Cac giai phap va co' ch§ chmh sach
v§ nha & xa hoi, nha a cho ngipai thu nhap thip
Nguyin Ding Son
Phd Vt^n trucmg - Vi$n Nghen oiu Do tbi va Phdt triin Hq tdng
Giii phap v l CO c h l chinh sach
Theo tdng kit cua Ngin hang Phat tnln Chau A (ADB) thi ed 7 tm cdt eho chinh saeh nha d' {1) C i i thign quyln sd hiiu; {li) Phat t n l n tin dung b i t ddng san; (iii) Triln khai hS thing hfi tra ed djnh hudng tit; (iv) Md rflng ngufln eung c i p dat dfl thi; (v) Cung c i p khung phip ly cho viec phit tnln d i t v a b i t dflng san, (vl) L i m nli blttlnhcgnhtranh eiia nghinh kinh doanh bit dflng sin, (vii) Phit triln khung t h i c h l cho chlnh sach nha d c i p quic gia
Nhd a xd hpi ddnh cho nguai thu nhdp thdp Binh Duong Nha dxa hpi ddnh cha nguai thu nhdp thdp TP HCM
Co ttil ndi, ehinh sach n h i d cho ngudi thu nhap thip da cfl cho d i n nay thyc ra la kha t o i n dien. Nhung "Chuang trinh phit tnin nhi dcho ngudi cd thu nhgp thip d dfi thj v i nhi luu tru cho cfing nhan cac khu cfing nghiSp" cho tdi nay v i n chua khdi sic, ehua cd dflt pha, rit cin tim ra nguyin nhan va nh&ng han c h l eua ca c h l ehinh sich Cfl y kiln eho ring
-Tinh khi thi chua eao, thilu trgng dilm va thd tu uu tien, dfli hdi nhilu ngufln lyc ttiue ttii vuat qua trinh dfl phat tnln eua nln ldnh t l hien ttidi
-TO chdc thuc hien phit tnln nha d xa hdi yeu d u nhiSu ttiu tue v i trinh tu phuc tap, dfli hdi nhilu thdi gian v i ning lue nghiep vu gioi cua cdng chdc, cung each "xin cho" din tdi "lai leh nhdm"
- Ngudi din rit khd tilp can chlnh sich h§
try d i mua nhi, du duac hudng chinh sich h i try nhung thuc t l v i n khfing mua duye nhi.
- NOXH eho thue la mfit Icgi hlnh chu y l u phgc vu cho dfii tuong thu nhap thip, trSn thyc t i chl mdi triln khai logi nhi d cho cOng nhin do nhi nude hoac doanh nghlSp d i u t u v i ky tuc xa eho smh viSn, hge sinh, cdn chua dap
&ng duac yeu d u NOXH trcng dfl thi do nha nude hoac doanh nghiep dau tu chu y l u la bin hogc cho thue-mua tra gflp v i d i u t u vao nhi cho thue "gid rd" thi lyi nhuan thip, thu hli vdn chim, vi vgy hiu nhu khflng efl NOXH eho ngudi thu nhip thip ttiue
- Tuy rit quan t i m va tao dilu kien, nhung cie ca chl chfnh sich hien hanh v i n chua du s&c thu hot cac doanh nghiSp tu nhin tham gia, do lyi nhuan djnh mdc hgn hep, thilu cae ehinh sach bao vS nha d i u t u dfli vdi nha eho thuS
Nhd d xd hdi The I esta Phii Ldm, Ha
- Tich rdi vlic cung ung NOXH vdi viic lam, thu nhip vdi viSc cung dng djch vu hing ngay cho ngudi d. D l cfl nhi re, dy i n NOXH khu vyc dfl thj thudng rit xa khu trung tim nfli thinh, thilu cflng trinh d|ch vy cOng cflng v i xa hfli
TrSn ca sd nh&ng nhin djnh neu tren, cfl t h i r&t ra nh&ng hgn chl v i bit cip cfl tinh chat cdt lOi trong xiy dyng chinh sich v l nhi d cho ngudi cfi thu nhip thip d dO thj v i nhi luu trO eho cOng nhin cic khu efing nghigp Dd l i (i) Chua nhgn thue dung "tam chiln luyc" cua van d l nhi d cho ngudi thu nhip thip trong chiln luyc phit triln quic gia nSn viScxay dyng ehinh sich ehua dii dfl siu d l cfl t h i th&c diy phit tnln nhi d cho ngudi thu nhip thip, (ii) Chua tgo ra duye sy hii hfla quyln lyi gi&a ngudi thu nhip thip (efl nhi d l d), doanh nghiOp (cfl ldi), nhi nudc (ting trudng kinh te, an smh x i hfli); (iii) Cdn ning v l "co chl - xin cho" nSn ea ngudi thu nhip thip v i doanh nghiip khfl tilp c§n duye vdi chlnh sich cua nhi nudc
Trin CO sd nhin thuc rfl nhdng bit cip, cfl t h i cd mOt s l giai phip nhim thio gd nh&ng bit cip d l nhi nude "hoin chinh" co chl chlnh sich, ngudi thu nhip thip cd t h i tilp cin duye
3 8 Tapchi
vdi chinh sich hO tra v i nhi d nhim I n djnh v i nang cao chit luang cufic sing, thu h&t duye doanh nghiSp diu tu eie dy an nhi d cho ngudi thu nhip thip v i nhi luu tru eho cflng nhin nhu sau
1-Cin nhin rd t i m quan trpng cua n h i d x i hfli, nhi d eho ngudi cd thu nhgp thip.
2- D I can bang lyi leh gi&a ngudi thu nhgp thip (mua nha), nha diu tu {diu tu xiy dyng v i bin nhi ho|c cho thue) v i nhi nude (ban hinh chinh sich hO try), ein tinh toin lgi "m&c uu dii" cho cic bin "chiln luyc eung thing' (Win-Win Strategy) m i eae ben deu ed t h i chip nhin duye, trin ca sd mfit mfl hlnh thi dilm trSn thyc t l chu khfing phai chi tinh toin trin ly thuylt ea doi vdi e i "nhi bin" v i °nhi cho thui", d l efl co sd "dilu chinh ehinh sich hiSn hinh", tgo ra "chfnh sich dflt phi" phit tnln NOXH, nha d cho ngudi cfl thu nh|p thip.
3- c i n chuyin hln t& eo chl "xm - cho' sang co chl "phyc vy", d n "thin thign vdi cflng din" (citizen friendly) v i "thin thifln vdi dcanh nghiSp" (business friendly), d l cho ngudi din v i doanh nghiip d l ding tilp cin duye vdi chlnh sich uu dii cCia nhi nudc doi vdi NOXH,
Tuy nhien, d l logi bo eo hfli phit sinh 'chiphi khflng chinh thdc" sinh ra tiSu cyc, tham nhOng va thu tuc duac giai quylt nhanh ehdng, can su dyng chinh phu dien tif (E - Government), su dyng "he thing thing tin dja l y (Geograffty Infgrmation System - GIS) v i °he thflng thfing tin d i t dai" (Land Information System - US) trgng quan ly d i t dai,
4- c i n cfl "eic giai phip HSn hoin' khae nhu: Quy hogch su dyng dat. kiln tnic, giao thflng ca sd ha ting v i ding bfl, hyp tic M nudc - tu nhin, t i i ehinh v i t l ch&c.
Giai phap v l quy hoach si> dung dit Hfli nghi toin d u tni bj cho Habitat II tai New Delhi An Dfl 1996 v l "Tilp can dit dai va an toin eho ngudi hudng dyng l i dilu ki^n cho cho d v i phit triln bin vung" (Access to land and security of tenure as a condition to sustainable shelter and urban development) Si chi rfi vai trd cua quy hoach s& dung dit do thj c i n d i p ung nhu c i u khflng gian d l "phan bt dan cu°, vl quy hoach su dyng dit xit v l bSn ehit l i "quy hoach phan b l din cu"
DOI vdi NOXH, n h i d eho ngudi cd thu nhSp thip, thi rit cin cfl quy d i t d l gin kit vdi noi lim vigc va djch vy cflng cOng, tgo thinh cSc
"khu lien hap": "Khu cflng nghiip - nhi 6 cflng nhin - djch vg cflng eflng", "Trudng dgi hgc - kJ t&c x i sinh viin - djch vu eflng cflng",,
Theo Nghj quylt 18/NQ-CP cCia Chinh phil thi UBND d p tinh, ttiinh phi phii r i soit dilu chinh bo sung quy d i t d l phit triln nhi d sinh viin, nhS d cflng nhan khu cflng nghiSp v i NOXH, nhi 6 cho ngudi thu nhip thip trong quy hggch ehung:
Quy hgach chi tilt cua dja phuang (kl ca qu? dit dinh d l xiy dyng d l giao cho cic doanh nghibp xiy dyng nhi 6 thu nhgp thip). Tuy nhiin, chodJn nay nhieu dja phuong vin chua cfl quy hogch, ke hoach bo ttl quy dit d l phit ttiln NOXH v i nhi &
cho ngudi thu nh^p thip.
Mflt budc di quan trpng d l thyc hiSn Chiin luyc n h i d quic gia trong dfl cfl NOXH v i nhS d cho ngudi thu nh|p thip l i phii hoin thflnh quy hoach xiy dyng cd tinh chiln luyc dil hgn v i rflng khap, nhim cung cip mflt khung liSn
hollande-bethune-social-housmg
kit chlnh sich vS dfl th] va khfing gian sao eho quy hoach v i d i u tu v l nha d, toan bfi ea sd ha ting xa hfli-khong gian dfi thj duoc phat tnln CO ban la theo quy hoaeh dfi thi. Ngoai ra dy an NOXH theo quy dmh chilm 20% tflng dien tieh d i t nhi d xay dung nam trong du an nha d thuang mai
TrSn thyc t l , cdng cu chu chflt d l giai quylt va tgo dilu kiSn hlin thyc hfla quy hogeh dfl thi khfing gi khae hon la thyc hiin theo "Chiin luyc nha d qufic gia"
Giii phap v l kiln true
Cfing trinh trong du an NOXH chu y l u l i Chung eu eho thue, thuS mua va ban. Chung cu tai eic du i n NOXH phd biin cao t& 5-15 t i n g . Cflng trinh tir 15-40 tang chii y l u xuit hign tgi cic khu trung t i m eae thanh phfl ldn
Dien tieh can hfl ehung eu khoang 50-70m^, Trong thdi ky biln dfli d l giam nhe khi phat thai hieu ung nha kinh, cin su dung cie loai v§t lieu tilt kiem nang luyng. D l thich ung vdi khi hau nhiet ddi i m gio mua ngay eang eue doan d nude ta va nhiet dfl ngay cang tang cao, ed nhilu giai phap hieu qua trong thilt k l hudng din "kiln tr&c smh thai" va "kiln true xanh" dfii vol cac ehung cu NOXH Giai phap trude tien phai la "kiln tr&c md" khOng cfi gidi hgn giua nfli va ngoai thit, nha thudng cd hanh lang ben, co gilng trdi, fi tring, sin trong d l d l dang thfing gifi, luu chuySn khfing khi va liy anh sang tu nhien, trfing eay
Giai phap phat triln giao thong v i co' sd ha ting ddng bo
Myc tiiu ehu y l u eua quy hoach do thi la
phai tang eudng quan ly su dung d i t dfing thdi vdl viee kilm soit tang trudng, gin k i t vdi phat triln giao thfing v i v i ea sd hg ting - Hgt nhan eiia viee "su dung d i t hdn hop" la d i kilm soat duae ea tren thuc t l v i cfl kha nang thyc tiln d l khfing han chl d i n giao thdng trong tuang lai, die biet l i gi&a chfl d v i l^m viSe cin duae tuang thich vdi nhau.
Sy khdi d i u eua chuang trinh NOXH v i nhi d ngudi thu nhap thip ! i y l u tfi quyit dinh nhjp dfi, theo dfi cic h i thing giao thflng, ca sd thuang mai, cfing nghiep v i t i t c i cac eflng trinh ea sd hg ting khae duac phat tnln
c i n thue hien dilu tilt chenh iech dja tfi do nha nude diu tu ky thugt ha ting ma cd d l can bang gi&a phat tnln nhi d va phit tnln ha ting dfi thi
L Astrolarbre-Phcq>
Lim duye dilu niy, chiln luyc nha d da tryc tilp v i giin ttip ddng gdp v i o sy phat triln nhanh ehdng eau tnic x i hfli v i khfing gian, tgo ra ha ting xuang song cho sy thjnh vuyng kinh t l v i I n djnh chlnh trj.
Glil phip hap t i c n h i nu'dv va tu- nhin Hyp t i c nha nudc - tu nhin (Public Private Parnership - PPPP) l i liSn doanh hyp t i e gi&a nhi nudc va tu nhin, duye xiy dung tren eo sd ky thuit chuySn mOn cua mfli doi tic nhim dip dng ySu ciu eua ngudi din da duoc xic djnh mflt cich rfi ring thflng qua viec phan bo mflt cieh thich hop eie nguin lyc, rui ro v i chl dO khen thudng {Theo nguon eua chlnh phii Canada 2001).
Cic mO hlnh hyp tic gi&a nhi nudc v i tu nhin rit da dang v l hlnh thii v i quy mfl, TCiy thuflc Vic m&c dfi kilm soit cua khoi nhi nudc m i sy tham gia cua tu nhin cd t h i khic nhau tu vtflc cung ung cic d|ch vy cho din sd huu hoin tgin nhu: {i) Cflng ty liin doanh, (ii) Sing kiln cflng (khOi nhi nudc ky hyp dflng dai han mua cic d|ch vy chit luang eao, trong dfi neu
4 0 Tape hi
^^^HH^H^^STFi'/
rfl cic kit qua diu ra cin dat duoc cua phia tu nhin); {iii) Gflp vin ehung, (iv) Hop t i c diu tu;
(v) Dong thuc hiOn chinh sich {viSc b l tri cic e i nhin trong ITnh vyc tu nhin hoac cac bin tu nhan tham gia vio viic xay dung hogc triln khai thyc hien mfit so chlnh sich cfing nao dfi);
(vi) Chuyin nhuong, (vii) Ky hap ding hop tac.
Giai phap hyp t i e nhi nudc - tu nhan cung cfl thi &ng dgng d l phit tnin nha 6 xa hdi va nhi d eho ngudi thu nhip thip. Tuy nhien, hign nay nudc ta chua cd co ehe diy dii d l v i n hinh mfl hlnh " Hyp tie efing - tu"
Giai phap v l t i l chinh
- c i n CO mflt hS thing t i i chinh diing d i n d l bao dam cung d p diy du vfin eho san xuit v i bao duong quy nhi d v i cic tien nghi, ding thdi tgo dilu kiSn eho ngudi mua nhi d cfi the tra din trong mflt thdi gian dai,
Hign d nudc ta nhieu thinh phi da cd ngan hang phit triln nhi, quy tin dgng eho ngudi ngheo va ngudi thu nhap thip {tham khao md hlnh tin dung nha d cho ngudi thu nhgp thip cua Grameen Bank - Bangladesh)
- Can sdm thinh lap "quy tiet kiem nhi o' (quy nay hinh thanh tren co sd t i i ca ciu quy phit triin nhi tai cic dja phuang)
Quy tilt kigm nhi d h§ try chg ngudi cfl nhu c l u nha d nhung thu nh#p hgn chl. Nguin vfin duye hlnh thinh t& sy dfing gflp cua ngufli lao dflng tu ttln luong theo ty le quy dmh (cd qudc gia quy djnh muc 10-15%, muc thip nhit ttr 3-5%),
Muc dich cua quy tiit kiem nha d d l dliU tu x i y dyng nhi d v i cho ngudi mua vay iru dai, Ngudi g&itiln sau 10-15 nam se dupc mua nhi bing tiln tilt kigm. Nlu ngudi gui kh6ng xda yeu c i u mua nhi thi khi nghi huu se dirge tra ea glc lan lit. D i y l i mfl hlnh duoc hiu \\k cac nin kmh t l dang phat triln ap dung.
Mat khae, d l i vdi hfl gia dinh hcgc ci nhSn tham gia chuang trinh tilt kiem nhi d, tiln ding gop hang thing efl t h i khflng tinh theo ty 1$ thn luang m i tinh theo nhu eiu ciia khoan vay di;
kiln. Khi tiln dflng gdp vao quy bang Wioang 30%
gii tn nha d d n mua hogc d n ttiue mua viBidi gian ddng gflp quy toi thilu t& 5 nam ttd lin thi cie hfl gia dinh, c i nhan se duae vay tiln t& Q4
Savonnene-Heyi
l i l t kiem n h i d. ViSc cho vay duye tinh trin nguyen tae ai gi>i t i l t kiOm nhilu hoae ttidi gian d i i han thi duye uu tien vay tnj-dc. Ngudi vay phai t r i dSu hang thing trong ttidi hgn t l i thilu 15 nam. tinh td ngiy duye vay dd mua n h i d xa hgi
Tuy nhien. nguon v i n hlnh thinh quy t i l t kiem n h i d c i n duye huy dfing t&
nhilu nguin. Nguin v i n cua quy t i l t kigm n h i d, 10% ttln su dyng d i t t h u duoe t u c i c dy i n phit t r i l n thuong mai, dy an khu dfi thj mdi, nguin vfin t& ngan saeh trung uong d p 1 l i n ban d i u cho quy, ngin sich dia phuang hfi tro hang nam, 30% lyi nhu|n thu duye tii phit hinh so so kiin thiit hoac phit hanh xfl sfl nha d, nguin von t& vigc phit hanh t r i i phieu n h i d bat budc d l i vdi c i c d l i tuyng tham gia mflt so hogt dflng liin quan den b i t dflng san. D i e biet, vi l i quy ttit ktSm nen cfin cfi nguon ddng t i l t kiOm v i tra no ctia eae dfl tuang efl nhu c i u tham gia dfing vao quy
Hy vpng quy ttit k i i m n h i d se gflp phin quan trong giai quyit b i t i e v i vdn d i u t u cho c i c dy i n phit triln n h i d xa hfli v i n h i cho ngudi thu nhip thip,
Ngudi vay l i doanh nghtSp, theg de i n , quy se thue hien eho vay ddi vdi doanh nghiep cd du i n d i u t u x i y dyng n h i d xa hfli. Sfl ttln cho vay t l i da bang 70%
t i n g vfln d i u t u xay dyng v i l i p d i t thiet bj eiJa du an nha d xa hfli.
Giai p h i p v l t d chipc
Theo kmh nghigm cua c i c nude chSu A tht c i n cfl mflt ca quan cd du quyin luc l i m d i u m l i d l x u i t chlnh s i c h d l quan ly v i o phat triln nha d cho ngudi thu nhip t h i p v i n h i d x i hfli nhim dam bao giai quylt c i c nhiim vy quan trpng v l d i t dal, t i i ttiiSt va p h i t t r i l n c i c khu vyc dfl ttij, xay dyng v i quan ly n h i d xa hfli va n h i d cho ngudi thu nhip t h i p . Do vgy cd t h i thinh lap Tfing cyc Phit triln nha.
Mat khie cOng cd t h i thinh Igp Tfing cfing ty Phit triln n h i d l thyc hiSn nhiem vy chti y l u l i phit triln n h i d xa hfii v i n h i d eho ngudi ttiu nhap t h i p . n
Tai lien t h a m kbao
- United Nations Conference on Human settlement. Habitat _Vancouver (Canada). 1978
- Congress of Local Authonties for Development of Human Settlement inAsiaPacificJokohama (Japan). 1982
-International Year of Shelter for Homeless_IYSH. 1987 - Confess (fLocalAiahanties on Local Initiattve widRegional Co-operation fiv Development tf Shelter and Cimmunities_Nagco^(Jipan), 1987
- First Working Group Meeting of the Participating in the Regional Network of Local Authorities for tke Management cf Human Settlements^ Yokohama (Japan). 1987.
- HousmgDevelopment and Investment inManh nd^R Premadasa. 1987 Global Strategy of Shelter to the Year 2000JJNCHS.1988 - Training Workshop on Community Action Planning for Settlement UpgradingColombo (Snlanka).1988
- ESCAP Workshop on Kampung Improvement and New Integrated Settlement Develapment_ Jakarta (Indonesia).1988 - Workshop on Local Housing Programmmes with Focus on Partnership between City Authotities and People _ Ho Chl Minh City (VietNam). 1989
- Housing Debate-Urban Challenges _Pans (France).1990 Rehabilitacion Los Bamos - Del Tercer Mundies _ Caracas (Venezuela). 1991
- Law-income Housing m BangkokJYap Kioe Sheng. 1992 Integration Urbaine et Rehabilitation des Grands Ensembles _Guy Lale-Gerard. 1992
-Access to land and security of tenure as condition to sustainable shelter and urban development — New Delhi (India), 1996 - Istambul Decleration - Second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements. Habitat H. Istambul Turkey. 3-14/2/1996 - Nhd d trong nin kinh te thi trudng cud thi gidi thii- 3- Mdt luge dd di phdn lich tdi lieu ^MichealLeif. 1996
- Trinh tuphdt tnen ddt dnh hudng gid cd cila suphdt trien cdc khu ddn cu hap phap vd bdt hgp phdpPaulBaross. 1996 - Chinh sdch phdt tnen nhd d vd phdt trien kinh te & Sigapore_Lee E Goo. 1996
- Hous ing Crisis m Central Asia AnfHasan, 1997 - Workshop on Locally Intiated Training for Local Governement Officials on Community Participaton _ Surabaya (Indonesia) . 1997 - Housing Reform in China -A Paradigm Shift to Market Economy_
Peter Ll. 2002 -Ludt Ddi dai. 2003 -Ludt Nhd d,200S
- Phuang phdp hep cdn mdi ve quy hogch vd qudn l^ dd tht ^Nguyin Ddng San. NXB Xdy dyvg 2005 vd Tdp 2. 2006
- The Balance of urban Growth and Redevelopment in HCMC.
Sustainable Housing Policies far Megacities of Tomorrow-Project-- - Description _ Bandenburg Technical University (BTU) Cosbus. 2006 Ludt Kmh doanh Bdt dong sdn. 2006
- Phdt tnen nhd d xd hgi vd nhd a cho ngitdi thu nhdp lhdp_ Nguyin DdngSon. TC Ngudi Xdy Dung sd 10/2008
- Cdng tdc qudn Iy phdt tnin dd th bin vUng - Mdt sd bdi hgc kmh nghiem - Nguyin To Ldng. 2010
- Quy hoach xdy dung cdc khu ddn cugidi phdp hdng ddu cda chin luge phdt tnin nhd d NguySn Ddng San, TC Ngudi Xdy Difng sd 4/2011
- Ngh dinh 71/CP- Nhiiu ca chi md dSphdt tnin nhd dxa hdi_ Nhung Nguyin. 2010
- Chiphi ddu Of thdp-Ca hdi cho cac dif dn nhd dxd hdi _ An Nhien.
2011
- Nhd d cho cdng nhdn. chua cdgidi phdp cdn ca_ Luang Thi^n & Le Long. 2011
- Ou^ tiet hen nhd dxa hoi ~ Ca hgiancu cho nguai thu nhdp lhdp_
Vuang Thdo. 20II
- Chin luoc phdt tnin nhd d din 2020 vd tdm nhm ldi 2030. 2011 - Phdt tnen nhd dxa hoi & nhd dcho ngudi cd thu nhdp thdp __ NguySn Ddng San. TC Quy hoach Xdy dung
Sd 62/2013
