NGHIEN CUU
RESEARCH
Cc h6i va thach thuc cho die huu co: nghidn cuu truong hop cac ho nong dan vung nui phia Bac Met Nam
•ft^ Thi Thu Huong D6TniengLam Hgc vlein Nong nghiep Vifit Nam
San phdm ndng nghidp huu ca ndi ehung va chd hiiu ca ndi ridng da vd dang dugc ngudi trieu dflng trong vd ngoai nude quan tdm. Tuy nhien, canh tde ehd hiiu eo efla cdc hd trdng che cdn gdp nhidu khd khan thach thiie. Nghidn ciiu nay nhdm phdn tich didm m^nh, didm yeu, thdi eo vd thdeh thflc trong vide canh tac che huu CO efla ede hd ndng ddn d vung nui phia Bde Vidt Nam. Ngodi ra nghidn ciiu nay cung phan tich eac ydu td dnh hudng ddn quydt djnh chuyen tii canh tdc ehe thudng sang eanh tde che huu eo cfla cdc hd ndng ddn. Tren co sd dd, nghidn cfln nay cQng dua ra mdt sd khuydn nghi nhdm tdng didn Uch ehd hiiu co hong thdi gian tdi.
I.Mordau
Tuy che hiiu co ngay edng dugc ua ehuong xong sdn xuat ehe hiiu ea cdn gap nhidu khd khdn va thdeh thlic nhu (1) canh tdc chd huu co ddi hdi nhidu cdng lao ddng han so vdi canh tde ehd thudng. Ngudi trdng che htiu co khdng sii dung bdt ky thudc hay phan bdn hda hoc ndo thay vao dd hg sii dung cac loai phdn va thudc hOu CO. Dd ldm cde loai phan va thude hiiu ca nay, ngudi hdng chd phai tdn rat nhidu cdng lao dgng.
(2) Nang sudt che hiiu co hong mdt hoac hai nam ddu thudng thap hon so vdi che thudng do che hOu ea dd bi sau benh hon chd thudng.
Thai Nguydn vd Ha Giang la 2 tinh cd dien tich ehd ldn efla cd nude. Didn tich chuydn ddi tii che thudng sang che htiu eo hong nhung ndm gan ddy cd xu hudng tang manh xong dien tich chuydn ddi tii che thudng sang chd hdu co cdn thdp. Tinh den eudi ndm 2017 didn tich ehd hflu eo cua Hd Giang mdi chi dat 8% so vdi tdng didn tich chd cfla cd tinh. Cdn d Thdi Nguydn chu ydu la trjng chd theo tieu chuan VietGAP.
Didn tieh che huu co d Thai Nguyen eung d muc thap so vdi didn ti'eh che thudng. V^y canh tae chd hiru co cd nhiing diem m^nh, didm ydu, co hgi vd thdch thiie gi so vol eanh tdc ehe thudng? va ydu td ndo dnh hudng den vide chuyen ddi tii eanh tde che thudng sang chd hiiu eo? Ddy la nhung cau hdi ma nghidn euu nay hudng tdi dd trd Idi?
2. Phuong phap nghien cihi
DO lidu phge vg nghien cuu nay gom sd lidu so cdp va sd lieu thd cdp. Sd lidu so cdp dugc thu tiiap bdng phuang phdp phdng vdn ban cdu tmc de thu Uidp so lidu tir 136 hd ndng ddn hong chd d ca hai tinh Thdi Nguydn vd Hd Giang. Sd lieu thii edp dugc Uiu thap tu cdc bdo cao, cdc nghien ciiu cd lidn quan bdng phuang phap sao chdp tii'eh mye.
Dd thgc hi$n nghidn cflu nay chung tdi sfl dgng phuong phdp thdng ke kinh td duge dung dd phdn tieh diem manh, didm ydu, co hdi vd thdch thuc trong canh tdc che hiiu co so vdi eanh tae chd thudng.
Phuang phdp phdn tich hdi qui logit dugc su dyng de phdn tich cdc ydu td dnh hudng ddn quyet djnh cua hd ndng dan trong vide chuydn ddi tfl' canh tae chd thudng sang canh tdc chd hiiu co. De phdn tich cdc ydu td dnh hudng den quydt dinh efla hO hdng che tdi viee chuydn ddi tir canh tdc che thudng scing canh tac che hiiu co chung tdi Udp can theo khung phdn tich sinh kd b^n vung. Trong khung sinh kd bdn vung, trdng ehe hOu co dugc coi nhu la mdt chidn luge sinh kd. Vide lya chgn ehien iga ndy phg thude vdo ngudn lye efla hd trdng ehd vd didu kien tu nhidn kinh td xd hdi cua vflng trdng ehd. Vi khdng cd sd lidu ve vflng kinh td ndn chflng tdi sii dyng bien gid vung de dieu chinh ede bidn khde bidt giua eae viing ed the anh hudng tdi quydt dinh canh tac chd hiiu ca cfla hd-
3. Ket qua nghien cihi
3.1. Di^m manh vd didm yeu trong san xu^t va tieu thu ch^ hiiu co so vdi che thuong
a/ Didm m^nh hong sdn xuat vd tidu thy chd hiiu co Canh tdc che hiiu co Id viec eanh tae ehd khdng sfl dyng thudc hda hgc, thudc kieh thich, thude tni ed va phan phdn hda hgc. Do vdy, viec h6r^ che huu ea cd Igi the la ddu tu eho chi phi phan bdn thdp vd khdng phdi ehi phi cho cdc loai thudc hda hgc.
Thuc td khao sdt cde hd trdng ehd d hai tinh Ha Giang vd Thdi Nguyen (Bdng 1) cho tiidy, chi phi cho thudc hda hgc Id khdng co cho cae hd trdng chd hOu CO vd thdp hon hdn so vdi cAe hd hdng chd Uiudng vdi miie y nghia thdng kd 5%. Cdc hd hdng che htiu co eung khdng ddng phan hda hgc Oiay vao dd hg mua eac chd phdm sinh hgc dd u phan huu eo trude khi
34
IMH DUQNQ ( T H A N Ibdn eho ehd. Do vay, chi phi cho phan bdn eua ede hd trdng chd hOu eo eung thdp hon nhi^u so vdi hd trdng chd tiiudng vdi mlrc f nghia 1%. Do khdng dung thudc hda hgc vd phdn bdn hda ndn nang sudt che huu eo thdp han so vdi che thudng vdi miic y nghia thdng kd 1%. Ddy dugc xem nhu mdt hong nhOng ydu diem cua sdn xudt hdn co ndi chung va canh tdc chd hiiu co ndi ridng so vdi eanh tdc huydn thdng.
B 1. Chl phi v* Igl dhnjn cn» oic bj tring tbi cho IhM Irj' Ihn ho|ch uiOia
Chl phi pMii b6D
L<nnbii|n
"'.*^L°CX
Dvl
IDWWha lOOOd/ba C 6 D ^ lOOOd/lan
Tan Tn^u done
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Chung ca nuui 16444.30 (20017.75) 1021S5 (2939 05) (17J.23) \om
54660.21 (33044 70) 5.86 (3,19) 9.74 110 S9) 257.21 (19B.821
Nhomhg iroDgctii hihica 935106 116343 10)
0 00 (0 00) 104.28 (198 331 65432.48 (3S766 00) 4 89 1313) 10 26 (12 40) 283.6a (233.51)
Nh6iu hp trong che UnnmE 30630 76 306S 55 (4478 47) 10146 33115 67 (5377.07) 7 78 (2 39) 8.69 (7 06) 204 26 va I't ii Ifdi cliuSo DDU; aioir dm. > kiem ujiple Mdiu]-WTiila«y U. ^ kiem dmh Clu bmb
Kiem dinh thong ke -5 42'"*
-3 62"' 0 84"
7,28""' -3 60-»
-0.58=
1 75-''
phuong
b/ Didm yeu trong sdn xudt va tidu thg che hiiu co Trong che hiiu eo cd nhidu loi thd nhung cung cd nhidu yeu didm so v6i canh tac chd thudng (Bang 2).
Didm ydu dau tidn phdi ke ddn dd la nhung khd khan hong trdng va chdm sde chd huu eo. Trdng chd thudng vd che hiiu co eflng ddu gdp mdt sd khd khan nhu thieu vdn, gia ea dau vdo khdng dn dinh, chat lugng ddt kem, nhidu dich benh, va tiiieu lao ddng.
Tuy nhien, canh tdc chd hOu co cdn gap mdt sd khd khdn han so vdi canh tae chd thudng. Vdi mdi y nghia tiidng ke 5% cd thd k H Iuan tj? Id sd hd canh tac ehe hiiu CO eho rang the ;ian cho cac Idp tap hudn canh tde che hflu co Id qu i .igan.
Bang 2. K h i khan trong ti&iw rbt hihi cff ao v61 che thirilrng (% s i hg) Kho khan
Thieu von Gia ca dau via khong on diiib Tboi gian t{lp huin kS thugt
S|a bkh kho khin (doi doc) Chat luvng dat kem Djch btoh nhieu n t i ^ lao dgng
liung ca iD=i36) 5 15 ' : 2 18) .'7 94 145 04)
2.21 (14.74)
23.53 (42.58) 12.50 (33.19) 19 85 (40,04) (23.62)
Nhomhg trdng che hihi CO (11-57)
3 51 (18 56) 33 33 (47 56) 5 26 (22 53)
4912 (5044) 17 54 (38 37) 1930 (39 81)
7.02 (25 77)
Nhomhg ttong ch^
thtnmg {iF^79) 6 33 (24.50) 24.05 (43 01) 000 (0.00) 5.06 (22.06)
S.36 (28 60)
2025 (40.45) 5 06 (22.06)
ke 0.54 1.42 4 25"
35.72""
2.2S 0.02 0.23 ilB fliong ke o 10%, S'A. va IH, dg l^li chuan trong ogojc don,
kiem (tguli Chl binh |^inmg
3.2. Thdi CO vd thach thiic trong san xuat vd tidu thu the hmi CO so vdi che thudng
a/ Thdi co trong sdn xudt vd tieu thg ehe huu co cfla cdc hd ndng ddn
Nhu cdu hong nude vd xudt khdu ve cdc sdn phdm hiiu CO ndi chung vd che hOu eo ndi ridng dang ed xu hudng tang manh. Nhd dd ma didn tich sdn xudt ndng
nghidp hiiu co da tdng manh. Nam 2010 Viet Nam cd 19.272 ha sdn xudt ndng nghidp huu co (chiem 0,19%
tdng dien tieh canh tac) (FILB vd IFOAM, 2012). Theo bdo cdo cua Hiep Hdi ndng nghiep huu co Viet Nam tong gid tri xudt khau ede san phdm huu co cua Viet Nam ude dat khoang 12-14 tridu USD. Thge te khdo sdt cdc hd trdng che cho thdy gia che thudng binh qudn khoang 33 nghin ddng/kg trong khi ehe huu co la 65 nghin ddng/kg. Ket qua kidm dinh (Bang 1) cho thay, vol •^ nghia thdng ke 1%, ta ed thd thdy gid ban che hiiu CO cao han gid che thudng.
Ngodi vide gid ban eao hon, eanh tac ehe hflu co eung nhdn duge mdt sd thdi co Idn nhu duge su quan tdm hd trg cua nha nude vd eua ehinh quydn dia phuang. Cudi nam 2011 Chinh phu cho phep thanh lap Hiep hdi ndng nghidp huu eo Viet Nam va tu dau nam 2012 Hiep hdi bdt ddu di vdo hoat ddng. Ddu nam 2012, Thu tudng Chinh phu da ban hanh quydt djnh sd 01/2012/QDTTg vd mdt sd ehinh sdch hd trg vide dp dung Quy binh thue hanh sdn xudt ndng nghiep tdt trong ndng nghidp, ldm nghidp vd thuy sdn, trong dd cd ndng nghiep huu co. Gdn ddy. Bd NN & PTNT khdng dinh su hd trg cd phdn manh me hon ddi vol ndng nghiep hiiu co, thdng qua vide phe duyet Chuong trinh khung nghien ciiu khoa hgc va cdng nghd nganh Ndng nghiep va PTNT giai doan 2013- 2020, trong dd cd ndng nghiep hiiu co.
b/ Thach thiie trong san xudt vd tieu thg che hiiu co cua cdc hd ndng dan
Canh tac va tieu thy ehe hiiu eo gap nhiSu thach thlic nhu sau benh nhidu do khdng dung thudc hda hgc, dieu kidn tu nhien khdng thuan loi va chat lugng dau vdo khdng ddm. Ket qua kiem djnh eho thay, vdi y nghia thdng kd 1% cd the ket Iuan ty le hd canh tac che hiiu ea gap sau benh cao hon rdt nhidu so vdi hd eanh tac che thudng. Vdi mflc y nghia thdng ke 5% va 1% t>' le sd hd eanh tac ehe huu co gdp rfli ro vd chat lugng dau vao va rui ro thdi tiet hon eac hd eanh tac che thudng.
B R U R J . R u l r o ti'OQglien thu cta^bthictrsai
Tbi tnimig ticii thy Chat lli^ng san pham
Chung Nhom hg trong (11-136) ehehmico
(n=57) 16 IS 29 82 (36 96) (46 16) 1913 28 07 (39 47) (45 33)
1103 2105 (3144) (41 13]
!tfi cbi Ibinrug (V.
Nhom ho trong che thttong
(n-79) 6 33 (24 501
3 80 . so hf)
Kiem dinh
10 0 5 "
—
Ngoai gap rfli ro ve san xuat, cac hd eanh tde che hiiu CO cung gap nhidu nil ro thi hudng hon so vdi hd canh tdc che tiiudng (Bang 3). Vdi y nghia thdng kd 1%
cd thd thay, gid bdn chd huu co dao ddng manh hon che thudng. Hay ndi each khdc, ty le sd hd canh tae che hdu co gdp rui ro vd gia ban eao hon ty le hg eanh tae che tiiudng. Vdi miic y nghia 5% cd the ket Iuan ty le sd hd canh tac ehe huu co gap nji ro vd thi tmdng tieu thu va rui ro ve ehdt lugng sdn phdm cao hon so
, - ^ * , , A THAI SlNH DLTONG (THANQ 3 / ZDZOl O O
NGHIEN CUU vdi ty le sd hd canh tdc chd tiiudng.
3.3. Phan tich cac y^u to' anh hudng d^n quydt dinh chuydn doi tii canh tac che thuong sang canh tac che hihi co cua cac hd nong ddn
Dd phdn tich su anh hudng efla cde yeu td tdi quyet dinh chuyen td canh tdc che thudng sang canh tdc chd hiru co cfla hd trdng chd chung tdi sfl dyng md hinh logit. Ket qud cua md hinh cho thdy cdc hd cd dien tich chd cdng nhidu thi edng cd xu hudng muon chuyen sang eanh tdc che huu covdi y nghia thdng ke 5%. Dieu nay la phu hgp vi eanh tdc che hiiu eo ed hieu qua hon so vdi che thudng nen nhung hg nhidu dien tich ehe thi sd cd xu hudng chuydn 1 phdn hoac todn bd didn tich sang eanh tdc che hiiu eo. Nhiing hd ed may cay, hay eflng ed the ndi nhung hd giau hoac nhung hd ddu tu nhieu vao ndng nghiep ed xu hudng ddu tu vao canh tdc chd hiiu eo hon so viji ede hd khac. Canh tae ehd hiiu co ddi hdi ky thudt cao hon eanh tae ehe thudng, do vay cae hd dugc tdp hudn ky thuat canh tdc ehd se ed xu hudng chuyen sang eanh tde che hiiu co hon so vdi eae hd khae vdi mfl'c y nghia thdng kd 10%.
Bang 4. Anh hiroiiE ci : yfu 16 iiM qny?l Ojnh chnyen sang canh tic cbt hi B,U
TyledanlgcKiiih(%) Ty 1? chu h? la nam {%) Tuoi chii ho (nam) Trinh dp giao d\ic cua chu hi Lao dgng cua hg Tong nhau khau cua bg Di^at]ChcM(ba) Tyie dien tich trong c b a C ) Tyte h5 diamgiah^i uiingcheva HTX(°ol Ty 1^ ho CO may cay ("ol Ty le hp CO •^e may (%l Ty 1? hp CO dien tho^i di dgng (%i Ty le h9 CO may d5n che. hai che (%) Ty 1^ hp nbjn ditgc ho tr^ trong cbe (%!
Ty 1« hp dugc tham gia t^p h u ^ trong cbe C/.) Hiiy;uV|Xuyen Hi Giang Hu} ?n D^i Tit, Thai Nguyen Hang so Tons so quan sat GiamWaldcUi'(16|
Gia ui p GialTtPseudoR.^
H?sa -0.022 0 378 -0.021 0 200 0 175 0 257 1799"
-3 145' -0-860 1911"
0-140 0 298 -0 197 -0.631 1314"
-16.58r"
-17 388"' 14 S3 5""
136 216192
0-000 0 548
Robust sai so (0 649) (0 6121 (0,0341 (0 372) (0 3331 (0 2091 (0 7451 (1 7251 (0 781) (1097) (12661 (1024) (0,6821 (1 098|
(0 6951 (0 7.';4I (0S151 (2 370)
4. Ket Iuan va de xuat
Canh tac chd hiiu co dang cd nhidu Igi thd hon so vdi che thudng nhu ehi phi thap hon, khdng sii dyng phan bdn hda hgc va thude hda hge nen khdng dnh huHing den sue khde ngudi trdng. Tuy nhidn, canh tdc ehe hiiu co gap nhidu khd khan hon eanh tdc che thudng nhu khd khdn trong sdn xudt vd tidu thu che nguyen lieu hon so vdi eanh tac che tiiudng. Canh tdc che hiiu eo dang cd nhung thdi eo ldn nhu dang duge thi trudng ehdp nh^n. Hon nua canh tdc chd huu co cua cdc hd ndng ddn dang duge su quan tdm eua chinh phu vd dia phuang. Bang chiing la nhidu ldp tap huan va hd trg cho hd trdng che hiiu eo.
Dga trdn ket qud phan tich ehflng tdi cd mdt sd de xuat: (1) do didn tich trdng ehe nhi^u thi hd cd xu
hudng chuydn mQt phdn hoae toan bO sang canh tac ehe h&u ea. Ngoai nhOng loi ich cfla che hflu ca mang lai cdn mdt nguydn nhan khae la do dien tich ldn se it bi anh hudng bdi cdc hd ben canh ndu hg khdng canh tdc huu CO. Do vdy, ehinh quydn cdc cdp cdn phai tiep tgc chinh sdch quy ho^eh vung san xudt chd hiiu co de phyc vy nhu cdu cua ngudi ddn mudn chuydn ta canh tde ehe thudng sang eanh tde ehe hflu co. (2) Canh tac chd hiiu co ean ky tiiuat eao hon canh tde che tiiudng. Do vay de md rdng dien tieh ehd huu ca till can phdi tidp tgc cae ehinh sach ho trg nhu tap huan, hd trg ddu vao vd hd tio ddu ra. Ldp tdp hudn thuc sy cd y nghia vdi eac hg mudn chuydn tii canh tae ehe thudng sang canh tae chd hiiu co. Tuy nhien, thdi gian td ehuc eac ldp tap hudn cdn ngdn. (3) Canh tde ehe hiiu co gdp nhieu rui ro trong sdn xudt va trong tidu thy hon chd thudng. Do vay cdn phai phat huy vai trd eua HTX vd hdi trdng chd hon trong san xuat va tieu thy che hiiu co./.
Tai lieu tliam Idiao
FiLB and IFOAM, 2012. The V^orld Organic Agriculture: Statistics and emerging trends 2012.
https://shop.fibl.org/CHen/mwdownloads/downIoad/li nk/id/785/?ref=l
Hamm, U. & Gronefeld, F. (2004). The European Market for Organic Food: Revised and Updated Analysis vol 5. School of Management & Business, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, UK.
l^amine, C. & Bellon, S. (2009). Conversion to Organic Farming: A Multidimensional Research Object at the Crossroads of Agricultural and Social Sciences, a Review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 29, 97—112.
Randolph, T.F., Sehelling, E., Grace, D., Nicholson, C.F., Leroy, J.L., Cole, D.C., Demment, M.W., Omore, A., Zinsstag, J., Ruel, M., 2007. Invited Review: Role of Livestock in Human Nutrition and Health for Poverty Reduction in Developing Countries. J. Anim. Sci. 85, 2788—2800. dol:10.2527/jas.2007-0467
Sepannen, L & Helenlus, J. (2004). Do Inspection Practices in Organic Agriculture Serve Organic Values?
A Case Study from Finland. Agriculture and Human Values, 21,1—13.
