh vien se tang them 0,203 diem. Nhieu nghidn ctfu cua cac tac gia, nhtf: Nguyen Qud'c Nghi va cpng stf (2016), Phan Anh Tu va Nguydn Thanh Sdn (2015)... da khang dinh, mdt ca nhan mud'n khdi nghiep thanh cdng phai hpi tu du cac cac ye'u td' ve vd'n, kinh nghidm, chuyen mdn, mdi quan he xa hdi va cd stf am hieu ve luat phap. Day la thach thtfc khdng nhd, ma khdng phai al cilng cd the vtfdt qua va tao dtfng thanh cdng.
Bid'n "Mdl trtfdng the che'" cd beta = 0,203, nghTa la khi sinh vidn danh gia tang thdra 1 did'm, thi y dinh khdi nghidp cua sinh vien se tang thdm 0,145 diem. Kd't qua nay phu hdp vdi nghien culi cua Phan Anh Tii va Nguydn Thanh Sdn (2015).
BAMG 2: KET QUA PHAM TICH HOI QOY
Mo tiinh
(Constant)
Nhan thii'c kiem soat hanh vi Quy chuan quoc gia/van hoa Rao can khdi nghi6p Moi tru'dng th^ che Sd thich va sif dam me Dong cd khdi nghiep Ye'u to' xa hoi Thu tuc thanh lap doanh nghiep Sir sSn sang kinh doanh Nganh hoc Gia dinh Gidi tinh
H0s6'chtfa chu^n hoa
B -0,026
0.402 0,176 -0,203 0,145 0,275 0,380 0,220 0,097 0,019 -0,038 0,063 0,002
Std.
Error 0,064 0,033 0,032 0,032 0,032 0,033 0,033 0,032 0,033 0,032 0.070 0,069 0,068
Hgsfi' chu^n hda
Beta
0,402 0,176 -0,203 0,145 0,275 0,380 0,220 0,096 0,019 -0,018 0,030 0,001
Kiem djnht
-0,408 12,338 5.435 -6,275 4,485 S,423 11,614 6,836 2,946 0,580 -0.548 0,915 0,033 He so R
R^
R-dieu chinh He sfi'Durbm-Watson Sig.F
Miic y nghia (Sig.) 0,684 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,003 0,562 0.3S4 0,361 0,973
Tha'ng k€ ti'nh da cdng tuv&'n D& dung
sai -0,026
0,976 0.992 0,993 0,990 0,971 0,967 0,998 0,979 0,980 0,945 0,947 0,951
VIF 0,064 1.024 1,008 1,007 1,010 1,030 1,034 1.002 1,022 1,020 1,058 1.056 1,052 0,731"
0,534 0,522 2,029 0,000"
INguon Mghien CUL
Bid'n "Sd thich va stf dam md" cd beta = 0,275, nghia la khi sinh vien ddnh gia tang them 1 diem, thi y dmh khdi nghidp cua sinh vien se tang them 0,275 diem. Ke't qua nay cung da tim tha'y trong nghidn ctfu ciia Nguydn Qud'c Nghi va cdng stf (2016).
Bie'n "Dpng cd khdi nghidp" cd beta = 0,380. Nhtf vay, khl sinh vidn danh gia tang them 1 did'm, thi y dinh khdi nghiep cua sinh vidn se tang thdm 0,380 diem.
Arasteh va cpng stf (2012) ttong nghien ctfu ve dac diem khdi nghidp cua sinh vidn dai hgc cung da khang dinh, ddng cd khdi nghiep cd anh htfdng tich ctfe de'n viec tao lap doanh nghiep va kinh doanh thanh cong.
Bie'n "Yd'u td xa hpi" cd beta = 0,220, nghia la khi sinh vien danh gia tang thdm 1 diem, thi y dinh khdi nghidp cua sinh vien se tang thdm 0,220 diem. Pruett va cdng stf (2009) da chtfng minh ye'u to xa hdi la mot trong cac yd'u td tac ddng tich ctfe dd'n ^ dinh khdi nghiep.
Bie'n "Thu tuc thanh lap doanh nghiep" cd beta = 0,096. Khi sinh vien danh gia tang thdm I diem, thi y dmh khdi nghiep cua sinh vien se tang thdm 0,096 diem. Ke't qua nghidn ctfu cua Harun Sesen (2013) phan tich sau hdn md hinh Schv^'arz d khia canh cac ye'u to mdi trtfdng ciing da ke't luan, khi sinh vien dai hpc nam bat dtfdc cac thdng tin kinh doanh se tac ddng tich ctfe dd'n y dinh khdi nghidp cua hp.
Bie'n "Stf sSn sang kinh doanh" khdng cd tac ddng de'n y dinh khdi khidp do khdng cd y nghTa thdng ke (Sig. > 0,05) ia mpt didu dang ltfu tam, vi theo nhieu nghidn ctfu trtfdc dd, day mpt ttong cac ye'u td'cd anh htfdng dd'n y dinh khdi nghiep cua sinh vidn. Ngoai ra, kd't qua cung cho tha'y, cac bie'n kiem soat: gidi tinh, nganh hoc, gia dinh cd ndn tang kinh doanh khdng cd y nghTa thd'ng ke (Sig. > (),05), hay ndi each khac la khdng du bang chtfng cho rang cac bie'n nay anh htfdng dd'n y djnh khdi nghidp cua sinh vidn.
Emnomy and Forecast Review
45
KET LUAN vA KHUYEN NGH!
Nghien cdu da xac dinh dtfdc 8 ye'u td' anh htfdng den y dinh khdi nghiep cua sinh vien Trtfdng Dai hpc Tra Vinh, lan Itfdt nhtf sau: NhSn thtfc kiem soat hanh vi; Quy chuan qud'c gia/van hda; Rao can khdi nghiep;
Mdi trtfdng the che'; Sd thich va stf dam md; Ddng cd khdi nghidp; Yd'u to' xa hdi; Thij tuc thanh lap doanh nghiep. Trong dd, ye'u toNhan thtfc ki^m soat hanh vi cd anh htfdng manh nha't.
Ttf kd't qua tren, tac gia de xua't mot s6' khuye'n nghi nham nang cao nhan thtfc va phat trien y dinh khdi nghidp cua sinh vidn tai Trtfdng. Cu the, Nha trtfdng can nang cao kha nang nhan thtfc kiem soat hanh vi cua sinh vien, the hidn ro vai trd quan trpng trong viec khdi dSy, tao ddng life, kich thich sinh vien kham pha, sang tao y ttfdng, phat huy td cha't doanh nh&n cua sinh vien. Dong thdi, phat trien cac khda dao tao ky nang khdi stf kinh doanh cho sinh vien, giiip sinh vien ttf tin hdn de tham gia vao boat ddng khdi nghiep.
Bdn canh dd, gidi thidu vide lam them di sinh vien tich luy nhieu kinh nghiem, thuc day y dinh khdi nghiep trong ttfdng lai. Dieu quan trong la phai ap dung rpng ral hinh thtfc nay d ta't ca cac nganh hoc, vi day la dieu kien rat tdt cho sinh vien trong viec tie'p can kinh
nghiem va la ndi tad ddng Itfc cho cac em khdi nghiep sau khi td't nghiep.
Nha trtfdng cung can lien ke't chat che vdi cac doanh nghidp. cac cdng t_y, tap doan nham tang ctfdng tinh thtfc tidn va gilip cho sinh vien tid'p can vdi nhffng hinh mau doanh nghidp, tie'p can vdi nhtfng ky nang thtfc td'; day manh cdng tac to chtfc hpi thao, cac budi trd chuydn vdi hinh raau doanh nghidp thanh dat, trien khai cac md hinh kinh doanh va lam giau thanh cdng cua cdc doanh nhan tte vdi sinh vien de sinh vien cd ddng Itfc hanh ddng, tao dieu kien cho sinh vidn tie'p can vdi ngtfdi thtfc, vide thtfc. Dieu nay tac ddng trtfc tie'p mang tinh tich ctfe vdi sinh vien, la ngudn trd gidp dac life cho vide phat trien y chi, thai dp, cam htfng khdi nghidp cua sinh vidn.
Ngoai ra, gia dinh va ban be can tao dieu Iden ve ngudn vd'n va ung hd vd mat tinh than dd' khuye'n khich cac ban sinh vien ttf khdi nghidp. Dd'i vdi cac gia dinh cd ttuyen thdng kinh doanh, cd the tao dieu kidn hdn cho sinh vidn va cham thtfc td' ngay tai mdi trtfdng cua gia dinh.Q
_ J : A J X I E U J r H A M K H A D _ ^ ^ ^ _ _
1. Hoang Trpng vaChu Nguydn Mdng Ngpc (2008). Phdn lich dff lieu nghien cffu vdi SPSS, Nxb Thd'ng kd
2. Nguyin Thanh Hiing, Nguyen Thi Kim Pha (2016). Nhuiig yd'u td'anh htfdng dd'n y dinh khdi nghiep cua smhjvlen Trtfdng Dai hoc Tra Vinh, Tgp chi Khoa hgc TrUdng Dgi hgc Trd Vinh, so'23, 1-9
3. Dd Thi Hoa Lidn (2016). Cac yd'u td'anh htfdng de'n y dmh khdi nghiep kinh doanh cua sinh vien Quan tri Kinh doanh tai Trtfdng Dai hpc Lao ddng - Xa hdi (Cd sd TP. Hd Chi Minh), Tgp chi Khoa hgc Yersin, 44-53 •
4. Nguydn Qud'c Nghi, Le Thi Didu Hien, Mai Vd Ngpc Thanh (2016). Cac yd'u to anh htfdng de'n y dinh khdi stf doanh nghidp cua sinh vidn khd'i nganh Quan tn Kinh doanh tai cac trtfdng dai hpc/cao dang d TP. Can Thd, Nghien ctiu khoa hgc, TrUdng Dgi hgc Vdn Hie'n, sd' 10,55-64
5. Phan Anh Tu, Nguydn Thanh Sdn (2015). Cac ye'u td anh htfdng dd'n y dinh khdi stf doanh nghiep cua sinh vien Kinh td' da td't nghiep trdn dia ban Thanh phd' Can Thd, Tgp chi Khoa hoc Trudng Dgi hgc Can Tha, sd40, 39-49
6. Ajzen, Icek (1991). The Theory of Planned Behavior, Orgnlzational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211
7. Arasteh et al. (2012). Enttepre neu rial personality characteristics of University students: A case study, Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 5736-5740
8. C. Christopher Baughn et al. (2006). Normative, social and cognitive predictors of entrepreneurial uiterest in China, Vietnam and the Philippines, Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 11(1), 57-77
9. Harun Sesen (2013). Personahty or environment? A comprehensive study on the entrepreneurial Intentions of university students, Educalion & Training, 55(7), 624-640
10. Karimi, S., Bieraans, H.J.A., Lans, Th., Chlzari, M. & Mulder, M. (2014). The Impact of Entrepreneurship Educadon: A Shidy of Iranian Students' Entrepreneurial Intentions and Opportunity Identification, Journal of Small Business Management
11. Mark Pruett et al. (2009). Explaining entrepreneunal intenttons of university students: a cross - cultural study, Intemational Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 15(6), 571-594
12. Yet Mee Lun, Teck Heang Lee & Boon Liat Cheng (2012). Entrepreneurial inehnation among busmess students: A Malaysian Study, The south East Asian Journal of Management, 6, 65- j 42
