NGHIEN Cl>U THU'C NGHIEM - KINH NGHIgM
THlTC TRANG CAY CHE TREN DIA BAN TINH LAO CAI - MOT SO KIEN NGHI VE GIAI PHAP THUC DAY SAN XUAT
Nguyen Dire Dong Tom tdt: Ldo Cat Id tinh co dien tich trdng che dirng thir 6 vd sdn luang che dimg thir 8 so vdi cdc tinh vung Trung du miin niti phia Bac. Cdy che duoc phdn bd tren dia bdn tdt cd cdc huyen, thdnh phd thudc tinh Ldo Cat, trong do tdp trung phdn Idn dien tich d cdc huyen Mudng Khuang, Bdo Thdng. Bdc Hd, Bdo Yen. Ben canh nhung thdnh tuu dd dat dugrc ve toe dd tdng trudng ve dien tich, ndng sudt vd sdn luang trong thdi gian qua, sdn xudt cdy che tren dia bdn tinh cdn cd nhung han chi nhdt dinh. Bat viet ddnh gid thuc trgng sdn xudt cdy che tren dia bdn tinh Ldo Cai vd dua ra nhiing de xudt mdt sd gidi phdp nhdm thuc day sdn xudt cdy che tren dja bdn tinh.
Tir khoa: Ldo Cai; thuc trgng cdy che, gidi phdp thdc day sdn xudt D^t vdn dd
Viet Nam hien diing thii 5 thg gidi vg xuat khdu che. Cac thi trudng chu lyc la Pakistan, Dai Loan, Trung Qude, Lien bang Nga, My, Indonesia.
San pham che xuat khau chu ydu la che den, che xanh, che O Long, che nbai, che den (tra den) CTC (Crushing - Tearing - Curling). Phuang phap chd bign tra den CTC da dugc phat trien thanh tra tiii lgc tir nhung nam 1950. Theo thdng kd, hien che den chigm 50 - 60% tdng lugng che xuat khau cua Viet Nam, nhung gan day xu hudng thi trudng da cd sy thay ddi vdi viec gia tang cac san pham che xanh. Du bao dgn nam 2020, ty Id san pham che xanh xuat khau chiem hen 50% (Vien Quy hoach va Thidt kd ndng nghiep, 2017). Mdt sd nude san xuat che Idn nhu Tmng Qude, Nhat Ban, Dai Loan da xac dinh che xanh, che O Long chat lugng cao la san pham chign luge. Tai Viet Nam, cac vung che mien niii cao, mang tinh dac san cd the ddy manh san xuat che xanh hoac ehg O Long chat lugng cao.
Bai viet la san pham cua De tai cap Bp 2017-2018 "Lien ket cdc chu the trong sd/i xudl vd tieu thu mgt .w sdn phdm nong nghiep CO lai thi viing Tdy Bdc" ciia Vien Nghien ciru Phat tnen ben vung Viing
Tai tinh Lao Cai, cay che dugc trdng tir nhimg nam 70 thd ky XX, theo md hinh ndng trudng va hgp tac xa tren viing dat ddc, nai ddng bao dan toe thigu sd sinh sdng. Lao Cai la dia phuong cd di?n tich hdng che Idn thii 6 trong vimg Trung du mign niii (TDMN) phia Bac sau Thai Nguygn, Ha Giang, Phii Thg, Ygn Bai, Tuygn Quang. Xdp hang theo san lugng thi Lao Cai diing thii 8 trong viing TDMN phia Bac sau Thai Nguygn, Phii Thg, Ygn Bai, Ha Giang, Tuygn Quang, Son La va Lai Chau.
Cay che Lao Cai cd lich sir lau ddi va dugc trdng d nhidu huyen thudc cac tieu viing sinh thai khac nhau trong tinh (Muong Khuang, Bao ThSng, Bac Ha, Bao Ydn). Nhimg nam gan day, nho cd chinh sach khuyen khich phat trign san xuSt che cua tinh Lao Cai, dien tich, nang suat, chit lugng che hang nam deu tang. Hien tai, cay che dugc xac dinh la mgt trong nhiing cay hang hoa chidn luge hong phat trign kinh te nong nghiep cua tinh. Cay che khdng chi la cay xoa ddi giam ngheo, phii xanh dat trdng, ddi niii trgc, ma cdn la cay hdng gdp phan chuygn dich co cau kinh te ndng nghiep theo hudng tich eye. San pham tir cay che da gdp phlin lam ddi sdng ciia nhan dan dn dinh, ngudi dan cd thd lam giau thdng qua vide phat tridn san xuat - chd bign va xuat khau che.
98 PHAT TRIEN BEN VONG VUNG QUYEN 8, Sd 2 (6/2018)
Nguyen Pirc Bong Thyc trang cay che...
Bang 1: DIEN TICH, SAN LLTONG CHE CUA TINH LAO CAI SO VOI CAC TINH TRUNG DU MIEN NUI PHIA BAc NAM 2016
H^ng muc Toan vung TDMN phia Bdc Tinh Ha Giang Tinh Cao Bkg Tinh Bac K^n Tinh Tuyen Quang Tinh Lao Cai Tmh Yen Bai Tinh Thai Nguyen Tinh Lang Scfn Tinh Bac Giang Tinh Phii Tho Tinh Dien Bien Tinh Lai Chau Tinh Son La Tinh Hoa Binh
Di^n tich gieo trong (ha)
97.362,6 20.378,0 255,4 2.912,0 8.743,5 5.320,0 11.352,8 21.127,4 815,0 553,6 16.422,0
577,4 3 574,1 4 151,0 1.180,6
Sanlugng (tin) 656.965,7
65 520,1 322,2 9.491,0 63.153,9 17.619,0 85.447,6 194.409,0 2.958,8 4 312,8 149.653,8 75,3 23 249,7 36 654,0 4.098,5
Xep hang ve di|n tich
2 14 9 5 6 4 1 11 13 3 12 8 7 10
Xep hang ve sanlugng
4 13 9 5 8 3 1 12 10 2 14 7 6 11 Ngudn: Cue Thdng ke cdc tinh viing TDMN phia Bdc vd ket qud xep hang cua tdc gid (2017)
I. Tinh hinh san xu3t che cua tinh Lao Cai do tang trudng dien tich binh quan ca giai doan 2010-2016 dat 7,72%/nam tuong ling voi 319 ha/nam. Dien tich cho san pham nam 2016 dat 3.517 ha, chiem 66,11% tdng didn tich.
Cay che dugc phan bd trdn dia ban tat ca cac huyen, thanh phd thudc tinh Lao Cai. Theo nidn giam thdng kg tinh Lao Cai, nam 2016 toan tinh cd 5.320 ha che, tang 1.914 ha so voi nam 2010, tdc
Bang 2: DIEN TICH TRONG CHE PHAN THEO H U Y E N / T H A N H PHO TINH LAO CAI (ha) Hang muc
Toan tinh Thanh pho Lao Cai Huyen Bat Xat Huyen Muong PChuong Huyen Si Ma Cai Huyen Bac Ha Huyen Bao Thang Huyen Bao Yen Huyen Sa Pa Huyen Van Ban
2010 3.406 173 460 906 8 490 1.041 230 13 85
2013 4.157 170 485 1.644
8 605 847 273 40 85
2014 4.573 185 495 1.938
8 625 858 339 40 85
2015 5.007 190 495 2 127
8 625 989 445 43 85
2016 5.320 190 495 2.478
8 655 770 590 49 85 Ngudn. CiiC Thdng ke tinh Ldo Cai (2017).
PHAT T R I E N BEN V O N G V U N G Q U Y E N 8, so 2 (6/2018
NGHIEN CU'U THU'C NGHIEM - KINH NGHIgM
Nang suSt che ciia Lao Cai thap hon mgt sd tinh cd uu thd trdng che trong viing Tnmg du mign niii phia BSc nhu Thai Nguyen, Phii Thg, Ygn Bai, Ha Giang, Tuyen Quang, nhung khdng thap hon nang suk che cua cac tinh cdn lai hong viing, tdc do tang trudng binh quan dat 2,93%/nam hong ca giai doan 2010-2016. Nang suk che blip tuoi binh quan toan tinh nam 2016 dat 50,10 ta/ha chi bang 68,7% nang suat che ca nude. Nang suat che khdng ddng deu giira cac huyen, thanh phd trong tinh.
Theo so lieu nign giam thdng kg nam 2016, dia phuang dat nang suat cao nhat la thanh phd Lao Cai: 59,77 ta/ha, tidp den la huyen Bao Thang:
57,96 ta/ha, huyen Mudng Khuang: 56,00 ta/ha.
Cac huyen cd nang suat che dat thap la Sa Pa:
22,50 ta/ha. Bat Xat: 29,00 ta/ha, cac huyen cdn lai tuy dat nang suk trdn 30 ta/ha nhung dgu thap hem nang suat binh quan toan tinh.
Nguygn nhan co ban anh hudng den nang suat dat thip la:
- Ngudi dan chua chii trgng dgn tham canh nham tang nang suat, mac dii tinh da cd nhiing chinh sach hd trg dau tu tham canh nhu: cho vay vdn cd hd tro lai suat dg dau tu tham canh, cai tao cac dien tich che gia...
- Do trudc day che trdng chu ydu bang hat, cac vudn che khdng ddng ddu, mat do thua, nhieu dien tich che trdng lau da gia cdi cd bieu hien suy thoai, vide thuc hien quy trinh trdng, cham sdc va dau tu tham canh khdng dam bao (phan Idn nguoi dan
B i k do I: DIEN TICH TRONG CHE PHAN THEO H U Y E N / T H A N H PHO TINH LAO CAI (ha) trdng quang canh, trdng che nhung khdng gan vdi cham bdn).
- Viec thu hai ehg hau bet ciia ngudi dan hien nay vin con thyc hien theo tap quan cii, chua diing quy trinh ky thuat dan dgn lam giam nang suat cung nhu chk lugng che trgn mgt dan vi didn tich nhu: hai qua liia, khdng thuc hidn ddn tia diing thdi vu, sd lan hai khdng phu hgp...
- Ddi voi dign tich che cua cac huyen, thanh phd chuyen vd cay che nhu thanh phd Lao Cai, huyen Bao ThSng, huyen Mudng Khuong nang suSt dat tuong ddi cao, nhung mdt sd dien tich che ciia cac huyen viing cao: Sa Pa, Bat Xat, Si Ma Cai nang su4t dat thap lam anh huong dgn nang suat binh quan chung ciia toan tinh.
- Thi truong tidu thu, gia san pham che khdng 6n dinh din ddn khdng khuydn khich dugc ngudi dan dhu tu tham canh, khi gia thanh cao ngudi dan thu hoach qua miic (nam 2007, gia thanh cd liic len cao ddn 17.000 ddng/kg che bup tuoi) hoac ngudi dan khdng thu hai khi gia thanh ha (nam 2008, gia thanh chi cdn 1.500 - 1.700 ddng/kg) din ddn lam giam nang suSt, san lugng che.
- Do mat do trdng che chua dam bao (mat dp qua thua, binh quan cay/ha che cua Lao Cai dat khoang 8.000 - 9.000 cay/ha), dSn den nang suat dat thap. Trong khi do, de dat nang suat 70 ta/ha, mat do binh quan phai dat tir 10.000 cay/ha trd len.
- • - I P Lao Cai - • - H , Bat Xat -T^H. Mudng Khuang ->«-H Si Ma Cai -»l«-H.BicHa
• "H. Bao Thang Nguon: Kit qud nghien ciru cua tdc gid (2017)
100 PHAT TRlfN BEN V C N G VUNG QUYfiN 8, SO 2 (6/2018)
Nguyen Dih; Dong Thyc trang cay che...
Bang 3: DIEN TICH CHE CHO THU HOACH PHAN THEO HUYEN/THANH PHO TINH LAO CAI (ha)
Hang muc Todn tinh Thanh ph6 Lao Cai Huyen Bat Xat Huyen Mucmg Khuong Huyen Si Ma Cai Huyen Bfic Ha Huyen Bao Thang Huyen Bao Yen Huyen Sa Pa Huyen Van Ban
2010 2.691
124 306 565 8 371 998 223 13 83
2013 2.829
118 329 804 8 440 798 230 17 85
2014 3.37S
120 388 1.170 8 548 801 238 17 85
2015 3.741
122 418 1.439 8 548 833 248 40 85
2016 3.517
131 431 1.410 8 548 598 266 40 85 Nguon: Men gidm thdng ke tinh Ldo Cai (2016).
Bidu do 2: DIEN TICH CHE CHO THU HOACH PHAN THEO HUYEN/THANH PHO TINH L A O CAI (ba)
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
2010 2013 2014 2015 2016
-TPLaoCm -H Bat Xat - H. Muong KhuoTig -H, Si Ma Cai -H Bac Ha -H Bao Thang -H. Bao Yen -H SaPa - H Van Ban - Toan tinh
Nguon: Ket qud nghien cuu cua tdc gid (2017).
San lugng che Lao Cai tang ddu trong giai doan 2010-2016. Nam 2016, tdng san lugng che blip tuai toan tinh dat 17.619 tan, tang 6.285 tan so vdi nam 2010, dat tdc do tang trudng binh quan 7,63%/nam.
l.I. Ve ca cdu gidng che
Trgn dia ban tinh hien nay chu yeu la gidng che Shan Tuydt, chiem tdi 59,34% dien tich, day la loai che mang hucmg vi dac trung rigng ciia viing che Lao Cai, dang dugc ua chuong trgn thi trudng. Che chat lugng cao chiem 21,13%, ehg lai chiem 17,64%, cdn lai khoang 1,88% dien tich la gidng
che Trung du. San lugng thu hoach nam 2017 dat 21.640 tan, gia thu mua che tuoi binh quan 6.500- 7.000 ddng/kg, thu nhap udc dat 45-50 trieu ddng/ha. Nam 2017, ca tinh xuat khau dugc 1.747,9 t4n che blip klid sang cac nude Trung Ddng (Afghanistan, Pakistan, Irac...). Cac don vi san xuat kinh doanh va xuat khau che tieu bieu nhu Cdng ty che Thanh Binh (Muong Khuong), Cong ty san xuat va ehg bign che Phong Hai (Bao Thang), Cdng ty CP Linh Duong (thanh phd Lao Cai)... (Sd Ndng nghiep va Phat trien ndng thdn tinh Lao Cai, 2017).
PHAT TRIEN B E N V U N G VUNG Q U Y E N 8, S6 2 (6/2018) 101
NGHIEN CU'U THUC NGHIEM - KINH NGHIgM
Bang 4: NANG SUAT CAY CHE PHAN THEO H U Y E N / T H A N H PHO TJNH LAO CAI Dan vi tinh: tqfha che blip turn Hang muc
Toan tinh Thanh pho Lao Cai Huyen Bat Xat Huyen Muong Khuong Huyen Si Ma Cai Huyen Bac Ha Huyen Bao Thang Huyen Bao Yen Huyen Sa Pa Huyen Van Ban
2010 42,12 59,52 38,95 54,97 31,25 16,17 45,59 37,17 34,62 30,00
2013 41,94 57,20 27,14 48,88 32,50 15,11 54,71 42,83 17,65 34,59
2014 42,12 58,00 24,48 49,00 31,25 19,05 55,03 43,32 17,65 35,29
2015 45,09 60,16 25,12 49,34 31,25 32,06 56,51 45,00 20,00 35,41
2016 50,10 59,77 29,00 56,00 31,25 47,63 57,96 45,00 22,50 35,33 Nguon: Nien gidm thong Ice tinlj Ldo Cai (2016)
Bang 5: SAN LUONG CHE Blip TLTOI PHAN THEO HUYEN/THANH PHO TINH LAO CAI (tin) Hang muc
Toan tinh Thanh pho Lao Cai Huyen Bat Xat Huyen Mu6ng Khuang Huyen Si Ma Cai Huyen Bac Ha Huyen Bao Thfing Huyen Bao Yen Huyen Sa Pa Huyen Van Ban
2010 11.334
738 1 192 3.106 25 600 4.550 829 45 249
2013 11.864
675 893 3.930 26 665 4.366 985 30 294
2014 14.217
696 950 5.733 25 1.044 4.408 1.031 30 300
2015 16.870
734 1.050 7.100 25 1.757 4.707 1.116 80 301
2016 17.619
783 1.250 7.896 25 2.610 3.466 1.197 90 302 Nguon: Nien gidm thdng ke tinh Ldo Cai (2016).
Bilu do 3: SAN LLTONG CHE BUP TUOI PHAN THEO H U Y E N / T H A N H PHO T I N H L A O CAI Ban vi tinh: tdn
—•—TP Lao Cat - • - H Bat Xat
—A—H Muong Khuong -»«-H Si Ma Cat - * - H Bac Ha - • - H Bao ThSng
—I—H Bao Yen
Nguon: Kit qud nghien cim cua tdc gid (2018).
102 PHAT TRIfiN B E N V U N G VUNG Q U Y 6 N 8, SO 2 (6/2018)
Nguyen Dire Dong Thu-c trang c3y che...
1.2. Ve phong tuc tap qudn canh tdc, thu hdi vd che bien che
- Tap qudn canh tdc che theo timg vung sdn xudt: Ddi vdi cac khu vuc san xuat che tap trung thudc cac huyen nhu thanh phd Lao Cai, huyen Bao Thang, huyen Mudng Khuang, huyen Bac Ha, huyen Bao Ygn, do cd didu kien thuan lgi vg d4t dai nhu do ddc, dia hinh va ngudn nude tudi ngn phan Idn dien tich dugc canh tac ap dung theo diing quy trinh ky thuat vi the nang suat cao va dn dinh. Vdi cac khu vuc trdng che khac, dac bidt la khu vuc niii cao, cd do ddc Idn nhu cac xa viing cao cua huyen Sa Pa, huyen Bat Xat, huyen Si Ma Cai, tap quan canh tac van cdn cii ky, ky thuat lac hau' che mat khoanh nhieu do luc trdng dau tu khdng thoa dang ve vat tu va ky thuat; che chua dugc ddn, hai va cham sdc diing ky thuat; dat khdng dugc cai tao theo mdt quy trinh hgp ly, khdng bdn hoac bdn qua it phan huu co; thieu he thdng cay cai tao dat cxmg cap chat miin, vira la cay che bdng do vay nang suat thudng thap va khdng dn dinh.
- Cdc hinh thirc thu hdi vd van chuyen, tieu thu che: Thu hai che la ky thuat quan trgng lien quan dgn nang suat va chat lugng che. Thu hoach che d Lao Cai hien nay chii ygu bang tay, thu hai bang may chu ygu chi ap dung ddi vdi ragt sd xa thugc viing thap ciia cac huyen, thanh phd nhu thanh phd Lao Cai, huydn Bao Thang, huyen Mudng Khuang. Viec thu hai che hien tai chua ap dung day dii quy trinh ky thuat, ngay ca nhiing vimg che tap tmng thara canh cao d thanh phd Lao Cai, huyen Bao ThSng, huyen Muong Khuang, huyen Bat Xat. Theo danh gia cua ragt sd doanh nghiep che trgn dia ban, nhigu vu che ngudi dan do chii trgng nang suat va tigt kiem cdng lao dgng ngn da diing liem thu hoach, san pham blip tuoi la nhiing doan canh dai tir 15 den 20 cm anh hudng rk nhigu dgn chat lugng che va khdng the che bign trgn nhiing day chuyen cdng nghd CTC hien dai.
Ddi vdi ehg Shan niii cao, ngudi dan thudng khdng chd do cao cua cay khoang 2,5-3,5 m, tan rdng tuy theo siic sinh trudng cua cay, cd cay rdng 2-3 m, cd cay rgng tan tdi 8-9 m. Thu hai nhiing cay che cao thuang phai dimg thang. Thdng
thudng cudi thang 3, dau thang 4 la thdi vu hai vu 1, thang 5-6 l a v u 2 , thang 8 lavu 3 va thang 10-11 la thdi vu hai vu 4. Thuc tg khdng co quy trinh ddn rd ret ma kgt hgp vu 1 vira ddn vira hai (dimg dao ddn sau canh, sau do thu hai cac biip trgn canh da ddn). Cac vu khac tidn hanh hai binh thudng. O vung cao, mdt vu che thudng keo rat dai, mac dii bup da dii tidu chuan hai nhimg ngu dang la vu thu hoach Ilia hoac ngd thi van chd thu hoach lua ngd xong rdi mdi hai che.
Ddi vdi cac xa thugc vimg thap, viec van chuyen kha dg dang do dia hinh va giao thdng tuong ddi thuan tidn ngn hien tugng di ngdt san pham dugc ban chd nhigu Ddi vdi cac xa vimg cao, viec van chuygn khd khan hon do dia hinh phirc tap. Thai gian van chuygn lau, nhigu noi sir dung bao mgra dg dung nen blip che bi nen chat, dap nat anh hudng nhigu dgn chat lugng.
1.3. Tinh hinh che bien vd tieu th^ che Nhin chung, cac co sd ehg bign che hen dia ban tinh Lao Cai dap ling dugc nhu cau chd bign san lugng che hien cd. Cac doanh nghiep san xuat che Idn, cd kha nang san xuat cac san phara cd chat lugng dat tieu chuan xu§.t khau ciia tinh tap trung chu ygu tai thanh phd Lao Cai, huyen Mudng Khuang, huyen Bao Thfing, huyen BIc Ha, huyen Bao Ygn. Cac nha may ehg bign che dgu cd vimg nguyen lieu, ngn rat thuan lgi trong viec tigu thu san pham che blip tuoi cho ngudi trdng che va chu ddng trong khau che bidn, tieu thu va phuc vu xuat khau. Cac ca sd ehg bign Idn bao gdm:
- Nha may che bien Phong Hai (huyen Bao Thang), cdng suat 30 tan bup tuoi/ngay, cd he thdng thidt bi tam udp huang hoa, hoan thanh pham (sang, cat, phan loai, ddng gdi, bao bi, nhan mac...); san xuat che xanh chat lugng cao va che den CTC.
- Nha may ehg bien tai xa Xuan Quang (huyen Bao Thang), cdng suat 13 tan blip tuoi/ngay, san xuat che xanh chat lugng cao.
- Nha may chd bign che Thanh Binh (huyen Mudng Khuang), cdng sudt 15 tan blip tuoi/ngay, cd he thdng thidt bi hoan thanh san phara (sang, cat, phan loai, ddng gdi, bao bi, nhan mac...); san
PHAT T R I E N B E N V O N G VUNG Q U Y E N 8, SO 2 (6/2018) 103
NGHIEN Ciru THU'C NGHlEM - KINH NGHIEM
xuit che xanh dac san, che 6 Long nguydn lieu Shan.
- Nha raay ehg bidn che Tan Phu, xa Phii Nhuan, huyen Bao Thang, cdng suat 13 tan blip tuoi/ngay.
- Nha may chd bidn che xuat khau thi han Phd Rang - huyen Bao Yen, cdng snk 16-18 tan biip tuoi/ngay.
- Nha may chd bien che sach hiiu co xa Ban Lien, huyen BSc Ha, cdng suat 8 tan blip tuoi/ngay.
- Xudng so che che xa Ban Xen, huyen Mudng Khuong, cdng suat 2-5 tdn blip tuai/ngay.
- Nha may chd bien che cdng nghe cao tai thanh phd Lao Cai, cdng suat Idn 16 tan blip tuai/ngay; day chuygn cdng nghd chd bien che O Long, che xanh chat lugng cao.
Cdng tac chd bign che trgn dia ban tinh da cd chuygn bign tich cue: Da cd mdt sd day chuydn cdng nghe san xuat, thiet bi hien dai, cdng suat Idn da tao ra dugc cac san pham che cd chat lugng cao dugc thi trudng chap nhan, cac doanh nghiep da chii hgng vao dau tu ddi mdi cdng nghe, da dang boa san pham ndn da tao va md rgng dugc thi trudng tigu thu xuat khau che di trdn 10 nude, vdi nhiing san pham che xuat khau kha da dang, phong phu nhu: Che den, chd xanh, che O Long...Cac ca sd ehg bign che da chii hgng hon vdi viec dang ky nhan mac, tao dung thuang bieu san pham de quang ba, tigp thi san pham, ddng thdi tang cudng thuc hien khau dara bao an toan ve sinh thuc phara trong san xuat..., do do da tang siic canh tranh ciia san pham, md rdng dugc thi trudng tieu thu, didn hinh nhu: Cdng ty CP Linh Duong (thanh phd Lao Cai), nha may che bidn Phong Hai (huyen Bao Thing), nha may ehg bign che Thanh Binh (huyen Mudng Khuong)...
2. Danh gia moi lien kit trong san \uat va t6 chijc san xuat che
- Mdi lien ket giira cdc ca quan lien ngdnh trong to chuc sdn xudt: Kgt qua khao sat ciia tac
gia va nhdm cdng su trdn dia ban tinh Lao Cai thang U nam 2017 cho thSy: Trong nhiing nam qua, Sd Ndng nghiep va Phat trien ndng thdn ph6i hgp vdd Uy ban nhan dan (UBND) cac huyen, chi dao phdng Ndng nghiep va Phat trien nong thdn phdi hgp vdi UBND cac xa tidn hanh dieu ha, ra soat, danh gia, phan loai dien tich che; hen co sd do, tham muu cho UBND huyen kg hoach trdng mdi va cai tao che hang nam. Cdn bd Phdng Ndng nghiep true tigp xudng phdi hgp voi UBND, ban chi dao che cac xa, ddn ddc, hudng dan cac hp thuc hien trdng che, cai tao theo diing quy trinh ky thuat. Tuy nhien, mdi lign kgt nay mang tinh hach nhiem la chinh, khdng anh hudng nhidu den Igi ich kinh tg, do vay hidu qua mang lai vin d mdt miic do nhat dinh.
- Moi lien ket giira cdc ddi tucmg tham gia vdo chuoi gid tri ciia ngdnh che: Cbudi gia tri cua nganh che la ragt chudi gia tri phiic tap, lien quan tdi ba hoat ddng chinh la san xuat che la, chd bien va ban che khd. Tham gia vao mdi qua trinh lai gdm nhieu thanh phan khac dugc phan biet chu ygu qua quy md va loai hirih sd hiiu.
Nhin chung, chudi gia tn che kha phiic tap vdi su tham gia va tuong tac giiia nhieu tac nhan nhu nguoi san xudt, ngudi thu gom/thuong nhan che tuoi, ngudi chd bign, ngudi xuat khau, thuang nhan che khd, nguoi ban le va ngudi tigu dung, Tuy nhidn, mdi mdt tac nhan lai dugc phan thanh nhieu dang. Vi du nhu nguoi san xuat gdm 4 dang:
ndng dan khdng lien ket, ndng dan hgp ddng, cdng nhan ndng trudng va ndng dan hgp tac xa. Tuong tu the, ngudi ehg bign gdm cac hd che bien, cac nha san xuat tu nhan, cac cdng ty lien doanh va cac doanh nghiep nha nude.
Trgn dja ban tinh Lao Cai, lign ket giiia cac hp hdng ehg cdn han chd. Hien tai toan tinh chi co khoang trdn dudi 10 hgp tac xa va mdt sd it cac to hgp tac san xuat che. Do vay it cd dieu kien thudng xuyen dugc hd h g ve vdn dg chuydn sang trong gidng mdi cd nang suat cao, dugc cung cap vat tu dau vao vdi gia uu dai va nhung khoa tap huSn ky thuat hoac don gian la tigp can ngudn vdn tin dung.
104 PHAT TRIEN B E N VIJNG VUNG Q U Y E N 8, SO 2 (6/2018)
Nguyen Birc Pong Thyc trang cay che...
Tuy vay, lign kgt giua cac co sd, cdng ty che bign vdi cac hg hdng va thu raua nguygn lieu lai kha chat che.
Do mdi CO sd chd bign dgu cd viing nguydn lieu tap trung, cac don vi ehg bien dgu cd hgp ddng thu mua che bup tuoi hoac ban cd phan nha may che bien cho cac hd trdng che.
Viec bao dara Igi ich hgp ly va dn dinh cho cac tac nhan thara gia trongchudi gia tri nganh che nhu nha ndng - nha khoa hgc - doanh nghiep da dugc thuc hien tdt. Trong chudi gia tri nganh che, phan hudng lgi cua ngudi trdng che cdn thap nhung hg rat trung thanh vdi chudi gia hi ciia nganh, do cac CO sd ehg bien dam bao dugc dau ra (che biip tuoi) cho hg. Vi the, khac vdi cac tinh khac, ngudi ndng dan trdng che d tinh Lao Cai ludn quan tam den nguoi mua la cac cdng ty, cac nha may che bidn che la ngudi tidu thu san pham cho hg, ma it so sanh den gia ban cua san pham vdi cac thuang lai ben ngoai khi gia che biip tuoi cd cao hon ragt chiit. Vi vay, cac dan vi chd bien dgu mua dugc du nguyen lieu cho san xuat, dan den su da dang vg san pham va chdt lugng cao ciia san pham.
3. Danh gia chung ve thuc trang san xu3t che ciia tinh Lao Cai
3.1. Thuan loi
- Lao Cai la mdt trong nhiing viing san xuat che hgng didm ciia ca nude, co cira khau qude tg Lao Cai thuan tien trong viec giao luu trao ddi hang hda vdi Trung Qude. Nhd he thdng giao thdng tuong ddi phat tridn da tao didu kien thuan Igi cho thu hiit khach du lich ddn cac dia diem ndi hgng nhu khu nghi mat Sa Pa, ehg phien viing cao Bac Ha... ket hgp voi giao luu van hda va tieu thu san pham che.
- Vg dieu kien tu nhign, sinh thai: khi hau, dat dai, nude, nhiet do, dd am rat thuan Igi cho sinh trudng phat trign cay che.
- Tinh da co chu truong vg viec xay dung phat trien san xuat che tro thanh nganh san xuat hang hoa mui nhgn; la cay trdng khdng nhimg xda ddi, giam ngheo ma tidn tdi lam giau cho ngudi dan dia phuang. Cung vdi sir hd hg ciia Nha nuoc, tinh da
cd nhidu chinh sach thu hiit dau tu, bd trg cho cai tao, hdng moi va phat trien che hen dia ban.
- Lao Cai co lyc lugng lao ddng ddi dao, neu dugc dao tao tdt cd thd dap ling cho viec thara canh, nang cao nang suat trong san xuat che hien tai va phat trien md rgng dien tich hong tuang lai, tao siic canh tranh cho san pham che.
- La vimg san xuat cd truyen thdng lau ddri, cd tigm nang nang cao nang suat, nguygn lieu che cd chat lugng cao: Che Lao Cai ndi tieng vdi chat lugng sach, cd the phat tridn thanh cac viing che hiiu CO, phuc vu cho chign luge san xuat san pham rieng biet ciia nganh ehg Viet Nam toi thi trudng thg gidi, nang cao thuong hieu va gia tri che Viet Nam. Ngoai ra dap ling dugc nhu cau thudng thirc che chat lugng ngay cang cao ciia thi trudng trong nude.
3.2. Khd khan
- Didn tich che dugc tham canh cdn thap, nhidu didn tich khdng dam bao mat do, dien tich che trdng bang hat chiem ty le cao dan den nang suSt thap, chat lugng san pham khdng ddng ddu, thigu ngudn nguygn lieu dn dinh.
- He thdng giao thdng, thuy Igi my cd budc phat trign nhung chua ddng bd, chua hoan chinh, CO sd ha tdng vung che cdn thigu, chua dap img dugc ygu cau cua san xuat.
- He thdng cung cap gidng mdi va chuyen giao tien bd ky thuat vao san xuat cdn cham, thidu ddng bd, chua phat huy dugc het tidm nang san xuat che.
- Ngudi san xudt chua dugc dao tao cac ky thuat mdi mgt each he thdng va toan dien, chua thay ddi nep san xuat cu cdn lac hau, chua cd each tidp can linh boat vdi nen kinh te thi trudng.
- Cdng nghe che bien cdn lac hau so vdi cac tinh nhu Thai Nguyen, Phii Thg hong khu vuc, chung loai hang hoa chua da dang, phong phii, san pham che xuat khau chii ygu d dang nguydn lieu thd ndn chua khai thac het gia tri trgn mdt dan vi san pham.
Vg thi trudng tigu thu. Chua khai thac thi trudng mdt each bgn viing (khi gia thanh che cao
PHAT T R I E N B E N VLPNG V U N G Q U Y E N 8, S6 2 (6/2018) 105
NGHIEN CU'U THU'C NGHIEM - KINH NGHIEM
ngudi dan sir dung ca cac san pham che khdng dat tieu chuan dd dau trdn din ddn lam mat thuong hieu), viec chigm thi phan hen thi trudng ndi dia dat thdp. Cac doanh nghiep chua thuc su di sau khai thac cac thi trudng tigm nang, thi truong khd tinh...
- Td chiic san xuat che vin chu ydu cac hd nho le, thigu chuygn nghiep, thidu he thdng dich vu ky thuat, thuong mai; chua tao ra va gdn kdt cac chudi gia tri trong san xuat va tieu thu che, hieu qua san xudt chua tuong ximg tigm nang.
- Chua gan viec hinh thanh va gan kgt nganh san xuat che - nganh san xuat mui nhgn voi cac nganh khac nhu vol cdng thuong (san xuat thiet bi ehg bidn, xuat khau san pham), nganh dich vu ky thuat (cung ling cac loai vat tu, thigt bi ky thuat, dich vu tu van ky thuat), nganh van hda du lich (du lich sinh thai, van hda tra, myen truyen quang ba san pham, tigu thu san phdm).
4. De xuat mgt so giai phap thiic day san xuat cSy ehe
4.1. Vi mat dp trdng
Theo nghign cim ciia Vien Khoa hgc ky thuat ndng lam nghiep Mien niii phia Bac; cac tai lieu lign quan dgn phat trien che ciia cac tinh mign mii Bac Bg; thyc tg digu kign ty nhign, kinh tg - xa hgi tren dia ban tinh Lao Cai, mat do trdng che thich hgp ddi vdi cac cap dia hinh trdn dia ban nhu sau:
vdi dat do ddc 25-35%, mat do trdng thich hgp tir 6.000 ddn 9.000 cay/ha; vdi dat cd do doc dudi 25% trdng tir 10 nghin ddn 15 nghin cay/ha; ddt cd do ddc tren 35%, trdng mat do 3.000 cay/ha.
4.2. Ve mo hinh hop tdc xd kieu mdi trong td chu-c sdn xuat vd tieu thu che
Hinh thanh cac td hgp tac ve san xudt che gdm mdt sd hd gia dinh theo nguyen tac ty nguyen vdi quy md dien tich 2-3 ha (20-40 tdn nguygn lieu blip), gan vdi cac xudng ehg bidn nhd cd cdng sudt 30-40 kg che khd (4-6 tdn/ngay) vdi thigt bi hien dai, che bign che cap cao. Khuygn khich cac hd san xuat gidi dung ra dau W nha xudng lien kdt vdi cac hd san xudt nguydn lieu (Td lign gia). San phdra
tigu thu thdng qua cac trung tam thuong mai va dich vu du lich van hda.
Hinh thanh cac Hgp tac xa hay cac co sd san xuat che tren nguydn tac kinh tg tu nguyen giira cac hg san xudt nguyen lieu vol nha may che bign CO gidi hien dai (quy md 20-30 ha), san lugng nguyen lieu 300-400 tan/nam, san xuat ra 60-80 tan san phdm khd. Khuyen khich cac nha dau tu lien ket vdi cac bd san xuat nguyen lieu theo hinh thirc gdp vdn lign doanh, lien kgt, gan san xudt nguygn lieu vol che bign san pham dg cd thanh phara voi khdi lugng Ion, cd chdt lugng ddng deu, dap ling nhu cau xuat khau hay cung cap cho cac trung tam thuang mai, sieu thi Ion...
4.3. Gidi phdp ve xdy dung mdi, hien dai hod cdc Cff sd che bien che
Nang cap cac nha may che bidn bien cd, md rdng quy md tuang xiing vdi nhu cdu che bien.
Xay dyng mgt s6 nha may ehg bien dat tai vung nguyen lieu da dugc quy hoach. Lap dat cac day chuygn cdng nghe hign dai, tign tien, dam bao v?
sinh cdng nghiep va an toan thuc pham va dam bao chd bign bet san lugng biip tuoi cua nhiing di?n tich hdng mdi. Tai nhung vimg sau, viing xa dau tu xay dyng cac xudng chd bidn cdng sudt nhd vdi thiet bi phu hgp va hoan chinh, dam bao san phdm cd chdt lugng tot phuc vu cho xuat khau.
Xay dyng va md rdng ap dung cac he thdng tidu chuan ve quan ly chat lugng (ISO), vg phan tich nii ro bSng phan tich tdi han (HACCP), vg ISO 22000 cho doanh nghiep che bien thyc phdm va ve quan ly mdi trudng (ISO 14001) dd xudt khau che cd xuat xir, tang sire canh tranh hdn tfaj trudng the gidi.
Thyc Men tdt cdng tac bao quan che sau thu hoach va sau chd bign. Lao Cai cd khi hau nhigt ddi ndng am, che tuoi sau thu hoach rdt dd bi khd heo hoac thdi riia, che sau chd bien d l bi dm mdc.
Do do, cdn ket hgp xir ly, bao quan tai viing nguygn lieu, tJii co sd che bign gdn vung nguygn lieu, tai cac doanh nghiep ehg bign dg dam bao chdt lugng san phdm khi thai gian cung cdp che ra thi trudng phai keo dai.
106 PHAT T R I E N B E N Vi/NG VUNG Q U Y E N 8, S6 2 (6/2018)
Nguyen Dire Dong Thyc trgng cay che...
4.4. Gidi phdp khoa hpc cdng nghe - Cdi tien giong che co chdt luang cao: Phdi hgp vdi cac don vi hong va ngoai tinh de dau tu vudn che vdi gidng mdi, giong tdt cimg thidt bi cdng nghe mdi, gdp phan phat tridn nganh che.
Nhan nhanh cac gidng cd nang suat va chat lugng tdt nhu: Shan Chat Tign, Shan Tham Ve va cac gidng nhap ngoai nhu PT95, Phiic Van Tien, Long Van 2000, O Long... ; tigp tuc thir nghiera cac gidng khac nhu Nggc Thuy, Van Xuong cua Dai Loan
- Cham soc, thu hdi vd bdo qudn che: Thyc hien sii dung phan khoang can ddi, da ydu td (hdn hgp, phiic hgp) trdn nen phan hiiu ca day dii dg vira dam bao nang suat, chat lugng cao, an toan thuc pham va hieu qua cao trgn co sd hieu suat su dung phan bdn cao. Han che tdi da vide sir dung thudc trir sau, thudc hda hgc tren che. Day manh viec quan ly dich hai tdng hgp (IPM), ap dung cac che phdm thao mgc. Tuyet ddi khdng sir dung thudc cam, thudc cd tan du nhieu ngay, tuan thii that tdt thdi gian each ly can thidt khi thu hai che.
Thu hai che can dam bao diing cap, diing hat ty, diing sd la chira, sira bdng mat tan dg vira tang nang suat che 10-15%, vua cd chdt lugng nguygn lieu dat ygu can. Day ciing la co sd cho che bign cdng nghe tigt kiem hieu qua. Nguyen lieu che hai dugc dyng vao sot thua, bao bii thoang, van chuyen bang xe chuyen diing va dugc bao quan dung quy cdch, khdng dg bi di, dap nat.
- Ap dung cdc bien phdp ky thuat thdm canh vd cdi tao vudn che xuong cdp: Trong nhirng nara qua, viec san xuat che cua tinh Lao Cai hong tinh hang thidu vdn va trinh do tham canh chua cao dan dgn nang suat che toan tinh cdn thap. Do vay, de nang cao hidu qua dien tich che, can thyc hien cac bien phap: Ddi vdi nhiing vudn che gia cdi khdng cd kha nang phuc hdi thi phai pha bd de hdng radi hoac chuygn sang cay khac cd hieu qua hon.
Nhiing dign tich cd kha nang phuc hdi thi don, hdng dam va tap tnmg cham sdc, thyc hidn diing quy trinh ky thuat dd dam bao nang sudt. Ddi vdi
dign tich hdng moi, can dau tu gidng radi cd nang suat, chat lugng cao, da dugc tuygn chgn; ling dung cac bien phap tign tign nhu trdng che bang giam canh va nhirng ky thuat cham sdc tidn bd khac. Tang cudng bdn phan hmi ca vi sinh tdng hgp, hudng dan cac hg gia dinh lam tii cd, tii che la gia cdi vao gde che de tang do miin cho dat va giii am, giii am cho ehg vu ddng.
Thuc hien phuang phdp sdn xudt sach, phuong phdp thu hdi tien tien: Dg nang cao siic canh tranh cua cac san pham che, can ap dung tign bd ky thuat vao thu hoach, xii ly, bao quan theo tidu chuan quoc tg. Thyc hien cac quy trinh hdng, chd bidn sach theo cac tieu chuan nhu Global Gap, VietGap...
- Ndng cao ndng luc qudn tri vd to chuc sdn xudt cua cac td chirc san xuat va chd bign che;
Nang cao chat lugng lao ddng trong nganh che.
Day la nhan td cd tinh chdt quygt dinh ddn chdt lugng san pham ehg, Nang cao trinh do chuydn mdn cua ddi ngu lao dgng trong tat ca cac khau, tir trdng, cham sdc, thu hai, van chuydn, chd bien;
Nang cao chat lugng cua cdng nghe che bien: ap dung cdng nghe chd bien sach, thay the cac loai may mdc cii, lac hau, bang cac day chuyen san xuat ddng bd, tien tidn khdng nhiing nang cao dugc chat lugng san pham ma cdn tidt kiem dugc chi phi ddng thai cai thidn mdi trudng.
- Nguyen lieu vd he thong cung img. bdo qudn nguyen lieu: Kigm soat chat che nguydn lieu dau vao phai dam bao dat chdt lugng tiiy thudc vao timg loai san pham ehg bign, Tuan thu cac nguygn tdc vg bao quan nguygn lieu theo quy dinh.
- Qudn ly, xdc nhdn tieu chudn sdn phdm, qudn ly thuang hieu sdn phdm: cac CO quan quan ly chat lugng san phara dja phuong, tuyen truyen van ddng ngudi san xuat budn ban che thuc hien diing tieu chuan ky thuat da cdng bd, kigm tra thudng xuyen va xu ly kip thdi vi pham vg tieu chuan, thuang hieu san pham. Cac co sd san xuat giri cac mau san phara tdi cac trung tam dich vu ky thuat thuang mai tien hanh xac dinh chat lugng san phara (diera) lam co sd gidi thieu, chao hang, giiip cac nha san xuat tieu thu san pham.
PHAT T R I E N B E N VLfNG V O N G Q U Y E N 8, S6 2 (6/2018) 107
NGHIEN CU'U THU'C NGHIEM - KINH NGHIEM
Nhiing nam gan day san xuat che hen dia ban tinh Lao Cai da dat dugc nhiing thanh tyu dang ghi nhan, nam 2016 toan tinh co 5.320 ha che, tang 1.914 ha so vdi nam 2010, tdc do tang hudng dien tich binh quan ca giai doan 2010-2016 dat 7,72%/nam tuong ling vdi 319 ha/nam. Dien tich cho san phdm nam 2016 dat 3.517 ha, chigm 66,11% tdng dien tich. Tuy nhien cdn bdc Id nhung han che nhu dien tich che dugc tham canh cdn thap, nhieu dien tich khdng dam bao mat do;
ngudi san xuat chua dugc dao tao cac ky thuat radi mgt each he thdng va toan dien; cdng nghe che bien chua dugc nang cap ddng bd theo hudng hien dai; chua khai thac thi trudng mdt each bgn viing.
Trong thai gian tdi, san xudt che can hudng tdi mdt sd van dd man chdt sau: (i) Mat do trdng: vdi ddt dd ddc 25-35%, mat do trdng thich hgp tir
6.000 dgn 9.000 cay/ha; vdi ddt cd do doc dudi 25% trdng tir 10 nghin ddn 15 nghin cay/ha; ddt co do ddc hen 35%, hdng mat do 3.000 cay/ha; (ii) Hinh thanh cac Hgp tac xa hay cac co so san xudt che trdn nguygn tdc kinh td tu nguyen giiia cdc ho san xuat nguydn lieu voi nha may che bign co gidi hien dai (quy md 20-30 ba), san lugng nguygn lieu 300-400 tdn/nam, san xudt ra 60-80 tdn san phdm khd; (iii) Nang cap cac nha may chd bign hien cd, md rdng quy md tuong xiing vdi nhu cau che bign;
(iv) dua cac gidng che cd chat lugng cao vao san xudt; (v) Ap dung cac bien phap ky thu^t tham canh va cai tao vudn che xuong cap; (vi) Thyc hien phuong phap san xuat sach, phuang phap thu hai tign tign; (vii) Nang cao nang lyc quan tri va to chirc san xuat cua cdc co sd san xuat va che bign che.
Tai lieu tham khao
Bo Nong nghiep va Phat trien nong thon (2008) Quy trinh thuc hdnh sdn xudt nong nghiep tdt cho che bup tiroi an todn tgi Viet Nam (VietGAP). Ha Noi.
Huyen iiy Mudng Khuong (2016). De dn phdt tnen on dinh vitng nguyen lieu, ddy manh thdm canh, ndng cao chdt lugng sdn phdm che Mudng Khuang giai doan 2016 - 2020. Lao Cai.
Cue Thong ke cac tinh vung Trung du va mien niii phia Bac (2017). Nien gidm thdng ke cdc tinh viing Trung du mien niti phia Bdc ndm 2016.
Cue Thdng ke tinh Lao Cai (2017). Nien gidm thong ke tinh Ldo Cai ndm 2016. Lao Cai.
Phong Nong nghiep va Phat trien nong thdn huyen Muong Khuong (2016). Bdo cdo ket qud thuc hien trong che tap trung ndm 2016 tren dia bdn huyen Muong Khuang, Lao Cai.
Sd Ndng nghiep va Phat trien nong thon tinh Lao Cai (2017). Bdo cdo ket qud thuc hien trong che tren dia bdn tinh tir 2015 din het thdng 9 ndm 2017. Lao Cai.
So Nong nghiep va Phat trien nong thon tinh Lao Cai. Du dn Xdy dung vdng sdn xuat che an todn theo hudng Viet Gap tgi huyen Mudng Khuang, huyen Bdo Thdng, tinh Ldo Cai
Tinh iiy Lao Cai. De dn tdi ca cdu kinh te ndng Idm nghiep tinh Ldo Cai giai doan 2016-2020, Lao Cai.
Uy ban nhan dan huyen Mudng Khuang (2016). Bdo cdo ket qud thuc hien du dn phdt triin sdn xudt kinh doanh che huyen Mudng Khuang din hit ndm 2016, Lao Cai
Thong tin tac gia:
Nguyen Sue Dong, TS
- Don vi cong tac: Vien Nghien ciiu Phat tnen ben virng Viing
- Dja chi email: [email protected]
Ngay nhan bai: 22/3/2018 Ngay nhan ban sua, 11/4/2018 Ngay duyet dang: 30/5/2018
lOS PHAT T R I E N B E N VCfNG V O N G Q U Y E N 8, s o 2 (6/2018)
