CAI TIEIM IMAIMG CAO IMAIXIG S U A T DOIMG IMGO THUAIM
B A I M G P H U O I M G P H A P L A I I M G U O C ( B A C K C R O S S )
Ngd Thi Minh TimS Bui Manh C\iimg\ Phung Qudc Tuin^
T6MTAT
Dong thuan co vai tro bet siic quan trpng trong cong tac tao giong ngo lai. Ngay nay, de nang cao nang suat con lai Fl, bo me phai co kha nang ket hop cao v6 nang suat, ddng thoi phai co nang suat cao. Ket qua cai tien nang suat dong bd me bing phuong phap lai ngupc (backcross) tren co so chpn loc tinh trang chieu • dai blp, sd hang bat, ty le cay 2 blp hau hieu la rat kha thi. Thong qua phuong phap backcross co the chpn loc dupc cac dong chin som, kha nang ket hop chung va phuong sai kha nang ket hop rieng cao hon dong bd.me. Ket qua tbi nghiem cQng cho thay khi cai tien nang cao nang suat dong bo me tbi uu the lai co xu huong giam nhung khong anh huong toi su tang nang suat cua cac to hpp lai rieng biet.
Tir khoi: Lai nguac, dbng ngo thudn, ty le cdy co hai bdp huu hieu, khd ndng ket hap, uu thi'lai
LDATVANDE
Khi tdng k i t mo hinh phit triin gidng ngo lai sau 50 nam (1940-1990) d My v l the gidi, Duvic
(2001) chi ra 3 nguyen nhan d i n tdi nang suit ngo tang: (1) Cic vat heu khong ngimg dupc cai thien vi mat di tinyen; (2) Cii tiin nang cao nang suit ddng bd me; (3) Cac gidng ngo mdi cd kha nang tiiich iing rdng, dn dinh.
a nudc ta, van d i tao ddng bd me nang suat cao cdn nhiiu y kiin khic biet, tinh din nam 2007 chua cd cong ti-inh nghien ciiu nIo de cap tdi van d i nly.
Nam 2008, Ngo Hun Tinh 11 ngudi dau tien d i cap tdi van de tao ddng nang suit cao vdi 2 cong trinh:
"Thuin h o i tich hpp" v l "Chpn ddng tuong ddng the he mdi" vdi 2 tinh ti-ang chiiu dii b l p vl tinh nhiiu blp. Cac tinh ti-ang k h i c hoac td hpp cic tinh trang lien quan vdi nang suit chua dupc de cap frong q u i trinh chpn Ipc. Bai bao nly mudn trao ddi mdt vii y tudng cung nhu mpt sd din lieu khoa hpc ve k i t qua chpn tao ddng thuin nang suat cao bing phuong phip lai ngupc (backcross) vdi td hpp cic tinh trang lien quan tdi nang suit ddng bd ma vl td hpp lai Fl.
II. VAT UEU VA PHUDNG PHAP NGHIEN CUU
1. Vit lieu nghien euu
- Ddng DF2, the he F2 cua td hpp DF2 x DFl, cic ddng thuan Dl, D2 , ..., D12 dupc chpn tii td hpp ( F 2 x D F 2 ) d t h i h e S 1 2 .
- Cay thti C3N dupc chpn Ipc tu' td hpp Pacific747, cay thu T5 dupc chpn Ipc tii td hpp Cargill777. Ddng DF2 vl hai ciy thu phan bd d cac nhdm cich biet di truyen k h i c nhau.
2. Phuomg phip nghien eiru
Tao quIn t h i phan ly b i n g phuong phip tit thu.
Phan nhdm tinh ti-ang d F2 theo muc dich nghien cuu.
Lai hdi giao vdi ddng DF2 bing phuong phap backcross.
Tft t h i he 3 d i n t h i he 5: Tao quIn t h i DF2BC b i n g phuong phip fullsib.
Til S6 - S12 chpn Ipc b i n g phuong phip tii phdi.
Danh gia d i e diim nong sinh hpc vl k h i nang k i t hop d S12.
Cic sd lieu dupc thu thap v l xu ly thdng ke ti-en chuong ti-inh excel, MSTATC v l phan tich k h i nang k i t hpp bang chuong ti-inh Topcross ver 2.0 cua Nguyin Dinh Hiin (1995).
Thi nghiem dupc thuc hien tai Vien Nghien cfm Ngo tir vu xuan 2003 den vu xuan 2009.
III. KET QUA NGHIEN CUU
1. D i e diim ndng smh hoc ciia mdt sd ddng thuin or S12
- 12 ddng thuin dupc chpn Ipc tit 208 gia dinh DF2BC1 theo cic tinh ti-ang chin sdm, dii blp, dudng kinh b l p vl sd h i n g hat. 6 t h i he S12 da dinh gil die diim nong sinh hpc (bing 1).
Vien Nghien cuu Ngo
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Bing 1: Mdt sd die diim ndng sinh hoc vi khi ning chdn
Ten d6ng Dl D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 DIO D U D12 TB DF2 (D/C)
Th6i gian tu gieo d^n ... (ngiy) Tracer
73 74 75 74 74 73 72 73 74 76 75 74 73,9
74
Phunrau 76 77 78 77 78 77 77 76 77 78 78 78 77,2
78
Chin sinh ly 111 111 110 110 110 111 112 111 112 114 114 112 111,5
115
g chiu eiia 12 ddng ngd
Tinh chdng chiu Kb6 vin (%)
5,3 6,3 14,7 15,2 14,1 5,6 4,5 3,0 1,7 0 0 3,3 6,1 5,9
Gi sit (diim 1-5) 3 1 1 1 2 3 5 1 4 2 2 1 2,1
3
Dd (diim 1-5) 2 2 2 1 3 3 3 1 3 2 2 3 2 3 - Thai gian sinh tru&ng: Thdi gian tii gieo din trd
cd, phun rau cua cac ddng tuong duong vdi ddng ddi chung, tuong ting 11 72-76 ngly v l 76-78 ngay. Thdi gian sinh trudng cua cac ddng dao ddng tii 110-114 ngly va diu chin sdm hon ddi chiing. 3 ddng cd thdi gian stnh trudng ngln nhat (110 ngly) la D3, D4, D5, chin sdm hon ddi chting DF2 5 ngay, cic ddng cdn lai chin sdm hon ddi chting tii 1-4 ngay.
- Khd ndng chdng chiu: Nhin chung cic ddng cd kha nang chdng dd, khang benh gi sit kha hon ddi chung DF2, nhtmg benh kho vin cd xu hudng nhiim nang hon.
Thong qua phuong phip lai ngupc cd t h i chpn dupc cic ddng chin sdm hon, kha nang chdng dd, benh gi sit kha hon ddng ban diu.
2. Ning suit v i e i e ylu td eiu thinh ning suit Kit qua bang 2 cho thay: Nang suit trung binh cua 12 ddng dat 33,2 ta/ha, ddng ddi chung DF2 dat 26,1 ta/ha. Ddng D l l cd nang suat thap nhat dat 25,8 ta/ha, cic ddng cdn lai cd nang suit cao hon ddi chung chic chin a miic tin cay 0,05, die biet ddng D6 cd nang suit dat 41,4 ta/ha. Nhu vay so vdi ddi chiing, nang suit trung binh cua 12 ddng sau chpn Ipc fang 27,2 %.
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Bing 2. Ning suit vi eie ylu td eiu thinh ning suit (vu Ten ddng
Dl D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 DIO D l l D12 TB DF2 (d/c)
LSD0,05
cv,%
Nang suit (ta/ha)
34,9 39,4 29,4 33,5 29,9 41,4 34,2 32,9 31,0 28,4 25,8 37,6 33,2 26,1 2,545 9,630
%ciy2 blp hiiu
hi6u 31,4
• 37,0 - 21,6 1,30 66,4 31,0 29,7 26,4
- - 33,3 23,2 11,6
xuin 2009)
Cac ylu td nang suit Dii blp
cm 14,3 15,4 15,2 14,2 13,4 15,0 11,4 12,0 12,0 12,6 12,1 14,4 13,5 11,7
CV,%
9,4 5,7 7,3 9,5 9,4 8,0 5,7 4,9 9,4 5,0 10,6
9,1 7.8 13,7
Du6ng kinh blp cm
3,6 3,8 3,7 3,7 3,6 3,6 3,7 3,7 3,6 3,2 3,6 3,7 3,6 3,6
CV,%
6,0 4,0 4,7 5,7 3,4 4,2 8,5 7,8 8,4 3,5 4,9 3,6 5.4 4,0
Sd h i n g hat cm
11,6 12,4 13,5 12,8 12,4 12,5 10,5 11,2 10,9 10,4 11,6 12,3 11,8 11,1
CV,%
9,8 5,3 7,2 8,0 5,3 5,2 6,8 9,2 10,0
6,2 7,9 6,9 7,3 3,3
Trong cac tinh trang nghien ciru thi chiiu dai blp dupc cai thien ro nhlt, trung binh dat 13,5 cm, trong khi ddi chiing dat 11,7 cm. Hau h i t cic ddng cd nang suit cao nhu: D l (34,9 ta/ha), D2 (39,4 ta/ha), D6 (41,1 fa/ha), D12 (37,6 ta/ha) diu cd chiiu dii blp ldn hon 14 cm, dii hon ddi chung 2 cm.
Dly cung 11 nhting ddng cd ty le 2 bap hun hieu cao, tirong ling 1131,4%, 37%, 66,4% v i 33,3%. Ty le cay hai blp htfu hieu trung binh cua ca 12 ddng dat 23,2%
cao hon so vdi ddi chiing (11,6%). Cic tinh trang nhu sd h i n g hat vl dudng kinh b l p cung dupc cai thien song mtic dp bieu hien khong ro ret. Ddng D3 cd sd hing hat tnmg binh cao nhat (13,5 hing).
Thong qua phuong phap lai ngupc cd t h i chpn Ipc dupc nhiing ddng cd chiiu dai blp, sd hing hat, ty le hai blp hiiu hieu vl nang suit cao hon ddng ban dau.
3. Khi ning kit hop eiia ddng
Dinh gil kha nang k i t hpp cua 12 ddng vdi 2 cay thti C3N vl T5, t h i hien d b i n g 3.
Kit qua phan tich cho fhly, cic ddng Dl, D2, D8, DIO cd kha nang k i t hpp chung cao, cic ddng D3, D4, D5, D6, D8 cd phuong sai k h i nang kit hpp rieng cao. Ddng D6 v l D8 cd k h i nang k i t hpp chung vl phuong sai kha nang k i t hpp rieng cao.
Thong qua phuong phip lai ngupc vl cii thien nin di truyin bing phuong phip fullsib cd t h i chpn Ipc dupc cle ddng cd kha nang k i t hpp chung vl
phuong sai kha nang kef hpp rieng cao. Cic ddng Dl, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D8 vl DIO co t h i su dung trong cong tic tao gidng lai.
Bing 3. Khi ning kit hpp chung (KNKHC) v i phuOTig sai khi ning kit hgrp ritng
(o^ KNKHR) cua 12 ddng
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
T6n d6ng Dl D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 DIO D l l D12 DF2 (d/c)
cv,%
Nang suit (ta/ha) C3N
80,3 82,5 69,9 78,2 81,6 83,5 77,5 79,0 73,1 80,4 77,4 70,7 78,4
T5 82,6 84,5 81,7 72,1 68,2 76,9 78,0 84,5 78,5 82,0 79,7 76,1 76,8 4,01 9,56
KNKHC 3,438 5,222 - 2,445 -3,112 - 3,328
1,938 - 0,495 3,488 - 2,462 2,972 0,288 - 4,845 - 0,662
KNKHR 0,654 0,948 62,462 23,277 98,791 26,814 0,008 11,730 10,937 0,448 1,351 11,409
2,546
4. Uu thi lai eiia e i e td hpp lai dinh
De d i n h gil toln dien die tinh ciia ddng tai tao sau chu ky chpn Ipc phai cin thief dinh gil tm the lai ctia chung thong qua td hpp lai dinh, k i t qua the hien d bing 4.
TT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Bing 4. Ning suit, im the ciia cic td
Td hpp lai
D l x C 3 N D2 X C3N D3 X C3N D4 X C3N D5 X C3N D6 X C3N D7 X C3N D8 X C3N D9 X C3N D10xC3N D l l x C 3 N D12xC3N
TB DF2 x C3N (d/c)
t ^ t J f ) 05
Nang suit (ta/ha)
80,8 82,5 69,9
• 78,2 81,6 83,5 77,5 79,0 73,1 80,4 77,4 70,7 77,9 78,4
Hmp (%) 139,3 122,2 137,5 139,8 174,0 116,4 133,9 145,3 138,8 181,5 192,9 99,0 143,3 194,5
! lai trung 1 ipp lai din
Hbp(%)
131,3 109,5 137,4 133,6 173,1 101,9 126,8 139,9 136,1 174,2 163,9 88,0 134,6 167,2 4,01
jinh (Hmp) vi tm thi lai thuc (Hbp) b(vu Xuin 2009)
TT
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
T 6 hpp lai
D l x T 5 D2xT5 D3xT5 D4xT5 D5xT5 D6xT5 D7xT5 D8xT5 D9xT5 D10xT5 D l l x T 5 D12xT5
TB DF2xT5(d/c)
CV,%
Nang suit (ta/ha)
82,6 84,5 81,7 72,1 68,2 76,9 78,0 84,5 78,5 82,0 79,7 76,1 78,7 76,8
Hmp {%) 136,7 120,5 168,6 113,3 120,1 93,8 127,5 153,8 147,3 177,4 191,2 106,1 137,9 177,9 9,56
Hbp (%) 136,5 114,7 135,1 107,4 96,2 85,8 124,5 143,1 125,7 135,9 129,2 102,3 119,7 120,9
Kit qui bang 4 cho thay: Nang suit trung binh cua cic td hpp lai ddi vdi ca 2 cay thii khong cd sir khac biet so vdi ddi chiing, diiu nly chiing td tiim nang ning suit cua mpt ngudn vat lieu nIo do 11 cd gidi ban. Tuy nhien, vin cd cic td hpp lai cd nang suit vupt ddi chiing chic chin d miic tin cay 0,05.
Nhom td hpp lai voi cay thu 1 cd 2 td hpp 11 D2 x C3N vl D6 X C3N, nhdm td hpp lai voi cay thii 2 cd 5 td hpp 11 Dl X T5, D2 x T5, D3 x T5, D8 x T5 vl DIO X T5. Diiu nly cho thay, mac du tiim nang vi nang suit cua mpt ngudn vat lieu la cd gidi ban, song thong qua phuong phip tai tao ddng bang lai ngupc
Bang 5. Mtie dd suy giim tm thi
vl cai thien vat lieu bing phuong phap fullsib van cd thi tim ra nhtrng to hop lai cd nang suit vupt ddi chting tren co sd cii thien nang suit ddng, khi nang kit hpp vl str tuong tac (khi nang kit hpp rieng) cua cap ddng trong td hpp lai mdi
Khi nang suit ddng tang thi uu thi lai cua con lai Fl cd xu hudng giam, kit qua phan tich cung cho thay: Ty le suy giam tm the lai 11 tuong ting vdi ty le tang nang suit cua ddng (bing 5), tuy nhien khong Inh hudng tdi su tang nang suit cua cic td hpp lai rieng biet.
Iai vi ting ning suit eiia ddng tii tao C6ng thiic
Dong/ To hpp lai Doi chimg (%) tang/giam
Nang suit (ta/ha)
33,2 26,1 +27,20
Hmp(%) C3N
143 194 -26,29
T5 137 177 -22,60
TB 140 185 -24,32
Hbp(%) C3N
134 167 -19,76
T5 119 120 -0,83
TB 126 143 -11,89
IV. THAO LOAN
Phit triin ddng thuin cd nang suit cao, khi nang thich ung rpng vl nhat la cd kha nang kit hpp cao ve nang suit da dupc khing dinh sau 50 nam phit trien ngo lai ciia the gidi (Duvic, 2001). Cd nhieu phuong phip dupc Ip dung de fli tao ddng, frong dd phuong phap lai ngupc (backcross) ll mpt trong nhting phuong phip dupc ap dung rdng rai vl dem lai hieu qua cao. Su dung phuong phip nay mdt mat ke thtra dupc cic tinh trang tdt ciia ddng bd me, mat khic gia tang dupc cic tinh trang mong mudn tren co sd nang cao tan suat cic gien quy dinh tinh trang dd (Ngo Htiu Tinh, 2009). Sir dung phuong phap lai ngupc trong fli tao ddng da dupc nhiiu tic gil de cap (Murphy, 1942), nghien cthi (Falcorner, 1961) vlholn thien (Sanchez, 1990, 1992,1993).
Co sd cua phuong phap chpn loc sau lai ngupc thuc chit 11 chpn Ipc hieu ting di truyin cpng. Su biin ddi phuong sai di truyen cdng d ca hai the he Fl, F2 trong lai ngupc diu cd dang thiic chung 11 o \
= 2pqa^ (Falcorner, 1961), trong dd p, q 11 tin suit ciia cic alen trong cung locus, d^ 11 gia tri gia tang ciia mdt tinh trang nao dd nhan vdi he sd di truyin (h) ciia tinh trang do. Sau mdi lln lai ngupc thi gil tri gia tang tinh trang do hieu iing cpng mang lai cd dang 2K,Q,a^t, ti-ong dd K, vl Qt ll dd ldn tinh trang t do tic dpng cdng cua 2 alen p, q mang lai (Sanchez, 1992). Chpn Ipc hieu ting di truyin cdng cho hieu
qua cao nhat neu tiin hinh lai ngupc d Fl. Tuy nhien, niu chpn Ipc tinh trang don le thi F2-lai ngupc cho hieu qui cao hon Fl-lai ngupc (Sanchez, 1990).
Mat khac, theo Hallauer (1988) ddi vdi cic tinh trang nhu chiiu dii bap, sd hang hat, tinh chin sdm, chu yiu do hieu ung di truyen cdng quy dinh (den 75%).
Do vay, cii tien nang cao nang suit ddng bing phuong phip lai ngupc fhtrc chit 11 chpn Ipc hieu ting gien cdng ddi vdi cac tinh trang dii blp, dudng kinh blp, sd hing hat. Kit qua thi nghiem tren cho thay nang suit ddng tang ll do cai thien dupc chieu dii blp, sd hang hat vl fy le cay cd hai blp htiu hieu.
Mpt van di khac cin di cap la khi nang suit ddng tang thi uu thi lai cd xu hudng giam. Kit qui nghien ciiu tren phu hpp vdi kit luan cua Duvic (2001) la trong 50 nam qua uu thi lai a ngo khong tang, cai tiin nang suit con lai Fl dua tren co sd cai thien tm thi lai hlu nhu khong cd kit qui. Do vay, con dudng nang cao nang suit con lai Fl chii yeu phai dua vio cai thien di truyin ctia cac vat lieu, tang nang suit ddng bd me. Sir suy giim tm the lai khong Inh hudng tdi tang nang suit cua con lai Fl.
V. KET LUAN
1. Sir dting phuong phip lai ngupc cd the cai thien nang cao nang suit ddng bd me tren co sd chpn Ipc hieu ting di truyin cpng vdi cic tinh trang chieu dii blp, sd hing hat vl ty le cay 2 blp htfu hieu.
2. Kit qua chpn loc tao ra cac ddng Dl, D2, D6 va D8 cd nang suit ddng cao hon ddi chung, chin sdm, die biet cd kha nang k i t hpp chung cao ve nang suit. Ddng D3 vl D5 cd phuong sai k h i nang k i t hpp rieng cao. Cic ddng nly cd t h i bd sung vio tap doin ddng phuc vu cong tie chpn tao gidng ngo lai nang suit cao.
3. Khi ning suit ddng fang, tm t h i lai cd xu hudng giim song khong anh hudng tdi su tang nang suit ciia cac td hpp lai rieng biet.
TAI UEU THAM KHAO
(1) Duvic, D. N. (2001). Biotechnology in the 1930s, the development of hybrid maize. Nature Reviews Genet. 2: 69-71.
(2) Falcorner, D. S. (1961). Introduction to quantitative genetics. The Ronald Press. New York.
(3) Hallauer, A R. ; J. B. Miranda, FO. (1988).
Quantitative Genetics in Maize Breeding.
(4) Marquez - Sanchez F. (1990). Backcross theory for maize. I. Homozygosis and heterosis.
Maydica 35: 17-22.
(5) Marquez - Sanchez F. (1992).-Backcross theory for maize. II. Additive genetic variance and response to selection. Maydica 37: 225-229.
(6) Marquez - Sanchez F. (1993). Backcross theory for maize. III. Crosses between backcrosses.
Maydica 38: 61-66.
(7) Ngo Htm Tinh (2009). Chpn Ipc vl lai tao gidng ngo. NXB Nong nghiep, HI Ndi.
IMPROVEMENT OF MAIZE INBRED LINE YIELD BY USING BACKCROSS METHOD Ngo Thi Mmh Tam, Bui Manh Cuong, Phimg Quoc Tuan
Summary
The inbred line plays an important role in heterosis breeding of maize. The inbred-hybrid breeding method requires a continiuous supply of ne'w inbred lines that have good combining ability for yield and must have good seed yield. Using backcross method in increasing yield of parental lines based on selection of traits as ear length, kernel-row number and percentage of two effective ear plants is realizable. By the use of this, the early maturing lines with general combining ability and variance of specific combining ability better than the parental line can be obtained. The data of the experiments also showed that when the line yield was increased, the heterosis was reduced. However, this is not effect to yield of separate crosses.
Keywords: Backcross, maize inbred line, percentage two-effective ear plants, combining ability, heterosis.
Ngudi phin hitn: GS. TSKH. Trin Duy Quy
