NHA Nirdc VA PHAP LUAT
CHiNH PHU KitN TAO VA NHiTNG THO THACH
NgaySn Ding Dang;*
Nguyin D&ng Duy*
•GS,TS. Khoa Luat, Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi.
*ThS. Klioa Luat, Dai hpc (3uoc g|a HJjM^i.
Thong tin bai viet:
Tit khoa:
chinh phu kien tao; he thong chinh tri; chinh the doc tai; che do toan tri; Igti ich nhom.
Lich sir bdi viet:
Nhan bai: 13/02/2017 Bien tap: 13/03/2017 Duy?tbai: 18/04/2017 Article Infomation:
Keywords: The tectonic government for developments;
political regime; dictatorship;
group benefit Article History:
Received: 13 Feb. 2017 Edited: 13 Mar. 2017 Approved: 18 Apr 2017
Tom tat:
Nha nuctc kien tao phat trien la mo hinh nha nuoc can thiep hieu qua vao phat trien kinh te ciia quoc gia thong qua cac chinh sach kinh te. Mo hinh nay da thu diroc thanh cong o cac nuac Dong A va mot so quoc gia khae tnioc day. Nhung muon ap dung mo hinh nay vao Viet Nam hien nay tM can phai can nhac ky. Bai viet phan tich, binh luan ve van de nay.
Abstract:
The tectonic govemment for developments is a model of governmental administration that intervenes effectively in the economic developments through its economic policies. It was a successful modem in East Asia and other countries. However, under Vietnam's context, it is required mature reviews and considerations of several aspects to apply this modem. This article provides analysis, discussions of the mentioned-above matters.
1. Md hinh Chinh phu kien tao phat trien la mot mo hinh khong moi
Ngay 28/12/2016, tai Hpi nghi true tuyen voi cac dia phuang trien khai nhiem vu ke hoach kinh te - xa hoi va ngan sach nha nuoc nam 2017, Thu tuomg Nguyen Xuan Phuc neu ro: Chinh phu dang huong den xay dung mot Chinh phu kien tao phuc vu nhan dan'. "Chinh phu kien tao" tuy la mot thuat ngii khong con xa la voi the gioi, nhimg lai la moi a Viet Nam.
"Chinh phu kien tao" la mpt chinh phii dupe to chiic va hoat dpng tren tinh th4n xay dung, tao ra mpt moi trucmg cho mpi chu thl CO CO hpi tim kiem va thuc hien miru eSu hanh phuc ciia minh ma khong true tigp lam tat ca mpi viec eho nguai dan. 0 My, chiing ta thuang thay, trong cac ban bao cao hang nam ctia Chinh phu deu eo muc moi nam tao ra dupe bao nhieu viec lam. DSy la mpt bieu hien cho viec Chinh phii ciia hp kiSn tao su phat trien. Chinh phii khong tu lam mpi thii
1 Hpi nghi true tuyen vcfi cac dia phuong trien khai nhiem vu ke hoach kinh ti - xa hoi va ngan sach nha nuac nam 2017, ngay 28/12/2016.
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NHA Nlf6C VA PHAP LUAT
cho ngucri dan, ma chi tao ra moi tnrong, chu yeu la moi trucmg phap ly, de moi nga(n dan chu dpng sang tao va Imn cho minh h?inh phuc hon. Cach day gan 200 nam, trong tac phim Ban ve tu do (1859), J. S Mill da chi ra rSng, cho du c6 ket qua nhu nhau, nhung mot thii do nguoi khae lam cho minh va mot thu do chinh minh tu lam ra, thi - voi tu each la con nguoi - nguoi ta vin thieh va tu hao vdi cai cua minh lam ra hon.
Khai niem "Chinh phii ki6n tao"
thuong di doi voi su "liem chinh", "minh bach" va "trong sang" cua chinh phu. Do la mpt chinh phu trong sach va chiu trach nhiem giai trinh truac Quoc hpi va truac nhan dan. Nhung tinh chat do cua Cliinh phu thuong gan lien hiiu ca vai nhau. Khong liem chinh, minh bach... khong the co Chinh phu kien tao.
Chinh phii Iden tao phat trien la Cliinh phu tao dieu kien cho mpi sir phat triln.
Chinh phu khong lam thay dan, ma tao khuon kh6 the che va mpi diha kien c4n thilt khae dl timg nguoi dan co thl dl dang lao dpng, lam an, c6 the vuon len thuc hien cac udc ma, hoai bao cua minh. Khi nguoi dan CO dieu kien de muu ciu hanh phiic, thyc hi?n mpi uac mo, ciing nhu co nang lire lam chu cupc s6ng, phat triln kinh tl, eo nang luc xay dung cupc s6ng t6t dep thi do la su phat trien. Sy phat trien do la quan trpng nhat, thuc chit nhit va ben virng nhit^.
"Chinh phu kien tao" a day duac dung a nghia rpng cho ca bp may nha nuac, nhung trong do c6 Chinh phu bao g6m Thu tuong va cac Bp truong thanh vien Chinh phu la trung tam. Nguoi diing diu Chinh phii va cac thanh vien ciia Chinh phu phai thupc ting Icrp tinh hoa, co hpc thiic va phai CO bp may cong chiic trung thanh, eo chuyen mon nghiep vu. Trong s6 nhirng dae trung
cua mo hinh nha nude nay, C. Jolmson nhan manh toi su uu tiSn vao trpng tam cua cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach. Do la viec cac nha lanh dao qu6c gia uu tien tuyet d6i cho tang truong kinh te mOt each virng chic. Sir doan ket cua tang lop tinh hoa xoay quanh muc tieu nay lam co sd cho mpt su can thiep dae biet cua nha nude vao nen kinh te'.
Tai Hpi thao ban ve Chinh phii kiln tao do Thdi bao Kinh te Viet Nam to ehuc diu nam 2017, ong Vo Tri Thanh cho rang:
Khai niem kien tao khong mdi, nhung bay gid duge nhan manh nhieu han. Neu hieu kiln tao la tao moi trudng thuan loi nhat cho doanh nghiep va ngudi dan tii khdi su din lam an thuan Ipi, thi cd le chua day du. Noi ham kiln tao co the cd tdi bon chieu canh.
Ddu tien, Chinh phu kien tao thi ban than phai du nang luc, du minh bach, du kha nang giai trinh. Thie hai, la c6 dii kha nang tao ra tam nhin tot va chinh sach tot. Chinh sach tot bao gom ttr tu duy, tim nhin, thiet ke, thuc thi va nhu vay, phai rat chuyen nghiep "Viet Nam ndi ve y tudng thi nhieu nhung thiet ke chua chuyen nghifp". Thie ba, mpt Chinh phu kiln tao la Chinh phu tuang tac than thien vdi xa hpi, ngudi dan, vdi thi trudng va doanh nghiep, vdi su minh bach va trach nhiem giai trinh. Thir tu, Chinh phii kiln tao la biet tao ra va chia se sir phat triln".
Chinh phu kien tao phat trien la mo hinh nha nude nam d giiia mo hinh nha nude dieu tiet, theo chu nghia tan tu do va mo hinh nha nude ke hoach hda tap tnmg, theo mo hinh X6-viet. Nha nude khong lam thay thi trudng ma chii dpng can thiep vao thi trudng de thiic day phat trien cong nghiep va tang cudng siic manh canh tranh cua quoc gia tren trudng qu6c tl, phat triln va tang trudng kinh tl la muc tieu toi thuong.
3 Chalmers Johnson, "MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy", 1925-1975, p. 18-19.
4 Tpa dam Kinh te 2017 va sinh khi moi tu Chinh phu kiSn tao", Thoi bao Kinh tk Viet Nam 12/1/2017.
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NHA NlTdC vA PHAP LUAT 2. Phai lam ^ di Chinh phu tra thanh
Chinh phii kien tao phat trien
Trudc tien la Chinh phu khong tham gia vao cong viec kinh doanh, tiic la "khong vua la nguoi da bdng viia la ngudi thdi cdi"
Do vay, can phai loai bd tinh trang cac doanh nghiep true thupc cac ca quan nha nude, cac cong ty true thupc cac bp. Trong trtrdng hop cdn su true thupc nay thi khdng the ed su eong bang giiia cac chu thl kinh doanh. Da tii lau chiing ta dua ra ehu truong bd Bp chu quan, nhung cho din nay, viec thuc hien chu truong nay vin khong tiin trien duac bao nhieu. Cac Bp va eo quan ngang Bp cung nhu cac co quan ban nganh cua trung uang deu khdng muon bd cac tong cdng ty, cdng ty, cue, tdng cue true thupc, ngupc lai cac tong cdng ty, cac cdng ty, cue, rci tdng cue deu muon true thupc cac Bp, ban nganh trung uang de dupe hudng mpt su bao tra nhat dinh. Cd phan hda cung la mpt chii truong diing de cac doanh nghiep binh dang vdi nhau trong hoat dpng, nhung viec nay ciing dupe tien hanh mpt each rit eham chap. Cac ca quan, cac td chiic cii tang tang Idp lap true thupc lan nhau. Nep sdng va lam viec theo ea che bao cap, tap trung anh hudng rat Idn, lam meo md thi trudng, dan tdi tinh trang canh tranh khdng lanh manh giira cac chu the, va lai ich nhdm cd dieu kien sinh sdi nay nd.
De ed dupe mot chinh phu kien tao va liem chinh thi phai bat dau bang viec: Chinh phii, cac ca cau td chiic cila Chinh phii ciing cac CO cau khae cua bp may nha nude phai lam nhirng phan viec diing chiie nang ciia minh, tiic la thuc thi nhiing nhiem vu, quyen han da dupe Hien phap va luat quy dinh.
Chinh phu phai biet phan tich va hoach dinh chinh sach quoc gia. Dua cac chinh sach dd vao trong phap luat chiia dung nhirng khudn khd the che can thiet de cho cdng viec lam an cua ngudi dan ngay mpt de dang han.
Quan trpng nhat d day la quyen tu do kinh doanh, quyen tu do tai san phai duac bao dam; su minh bach phai dupe tang cudng;
cac cam ket hpp ddng phai duoc tdn trpng;
cac tranh chip phai dupe giai quyet nhanh chdng va hieu qua; ca che canh tranh lanh manh trong hoat ddng kinh tl ciing nhu mpi hoat ddng khae, phai dupe bao dam.
Mac du nin kinh tl nude ta da chuyen sang ca chi thi trudng nhung eung each lam viec vin cdn nhiiu dieu quen theo tu duy cii, anh hudng rit Idn din chu truong kien t p va liem chinh cua Chinh phu. Trong mdt nen kinh tl thi trudng, cin phai giam bdt su can thiep ciia cae Bd va co quan ngang bd de tang tinh chu dpng cho ngudi dan va cac doanh nghiep. Mpi chii the kinh doanh chi cin tuan thii theo luat do Qude hdi ban hanh.
Trong eae trudng hap phai tuan thu theo van ban eua cac co quan ciia Chinh phii thi van ban dd phai duac sir cho phep eua Quoc hpi, dupe ghi rd trong luat. Tranh tinh trang nhu Luat Doanh nghiep va Luat Dau tu da duac ban hanh, da di vao ddi sdng mdi nhung viec xda bd cac dieu kien kinh doanh ghi trong cac van ban dudi luat lai dien ra rat cham, khdng hieu qua.
Viee trien khai xay dung Chinh phii kien tao va liem chinh ve co ban phai dupe tien hanh bat dau tu Wng uong, tu Qude hpi cho den Chinh phii (bao gdm ca Thii tudng va cac bp trudng), bang cac chii truong, chinh sach chiia dmg trong cac van ban luat eiia Quoc hpi va van ban dudi luat ciia Chinh phii. Nhung chii the thuc hien true tiep thi lai chu yeu d dia phuang, nhat la cac quan, huyen, eae ban, nganh d ca sd, nai true tiep vdi ngudi dan. Trong mpi trudng hop, ngudi dan phai biet quyen cua minh la gi, phai yeu eau ai, cap nao dam bao cho viec thuc hien. Vi vay, van de tuyen truyen chu truong xay dirng Chinh phu kien tao va liem ehinh tren cac phuang tien thdng tin dai chiing la rat can thiet.
Thii tudng Nguyen Xuan Phiic tung nhan manh, xet den ciing, tang trudng kinh te la cdng viec cua ngudi dan va doanh nghiep; nhiem vu ctia Chinh phti va cac dia phuang la tao tien de de ngudi dan, doanh nghiep tao ra su tang trudng. Day eiing ehinh la ban chat ciia Chinh phii kiln tao.
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NHA NIfdC VA PHAP LUAT
Chinh phii diy manh, phat huy tilm nang tang trudng qua cac giai phdp khdng ton nhiiu tiin b^c nhu cai thien mdi trudng dau tu kinh doanh, nang cao nang hfc c^mh tranh qude gia; uu tiSn tap trung xu ly cac "diem nghen" dl tai ca ciu kinh tl mpt cdch thyc chit, tao lap nin tang vCtng chac cho tang trudng ddi han. Chinh phii kiln t^o cdn phdi dua ra dupe nhung chinh sdch cd tam nhin xa, khdi quat rpng^.
Nam 2016, Chinh phu da ban hdnh Nghi quylt 19/2016/NQ-CP ngdy 28/4/2016 ve cdi thien mdi trudng kinh doanh 2016 - 2017 vd Nghi quylt 35/2016/NQ-CP ngdy 16/5/2016 ve ho tra vd phdt triln doanh nghiep den nam 2020. Nghi quylt sd 19/2016/NQ-CP vd dae biet Id Nghi quylt sd 35/2016/NQ-CP cua Chinh phii da thl hi?n dupe tinh thin cdt 15i cua Chinh phu kien t?o, phuc vu. Cdc dia phuang dong lo?it ban hdnh chucmg trinh, kl hoaeh hdnh dpng trign khai thuc hien cdc nghj quylt ndy.
Nhieu dia phuang cdn ban hdnh cd chi thi dl cy thl hda tiing linh vvre, ky cam kit tao Idp mdi trudng kinh doanh thudn Ipi vdi Phdng Thuang mai vd Cdng nghi$p Viet Nam (VCCI). Cdc phuang tiSn truyin thdng vdo cupc, tap trung tuyen truyin. Nhiiu hpi nghi doi thoai giiia lanh dao cdc cip vdi cpng dong doanh nghiep cd cdch 1dm hoan todn mdi da dupe td chiic, it nhiiu mang lai khi thl mdi, nilm tin mdi.
3. Thu- thach cua Chinh phu kien t^o phdt triln
Xay dung Chinh phu thdnh Chinh phu kien tao bdng bit eii gid ndo Id khdng nSn vd cd hai. Bdi vi khi dd rit dl rci vao tinh trang Chinh phu todn quyin, tap trung, chuyen chi, todn tri nhu cdc Chinh phii dd
cd trong lich su nhdn lo^ii trudc ddy. Trong nhan thiic cua nhiiu ngudi hi?n nay, xa hpi muon phdt triln cin phdi cd mpt Chinh phii m^nh, thdm chi Id chip nhdn cdc Chinh phii
"cd n6t dpc tdi", nhat Id d cdc nude Phuong Ddng: "Chinh phu kiln tao tuong duong vdi Chinh phu dOc tdi nhung sdng sudt, Chinh phu kiln t^o bdng mpi gid" Nhung, se rit khd dl cd mOt Chinh phii manh, mpt Chinh phu cd tinh trang "dpc tdi" nhimg "sang sudt" nhu ciia Hdn Qu6c, Singapore - noi md Chinh phu cd nhung n6t d^c tdi nhung
"cd lgi cho svr phdt triln kinh tl". Chung toi ddng y vdi quan dilm cua Amartya Sen vd Francis Fukuyama khi khdng thua nhdn nhiing tdc dpng tich e\rc ciia "bdn tay sdt"
doi vdi s\t phat triln kinh tl cua cdc nude tr6n, phdn bdc s\r bi^n minh ciia Ly Quang Di^u khi dng cho ring*, d cdc nude Phuang Ddng, mudn phdt triln cin phdi ddc tdi'.
Ngdy nay, cdc Chinh phii phdi co nhihig bdo ddm vl dan chii, vl quyin tvr do vd cdc quyin con ngudi khdc cua ngudi danl Trong thdi dai thdng tin, tri tue eua con ngudi ngdy cdng dupe md rpng vd phdt triln, nen se han chi vi$c Chinh phu co nhiing quylt djnh vi pham dan chu vd nhdn quyin, tao ra tinh trang bit cdng bdng cho sur phdt triln. Khi y thiic cd nhdn vd quyin con ngudi dupe bao ddm, ngudi dan khdng the cho phep hy sinh quyin loi cua cd nhdn de ddi liy myc tieu phdt triln kinh tl.
Siic m£inh thvrc svr cua Chinh phu kiln t^o the hien qua mdt xa h^i nang dpng, ngudi dan dupe phat triln toi da nang Ivrc cd nhan, xa hpi dong thudn, da dang vd phong phu. Khdng dvra vdo ddn chii, vdo sir chinh ddng thi khdng thl cd chinh phu kiln t^o.
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^ o w ' ^ v S h ^ . f °-t^m-' *^"l?"'^ ^ ' " " '^ ^^ ° ^ 8 ^"^ ''°"8 ^^^ *"= <^y P"*' *^^ kinh tl/A. Sen: "Dan 7 A V i - Z ' ^ " ' . ^'^ ^ '^ * ' " ^ ^ ^ "^ P''*' ' r i ^ '^ 8*"= - ^ <=hau A", THe World Bank tr. 34.
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8 H6 Si Quy, "Mpt s6 v k dg vi dan chu d$c tki vk phSt triln", Nxb. Ly lujn Chinh trj, 2014, tr. 251.
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