S6 l(293)-2020 NGON N G f & BOB SONG 61^
iNGON N G f VA VAN HOA]
NGHE G O M THANH HA (HOI AN - QUANG NAM) V6l NGON NGU^ VA VAN HOA DIA PHU^ONG*
NGUYEN MINH PHfONG* - DONG THI HfONG**
TOM TAT: Lang gom Thanh Ha (Hpi An - Quang Nam) da hmh thanh rtBn 500 nam. Trai qua bao bien cd, thang Q-am cua lich sii, lang nghi thii cdng ndi tilng nay da tro thanh nilm tu hao ciia ngudi dan xii 9 " ^ f B^n canh hieu qua vl mat kinh tl, nghi gdm Thanh Ha cdn la noi bao tin cac gia tri van hda tmygn thdng, t^o nen ban sic van hda dpc dao, gdp phin vao su phong phii, da dang ngdn ngii va van hoa vimg dat nay Uong net dac y-irng cua van hda Phd Hdi va van hoa xii Quang. Thdng qua bai vilt nay, tac gia trinh bay ddng gop cua nghi gdm Thanh Ha vdi ngon ngii va van hda dia phuong.
T f KHOA: Nghi tmyIn thing; lang nghi; nghi gdm; Thanh Ha; Hoi An.
NHAN BAI: 5/12/2019. BIEN TAP-CHINH SfA-DUYET DANG: 15/1/2020 1. Vai netve nghi gom Thanh Ha
1.1. Sura ddi
Lang Thanh _Ha (phuong Thanh Ha, thanh phd Hpi An, tinh Quang Nam) la viing dit sdm hda minh vac lanh thd qudc gia Dai Viet. Cimg vdi qua trinh tu cu, ngudi Viet tit phia Bic (chii ylu d Thanh Hda, Ngha An, Ha Tinh) da mang theo nghi gdm truyin thing ding thdi tilp thu kT thuat lam gdm ciia ngudi Champa ban dja. Vdi sir phat frien ciia thuong cang qudc tl Hpi An, su nhap cu ciia ngudi Hoa, ngudi Nhat.. nghe gom cua cu dan Viet d Thanh Ha da sdm hinh thanh va phat trien manh me, Uo thanh mdt nghe tmyen thdng noi tieng cita nude ta.
Hien nay, chua cd tai heu nao vien dan chinh xac ve nguon goc ciia nghe gdm Thanh Ha, cac tai lieu dgu dan theo Idi ke cila cac vi cao nien Uong tang. Theo cac tai lieu da dugc tiep can va qua trinh dign da, vao cudi the kl XV, dau the ki XVI, dug ba td tien ciia 8 tdc (Nguyin Vilt, Nguyin Van, Nguyin Kim, Nguyen Diic, V6, Bui, Nguy, Le) tien hien ciia lang Thanh Ha, von la ngudi Thanh Hda vao day lap nghiep. Liic bay gid, lang Thanh Ha rat rong, gom 13 xdm - ap: Thanh Chiem, Hau Xa, An Bang, Bdc Thuy, Bau Siing, Bau 6c, Trang Keo, Cua Sudi, Be Tre, Dong Na, Tra Que, Con Dpng. Trong do, chi cd mpt sd xdm ap lam nghe gom - gach, ngdi.
Hau het cac y kien dSu cho ring 8 vi tien hien ciia lang cung chinh la td nghe gdm ciia Thanh Ha. Ben canh dd, ciing cd y kien cho rang td nghe la hai chi em ten Phudc, Tich la thg gdm tir Thanh Hoa, Ha Tinh vao day lap nghiep, trayen nghe.
Viec xac dinh tiln biln khai khin lang Thanh Ha la ca sd de xac dinh khoang thdi gian ra ddi cua Mng, ddng thdi, xac dinh khoang thdi gian ra ddi cua nghe gom nm day. Viec nay dua vao gia pha cua mpt sd tpc hi^n nay cdn giu. Trong do, gia pha tpc Nguyin Viet cd nhiing Uang, nhiing dong ghi khacu the vl viec thanh lap xa Thanh Ha. Ong tl hp Nguyin Viet xua d xa Huong Giang, tinh Thanh Hoa, Bac Ky vao Nam di lam tti huyen, huyen Dien Khanh thupc doanh Quang Nam. Ddng hg Nguyin Viet cd ngudn gdc xa xua, ddng hp nay xuit hien dudi tnlu Dinh, sau vao d tai Thanh Hda. Hg Nguyen Viet d Thanh Ha bat diu sinh ca tap nghiep tii Ngai Thai thugng Thin td ddng hp xuit than tix thdi Dinh din ddi ngai dugc bd Mm Ui huyen, huyen Dien Khanh sau khi sang lap Thanh Ha.
Ban diu, cac vj tiln nhan chon ip Thanh Chilm (khoi VI, phuong Thanh Ha) noi gin song, co nhilu dit set dl phat nghiep lam gdm. Hien nay cdn diu vet la Roc Gom vdi rit nhilu phi pham gdm nim hai ben bd Rgc Gdm nay. Nhung do bd sdng Thu B6n dich chuyin din vl phia Nam nen mupn nhit khoang diu thi ki XLX, nghi gdm Thanh Ha dich chuyin din xdm Nam Dieu (hay cdn gpi la Nam Giao, Nam tire chi hudng Nam cdn Dieu ta Id). Trong qua Uinh phat Uiln, lang gom Thanh Ha lan tda den Xuan Ml, ap An Bang (khdi V, phuong Thanh Ha) nhung hien nay chi cd Nam Dieu cdn dang lam gdm. Cac xdm ap khac chu ylu Mm nghi ndng trdng rau, hoa mau hoac nghi danh bat ca tren song, bien va budn ban.
* TS; Trudng Dgt hgc Suphgm, Dgi hoc Dd Ndng, Email: [email protected]
** ThS; Trudng Dgi hgc Thi due Thi thao Dd Ndng; Email: [email protected]
6 2 N G O N N G f & BCfl S O N G S o I ( 2 9 3 ) - 2 0 2 0
Theo nha nghien ciiu Nguyen Bpi Lien "nghe ngdi, ggch d day it nhdt la nd phdi cd sdm han nien dai Hgi An thanh hinh vi nhieng vat lieu xay cdt thanh phd khong thi tuxa din mdphdi d quanh gdn ddy thdi' [12, U. 88]. Tu lieu t h ^ h van sdm iihit lien quan din nghi gdm Thanh Ha ma chiing tdi tilp c i n dugc la mpt ghi chep ttong cudn sd ngdn le lang Minh Huong nam Dinh MSo (1747). Trong dd cd ghi IJii vigc
"viin chuc lang Minh Huang cu ngudi den Thanh Hd (M ^ mua bay chiic chau di trdng mgt sd loai hoa quy biiu quan Cai An kiim Tri Tau Vu" [1]. Dieu nay cho thiy, mupn nhit cung vao giiia thi ki XVIII, each day han 270 nam, do gdm Thanh Ha dS cd thuong hieu vi khdng d l gi ma lang Minh Huang chpn chau gdm Thanh Ha de trdng hoa tang cac quan.
Hien nay, tai Thanh Ha van cdn ton tai dia danh Nam Dieu va ngdi mieu to nghe cd ten la Nam Dieu td mieu ( M S Ifi M) nhu da trinh bay Uen day. "Nam Dieu Id gdm ciia phuang Nam, ciia ngudi Nam trong mdi tucmg quan vdi gdm phuang Bdc, ngudi Bad" [1]. Mot danh xungcd tuih lich sii gan vdi sy ty hao v l nghe nghiep hiem thay d dia phuong khac.
1.2. Sirphdt trien
Lang gdm Thanh Ha ra ddi sau "cdi lu huang cua xu Kinh Bdc" - Bat Trang (theo each gpi ciia Nguyen Binh Khiem) nhung san pham ciing khong kem phan ndi tieng. Nghe lam gdm va gach ngdi Thanh Ha ndi tieng khdng chi d xu Quang ma ca nude va nude ngoai.
Tir xa xua, nhan dan xit Quang da phan anh sy phat trien manh me cua lang nghe gdm Thanh Ha qua nhiing ddng ca dao:
"Lua chi lua rue sdng Ida, Nghe gdm nghi ggch Thanh Hd Id day, Dem khuya phdng phat gid Toy Ngudi thuong thuc day lai bay ddn dua"
v a o the ki XVII - XVIII, khi thuang cang qudc te Hpi An budc vao giai doan phat trien manh me da tao dieu kien thuan Igi cho su phat trien ciia lang gom d vung Thanh Ha. Vdi vi tri gan cang giao thuong, giao thdng dudng thuy thuan tgi, khu san xuat gdm Thanh Ha co kha nang phat trien thanh vimg chuyen san xuat gdm va cac loai binh chiia de van chuyen hang hda va cac dd dun nau cho dan chung dja phuong, gdp phan lam phdn vmh cang Hpi An luc bay gid. Trong sach Phii bien tap luc, hgc gia Le Quy Don c6 de c | p den gdm "Cochi", "Cauchi"" (Giao Chi) ma ngudi nude ngoai ua chudng cd ca gdm Thanh Ha, xii Quang. Va "ki tu the ki XVII trd lui. do viec tdi tao thanh phd Hgi An md sinh ra nganh ggch ngdi rat thinh hanh d lang Thanh Hd cdch Hgi An chieng ba bdn cdy sd" [9, U.280]. "Nghe gdm, ggch ngdi d day khdng chi phuc vu cho nhu cdu dia phuong, cdc vung lan can md cdn trd thanh mgt mat hdng trao doi mua bdn cho cd xu Bdng Trong" [9, U.34]. Vao the ki XVII - XVIII, thdi cac chua Nguyen, tai cang thi Hgi An, do gdm Thanh Ha "da dugc xudt khdu vdi sd lugng Idn din cdc nude Ddng Nam A. Vien Dong vd cd phuang Tay nua" [ 13, tr 85],
Tit cudi the ki XVIII, dau the ki XIX, dja ban san xuat ciia lang nghfi gom Thanh Ha cd su chuyen ddi.
Tir Thanh Chiem (nay la khdi VI) dugc chuyen den Nam Dieu (khoi V) do Thanh Chiem khdng cdn nhiing yeu td tu nhi€n thuan Igi cho su phat trien nghe. Nam Dieu la vimg dat vira can Ip, can giang, can thi vd cimg thuan loi cho cac boat ddng san xuat cung nhu tiao ddi san pham, phat uien nghe gdm.
Sang the ki XIX, su tdn tai va phat Uien cua lang gom Thanh Ha dugc ghi nhan trong mpt sd bp chinh sit quan trpng ciia trieu Nguyen. Dau the ki XIX, Idii nha Nguyen chpn Phu Xuan lam kinh do, nhieu ngh?
nhan dugc gpi ra Hue, sung vao dpi thg xay dung kinh tharih. Co ngudi dugc vua phong den hang bit pham, do la nhimg Chanh Ca, Bat Luyen... Do vay, cd the ndi Nam Dieu - Thanh Ha la trung tam san ximt gdm Idn ciia Quang Nam vamien Tnmg [11, tr.65]. Trong niia dau the ki XIX, lang gdm Thanh Ha ddng due vdi 30 ban xoay, tram Id nung "khdi nghi ngiit", ca ngan thg thay lam vific tat bat mdi nSm 6 thdng nang rao.
D i u thi ki XIX, d Quang Nam da rit ndi tilng vdi cac san pham gach, ngdi, ma Thanh Ha la dia phuang san xuit nhung mat hang nay tdia nhieu. Nam 1803, de chuan hi cho viec xay dyng mieu di?n, vua Gia Long da lenh cho "cdc dia phuang deu chd vdi lieu da gd sdn d dia phuong den npp". Theo d6,"Qudng Nam thi ggch ngdi..." [4, tr.552]. Dieu nay gop phan khiog dinh, Uong nhimg thi ki tmdc, nghe Mm gach, ngdi d vimg Quang Nam da dugc dmh hinh va phat trien. Trong dd, Thanh Ha vdn nim
So l(293)-2020 NGON NGf & BOH SONG 63
gan cang thi Hpi An cd kha nang da trd thanh viing chuyen canh san xuit cac san p h i m gach, ngdi phuc vy nhu c i u xay dyng cua cang thi.
Mpt cudn dia chi kha sdm cua trilu Nguyin dugc vilt vao diu ddi Gia Long (1806) la Hoang Viet nhdt thdng du dia chi cua Le Quang Dinh, uong do cd doan ghi: "742 tdm, bin Nam chgy doc theo phu sa dia sdng ben Bdc la dan cu xa Thanh Hd. ddn d day chuyen Idm nghi diic gach ngdi. lam dd gdm vd nau voi trang, din nen cu mieu Bdt Vi. a dia phdn xa Thanh Hd" [2, tr.222].
Nhu vay, d i n dau t h i ki XIX, lang gdm Thanh Ha da di vao boat ddng chuyen nghiep, dn dinh vdi cac nghe lam gach ngdi, lam do gdm, nung voi. Day la cac nghi thii cdng lam nen danh tilng mpt thoi ciia lang Thanh Ha trong cac the ki Uudc day. Gach ngdi, vdi Thanh Ha la nhiing vat lieu chinh (ciing vdi g6) de xay dyng cac cong ninh d phd Hgi An va cac vimg lan can, Gach ngdi Quang Nam, Uong do co gach ngdi Thanh Ha ciing da dugc Uieu Nguyin buy dgng d l xay dung cung dinh Hul, dilu nay chung td uy tin ciia san pham gach ngdi Thanh Ha, xu Quang. Dai Nam Thifc luc, bp chinh sir dd so nhit cua trilu Nguyen, phan ve ddi Gia Long cho bilt, hi nam 1803, d l chuin hi xay dung railu dien, Gia Long da: "sai cdc dia phuong deu chd vdt lieu dd. gd sdn a dia phuong din nop (Nghe An thi gd lim, Gia Dinh thi vdn gd. Thanh Hda thi da Idt, Quang Ngai thi mat bot. Quang Nam thi ggch ngdi, Bdc Thanh thi son, son vd vdng guy" [4, tr.560]. Hdi d i u till ki XIX, Uong xdm cd nhilu Id tieu bilu nhu 16 ong B I , ong Bai, ong Danh, dtig Ki Nhu, ong Tdng, ong Ty... va nhilu ngudi khac Theo Tap san B.A VH. Dudi thdi Tu Diic cd thg gdm tgn Vo Van Ba ngudi lang Thanh Ha, timg duac Oieu tap ra H u l phuc dich tai 16 gdm Long T h p [ l l , t r . 2 0 5 ] .
Niia sau thi ki XIX, san phim gdm Thanh Ha ndi tilng khip miln Tmng, dd gdm Thanh Ha liic nay trd thanh san vat ciia dia phuong. Trong Dgi Nam nhdt thing chi, phin san vat ciia tmh Quang Nam da ghi danh nghe gom Thanh Ha nhu mpt nghe c h i tac thd san ndi tilng nhat Quang Nam liic biy gid. "Dd gom sdn d Thanh Hd, huyin Dien Phudc. cd hg chuyen nghiep" [7, tr. 464]. Dual thoi Ddng Khanh, dd gom Thanh Ha van giii vai trd la san vat ciia huyen Dien Phudc va ca tinh Quang Nam [7, tt.l454]. Su phat tnen cua nghe gom d Thanh Ha giai doan nay khdng chi phan anh qua cac tai lieu van tu ma cdn the hien Uong cac hoat dpng thyc te, Tir cudi the ki XVIII. diu thi kl XIX, cang thi Hpi An tuy khong phat trien manh me nhu hai the ki tmdc nhung vin giii vai trd la mdt nung tam thuong nghiep Idn cua Dang Trong, van tiep tuc phat huy tmyen thdng thuang mai ciia minh trong dieu kien tu nhien khdng cdn thuan Igi. Cita Dai Chiem thuyen be van ra vao tap nap. Song Thu Bon vdi nhanh la song Chg Cui, song Vmh Dien vin la be thdng giao thdng thuan ti^n cho cac thucmg nhan. Mat khac, the ki XIX chinh la thdi ki do thi Hpi An dugc md rong dan ve phia Nam. Cdng trinh kien tnic hien cdn tdn tai phan Idn deu dugc hinh thanh uong thi ki XIX, Qua day cd thi thiy, thi ki XIX Hpi An van cdn la noi rat nhon nhip, van la mgt thi trudng tieu thu ddi dao ciia nghe gdm Thanh Ha. ^
Thi ki XIX ciing danh diu sy phat trien cua nghe gom Thanh Ha khi khu mieu Td nghe gom - mdt thilt c h i tin nguong cua cu dan lang gom dugc xay dung, Khu nueu Td nay gdm cd bdn mieu khac nhau, Uong do miiu dugc ghi nhan xay dyng sdm nhat la mieu Thai giam dugc xay nam 1836, Viec xay dung khu miiu did Td nghi cho thiy liic nay hoat dpng san xuat ciing nhu ddi s i n g ciia cu dan lam gdm phai thyc su phat Uiln thi cac thg gdm mdi cd dilu kien xay dung miiu thd. Khdng nhung thi, thai ki nay mpt s6 san p h i m gdm gia dung Thanh Ha ciing da cd mat tai quin the di tich c6 do Hue ciing vdi nhung dia phuang khac nhu Thd Ha (Bic Giang), Phudc Tich (Hul), Bat Trang (Ha Ngi).,. Thong qua con dudng tnmg nap, tang phim va thuang mai ma nhiing do gdm nay da dugc nhap vao kinh do Hue [8], Rieng san phim gdm Thanh Ha cd thi qua con dudng uung nap. Dilu nay cang khing dinh, thi ki XDC san pham gdm Thanh Ha la san v$t ndi tilng, lang gdm Thanh Ha cd the sanh ngang hang vdi nhiing lang gdm danh tieng khac Uen ca nude.
Nhiing nam cudi till ki XIX, diu thi ki XX do tac dpng cua nhieu yeu td Ijch su rna cang thi Hpi An mit b i n vai Ud trung tam thuong mai cua minh, nhudng vai trd cho cang tiii Da Nang, Khi hoat dpng thuong mai cua cang thi khdng cdn ddng nghia vdi vice Mng g I m Thanh Ha mat di mgt thi midng tieu thy chu yen. Nhung thuc t l hoat dpng cua lang gdm da chiing minh day khdng phai la tra ngai doi vdi hoat done cua Mng oghl. Lgi dyng dia thi can giang, dia ban tieu thy san pham gdm Thanh Ha dugc md rdng ra' rat nhilu. Mpt s6 flip gdm giau cd da chuyin sang sam ghe bau, thu mua gom, sanh va van chuyen chung bang dudng thiiy d i n mgt sd tinh miln Tmng nhu Quang Bmh, Quang Tri, Quang Ngai,... de tieu
62 NGON NGf & BCfl S 6 N G S6 l(293)-2020
Theo nha nghien ciiu Nguyin Bdi Lien_"nghi ngdi, ggch d day it nhdt la ndphdi cd sdm hem nien dgi Hdi An thanh hinh vi nhieng vat lieu xay cdt thanh phd khdng thi lu xa din mdphdi d quanh gdn day thdi"
[12, U. 88]. Tu lieu dianh van sdm nhat lien quan den nghi gdm Thanh Ha ma chiing toi tilp can dugc la mpt ghi chep Uong cuon sd ngdn le lang Mmh Huong nam Dmh Mao (1747). Trong dd cd ghi lai vigc
"viin chiic lang Minh Huang cu ngudi den Thanh Hd (f9 ^ mua bay chiic chau di trdng mdt so loai hoa quy bieu quan Cai An kiem Tri Tau Vu" [1]. Dieu nay cho thay, mupn nhat cung vao giffa thg ki X V i n , each day hon 270 nam, do gdm Thanh Ha da cd thuang hieu vi khdng d l gi ma lang Minh Huong chgn chau gdm Thanh Ha dg uong hoa tang cac quan.
Hien nay, tai Thanh Ha van cdn tdn tai dia danh Nam Digu va ngdi mieu td nghi cd ten la Nam Digu to mieu (ffi S ^fl M) nhu d% trinh bay Uen day. "Nam Dieu Id gom dia phuong Nam, cita ngudi Nam trong mdi tucmg quan vdi gdm phuang Bdc, ngudi Bdc" [1]. Mpt danh xung cd tinh lich sir gan vdi sy ty hao ve nghe nghiep hiem thay d dia phuong khac.
1.2. Suphdt trien
Lang gdm Thanh Ha ra dtri sau "cdi lu hucmg cua xu Kinh Bac" - Bat Trang (theo each gpi ciia Nguyin Bmh Khiem) nhung san pham ciing khdng kem phan ndi tieng. Nghe lam gdm va gach ngdi Thanh Ha ndi tigng khdng chi d xii Quang ma ca nude va nude ngoai,
Tit xa xua, nhan dan xii Quang da phan anh su phat Uien manh me cua lang nghe gdm Thanh Ha qua nhung ddng ca dao:
"Lua chi liia rue sdng Ida, Nghe gdm nghe ggch Thanh Hd Id day.
Dim khuya phdng phdi gid Tdy Ngudi thuang thirc day Idi bay ddn dua"
v a o the ki XVII - XVIII, khi thuang cang qudc t l Hpi An budc vao giai doan phdt tnen manh me da tao dieu kien thuan lgi cho su phat trien cua lang gdm d viing Thanh Ha. Vdi vi tri gan cang giao thuang, giao thdng dudng thuy thuan lgi, khu san xuit gdm Thanh Ha cd kha nang phat tnen thanh vimg chuyen san xuat gdm va cac lo^i binh chira de van chuyen hang hda va cac do dun nau cho dan chiing dia phuang, gdp phan lam phdn vinh cang Hpi An liic bay gid. Trong sach Phu bien tap luc, hgc gia Le Quy Don c6 de cap den gdm "Cochi", "Cauchf (Giao Chi) ma ngudi nude ngoai ua chupng cd ca gdm Thanh Ha, xut Quang, Va "ke tu the ki XVII trd lui, do viec tdi tao thanh phd Hgi An md sinh ra nganh ggch ngdi rat thinh hanh d Idng Thanh Hd cdch Hdi An chieng ba bon cdy sd" [9, fr,280]. "Nghe gom, gach ngdi d day khdng chi phuc VIA cho nhu cdu dia phuong, cdc viing lan cdn md con trd thimh mdt mat hdng trao doi mua bdn cho cd xu Ddng Trong" [9, tr.34] Vao the kl XVII - XVIII, thdi cac chiia Nguyen, tai cang thi Hpi An, do gom Thanh Ha "da duac xudt khdu vdi so lucmg Idn den cdc nude Ddng Nam A, Viin Ddng vd cd phuang Tdy nad" [13, tr.85].
Tir cudi the ki XVIII, dau the kl XIX, dia ban san xuat cua Mng nghe gdm Thanh Ha c6 sy chuygn ddi.
Tii Thanh Chiem (nay la khoi VI) dugc chuyen dgn Nam Dieu (khdi V) do Thanh Chiem khdng con nhiing yeu td ty nhien thuan lgi cho sy phat Uien nghe. Nam Dieu la vimg dat vira can Id, can giang, can thi vo ciing thuan lgi cho cac boat dpng san xuat ciing nhu trao doi san pham, phat trien nghe gdm.
Sang the ki XIX, su tdn tai va phat trien cua lang gdm Thanh Ha dugc ghi nhan Uong mot so bd chinh sii quan trpng cua trieu Nguyen, Dau the ki XIX, khi nha Nguyen chpn Phii Xuan lam kinh do, nhieu nghe nhan dugc gpi ra Hul, sung vao dpi thg xay dung kinh thanh. Co ngudi dugc vua phong den hang bat phim, dd la nhiing Chanh Ca, Bat Luyen... Do vay, cd the ndi Nam Dieu - Thanh Ha la trung tam san xuat gdm Idn ciia Quang Nam vamien Tmng [11, tr.65]. Trong niia dau the ki XIX, lang gdm Thanh Ha ddng diic vdi 30 ban xoay, tram Id nung "khdi nghi nguf\ ca ngan thg thiy lam viec tit bat mdi n5m 6 thang nang rao.
Diu thi ki XIX, d Quang Nam da rit ndi tigng vdi cac san pham gach, ngdi, ma Thanh Ha la dja phuang san xuat nhiing mat hang nay kha nhieu. Nam 1803, de chuan bi cho viec xay dung miSu dign, vua Gia Long da lenh cho "cdc dia phuang deu chd vdt lieu da go sdn d dia phuang din nop". Theo do, "Quang Nam thi ggch ngdi..." [4, tt.552]. Dieu nay gdp phan khang dinh, Uong nhimg thi ki tmdc, nghi lam gach, ngdi d vimg Quang Nam da dugc dinh hinh va phat Uien, Trong dd, Thanh Ha vdn nim
So l(293)-2020 NG6NNGf & BCfl S 6 N G 63
gan cang thi Hdi An cd kha nang da ttd thanh viing chuygn canh san xuit cac san p h i m gach, ngdi phuc vy nhu cau xay dyng cua cang thi.
Mdt cudn dia chi kha sdm cua trilu Nguygn dugc vilt vao diu ddi Gia Long (1806) la Hoang Viet nhdt thong du dia_ chi cua L6 Quang Dmh, Uong dd cd doan ghi: "742 tdm. ben Nam chay doc theo phii sa cua sdng, ben Bdc Id ddncu xa Thanh Hd, ddn d day chuyen lam nghi due ggch ngdi, lam dd gdm vd ndu vdi trdng, din nin cu miiu Bat Vi, ddiaphgnxa ThanhHd" [2, U,222].
Nhu vay, den dau tiie ki XIX, Mng gdm Thanh Ha da di vao hoat dpng chuygn nghiep, dn dinh vdi cac nghg lam gach ngdi. Mm do gdm, nung vdi. DSy M cac nghi diii cdng Mm nen danh tigng mdt thdi cua lang Thanh Ha Uong cac thi ki trudc day. Gach ngdi, voi Thanh Ha la nhimg vat ligu chinh (cimg vdi gd) de xay dyng cac cdng tiinh d phd Hpi An va cac vimg lan can. Gach ngdi Quang Nam, Uong dd cd gach ngdi Thanh Ha ciing da dugc Uilu Nguyin huy dpng d l xay dung cung dinh Hul, dilu nay chiing td uy tin cua san pham gach ngdi Thanh Ha, xii Quang Dgi Nam Thuc luc, b6 chinh sii d l so nhit cila tnlu Nguygn, phan ve ddi Gia Long cho bil;^ tir nam 1803, d l chuin bi xay dyng miiu dign, Gia Long da: "sai cdc dui phuang diu chd vat lieu da, gd sdn d dia phuang din ngp (Nghe An thi gd lim, Gia Dinh thi vdn go, Thanh Hda thi da Idt, Quang Ngdi thi mat bot, Quang Nam thi ggch ngdi, Bdc Thanh thi son, san vd vdng quy" [4, U.560]. Hdi diu thi ki XIX, trong xdm cd nhilu Id tigu bilu nhu Id ong B I , ong Bai, ong Danh, ong Ki Nhu, ong Tdng, dng Ty .. va nhilu ngudi khac. Theo Tap san B.A. V.H: Dudi thdi Tu Due cd thg gdm tgn Vo Van Ba ngudi Mng Thanh Ha, tiing duoc trigu tap ra H u l phuc dich tai 16 gdm Long T h g [ l l , U . 2 0 5 ] .
Nira sau the Id XIX, san pham gdm Thanh Ha ndi tilng khip miln Tmng, dd gdm Thanh Ha liic nay h d thanh s a n v a t cua dia phuang. Trong Dai Nam nhdt thing chi, phin san v i t ciia tinh Quang Nam da ghi danh nghe gdm Thanh Ha nhu mpt nghe che tac thd san ndi tilng nhit Quang Nam liic biy gid. "Dd gdm sdn a Thanh Hd, huyen Dien Phudc. cd ho chuyin nghiep" [7, tr, 464]. Dudi thdi Dong Khanh, do gdm Thanh Ha van giii vai Ud la san vit cua huyen Dien Phudc va ca tinh Quang Nam [7, tr.l454]. Su phat Uign cua nghe gdm d Thanh Ha giai doan nay khdng chi phan anh qua cac tai lieu van nr ma con thi hien ttong cac boat dpng thyc te. Tir cuoi the ki XVIII, dau thS ki XIX, cang thi Hpi An tuy khdng phat trien manh me nhu hai the ki trudc nhung van giu vai Ud la mgt trung tam thuang nghiep Idn ciia Dang Trong, van tiep tyc phat huy tmyen thdng thuong mai cua minh Uong dieu kien ttr nhien khong cdn thuan Igi. Cira Dai Chiem thuyen be van ra vao Mp nap. Sdng Thu Bdn vdi nhanh la sdng Cha Ciii, sdng VTnh Dien vin la he thdng giao thdng thuan tien cho cac thuong nhan. Mat khac, the Id XIX chinh la thai kl dd thi Hpi An dugc md rong dan ve phia Nam. Cdng (rinh kiSn tnic hien cdn ton tai phan Idn deu dugc hmh thanh uong the ki XIX. Qua day cd thg thay, thS ki XIX Hpi An van cdn la nai rat nhpn nhip, van la mpt thi tmdng tigu thy ddi dao ciia nghe gdm Thanh Ha. ^
T h i ki XIX Cling danh diu su phat triln cua nghi gdm Thanh Ha khi khu mieu Td nghe gdm - mgt thilt c h i tin nguftng cua cu dan lang gdm dugc xay dung. Khu mieu To nay gdm cd bdn mieu khac nhau, trong do m i l u dugc ghi nhan xay dung sdm nhit la miiu Thai giam dugc xay nam 1836, Viec xay dung khu m i l u did Td n g h i cho thiy luc nay hoat ddng san xuit ciing nhu ddi sdng cua cu dan Mm gdm phai thyc su phat triln thi cac thg gdm mdi cd dilu kien xay d y n g m i l u thd. Khdng nhiing thi, thdi ki nay mpt sd san p h i m gdm gia dung Thanh Ha ciing da cd mat tai_ quin thi di tich c6 do Hue cimg vdi nhiing dia phuang khac nhu Thd Ha (Bic Giang), Phudc Tich (Hul), Bat Trang (Ha Ndi)... Thdng qua con dudng trung nap, tang p h i m va tiiuang mai ma nhiing dd g I m nay da dugc nhap vao kmh dd H u l [8]. Rigng san phim gdm Thanh Ha cd till qua con dudng trung nap. Dilu nay cang khing dinh, die ki XIX san pham gdm Thanh Ha M san vat ndi tilng, lang g I m Thanh Ha cd dil sanh ngang hang vdi nhiing Mng gdm danh tilng khac ttgn ca nude.
Nhiing nam cudi dil ki XIX, d i u till ki XX do tac dgng ciia nhieu yeu to lich sii ma cang thi Hpi An mit b i n vai ttd trung tam thuong mai cua minh, nhudng vai ttd cho cang thi Da Nang. Khi hoat dpng thuang mai cua cang thi khdng cdn ddng nghia vdi viec lang gdm Thanh Ha mat di mdt thi trudng tigu thy chu ylu. Nhung thuc t l hoat dong ciia lang gdm da chiing nnnh day khong phai la ttd ngai ddi vdi hoat done ciia lang nghi. Lai dyng dia thi can giang, dja ban tieu tiiu san pham gdm Thanh Ha dugc md rong ra rat nhilu. Mgt sd tiio gdm giau cd da chuyin sang sam ghe bau, diu mua gdm, sanh va van chuygn chung bing dudng thuy d i n mpt sd tmh miln Tmng nhu Quang Binh, Quang Tri, Quang Ngai,... dg tigu
6 2 N G O N N G f & B O I S O N G S 6 l ( 2 9 3 ) - 2 0 2 0
Theo nha nghien ciiu Nguygn Bdi Lien "nghi ngdi, ggch d day it nhdt la nd phdi cd sam hon niin dgi Hgi An thanh hinh vi nhung vgt lieu xay cdt thanh phd khdng thi tu xa din md phdi d quanh gdn ddy thdi"
[12, tr. 88]. Tu lieu thanh van sdm i^at lien quan din nghg gdm Thanh Ha ma chung tdi tilp can dugc la mpt ghi chep Uong cudn sd ngdn le lang Minh Huang nam Dinh Mao (1747). Trong dd cd ghi lai viec
"viin chuc lang Minh Huong cu ngudi den Thanh Hd (;W ^ mua bay chiic chdu di trdng mdt sd loai hoa quy bieu quan Cai An kiim Tn Tau Vu" [1]. Dieu nky cho thiy, mugn nhit cung vao giira thi ki X V i n , each day hon 270 nam, dd gdm Thanh Ha da cd thuang hieu vi khdng d l gi ma lang Minh Huong chgn chau gom Thanh Ha dg Udng hoa tang cac quan.
Hien nay, tai Thanh Ha van cdn ton tai dia danh Nam Digu va ngdi mieu td nghi cd tgn la Nam Dieu to migu ( M S ?S M) nhu da trinh bay Ugn day. "Nam Dieu la gdm cua phuong Nam, ciia ngudi Nam trong mdi tuang quan vdi gdm phuang Bdc, ngudi Bac" [1]. Mpt danh xung cd tinh lich sit gin vdi sy ty hao v l nghg nghiep higm thay d dia phuong khac.
1.2. Suphdt trien
Lang gdm Thanh Ha ra ddi sau "cdi lu huong ciia xu Kinh Bdc" - Bat Trang (theo each gpi cua Nguygn Binh Khiem) nhung san pham ciing khong kem phan ndi tieng. Nghg lam gdm va gach ngdi Thanh Ha ndi tigng khdng chi d xu QiMng ma ca nude va nude ngoai.
Tir xa xua, nhan dan xit Quang da phan anh sy phat trign manh me cua lang nghe gom Thanh Ha qua nhiing ddng ca dao:
"Lua chi lua rue sdng tda, Nghi gdm nghe ggch Thanh Hd Id day.
Dim khuya phdng phat gid Tdy Ngudi thuong thiic ddy Idi bay ddn dua"
Vao thg ki XVII - XVIII, khi thuang cang qudc te Hpi An budc vao giai doan phat trien manh me da t^o digu kien thuan lgi cho sy phat trign ciia lang gdm d viing Thanh Ha. Vdi vi tti gan cang giao thuong, giao thdng dudng thiiy thuan lgi, khu san xuat gdm Thanh Ha co kha nang phat Uien thanh viing chuyen san xuat gdm va cac loai binh chiia de van chuygn hang hda va cac dd dun nau cho dan chimg dia phuong, gdp phan Mm phdn vinh cang Hpi An liic bay gid. Trong sach Phii bien tap luc, hgc gia Le Quy Ddn cd de cap dgn gdm "Cochi", "Cauchr (Giao Chi) ma ngudi nude ngoai ua chupng cd ca gom Thanh Ha, xii Quang. Va "ki tu the ki XVII trd lui, do viic tdi igo thanh phd Hdi An md sinh ra nganh ggch ngdi rat thinh hanh d lang Thanh Hd cdch Hdi An chung ba bdn cdy sd" [9, tt.280]. "Nghe gom, ggch ngdi d day khdng chi phuc vu cho nhu cdu dia phuong. cdc viing lan can md cdn trd thanh mdt mat hdng trao doi mua bdn cho cd xu Ddng Trong" [9, tt.34]. Vao thg ki XVII - XVIII, thdi cac chua Nguyen, tai cang thj Hgi An, do gom Thanh Ha "da dugc xudt khdu vdi so lugng Idn din cdc nude Ddng Nam A, Vien Dong vdcdphuong Tdynaa" [13, tt,85],
Tu cuoi the ki XVIII, dau the ki XIX, dia ban san xuat cua lang nghg gdm Thanh Ha cd su chuyin ddi Tir Thanh Chiem (nay la khdi VI) dugc chuyen den Nam Dieu (khoi V) do Thanh Chiem khdng cdn nhiing ygu td ttr nhign thuan lgi cho sy phat Uien nghg. Nam Dieu M vimg dat vira can 16, can giang, can thi vd ciing thuan lgi cho cac hoat ddng san xuat ciing nhu trao ddi san pham, phat trign nghe gdm.
Sang thg ki XIX, su tdn tai va phat ttien ciia lang gdm Thanh Ha duac ghi nhan ttong mpt s i bg chinh sii quan ttong cua Uieu Nguyin. Dau thg ki XIX, khi nha Nguyen chpn Phu Xuan lam kinh dd, nhigu ngh?
nhan duac ggi ra Hue, sung vao dgi thg xay dyng kinh thanh. Cd ngutri dugc vua phong dgn hang bat pham, dd M nhiing Chanh Ca, Bat Luyen... Do vay, cd thg ndi Nam Digu - Thanh Ha la trung tam san xuat gom Idn ciia Quang Nam va mien Tmng [ I I , tt.65]. Trong nua dau the ki XiX, Mng gdm Thanh Ha ddng diic vdi 30 ban xoay, Uam Id nung "khdi nghi nguf, ca ngan thg thay Mm vigc tat bat moi nam 6 thang n i n g rao.
Dau the ki XIX, d Quang Nam da rat noi tieng vdi cac san pham gach, ngdi, ma Thanh Ha la dia phuang san xuat nhung mat hang nay kha nhigu Nam 1803, d l chuan bi cho viec xay dung migu dien, vua Gia Long da lenh cho "cdc dia phuang deu chd vat lieu da gd sdn d dia phuong den nop". Theo d6,"Qudng Nam thi gach ngdi..." [4, tt.552]. Dilu nay gdp phin khing dinh, trong nhiing thi ki tmdc, nghi Mm gach, ngdi d vimg Quang Nam da dugc dinh hinh va phat Uign. Trong dd, Thanh Ha von n i m
So 1(293)-2Q20 N G 6 N NGf & BCfl SONG 63^
gan cang tbi Hpi An cd kha nang da trd thanh viing chuyen canh san xuit cac san phim gach, ngdi phyc vy nhu cau xay dung cua cang thi.
Mgt cudn dia chi kha sdm ciia trilu Nguyin dugc vilt vao diu ddi Gia Long (1806) la Hoang Viet nhdt thdng du dia chi cua Lg Quang Dinh, Uong dd cd doan ghi: "742 tdm, ben Nam chgy dgc theo phii sa ciia sdng, ben Bdc Id ddncu xd Thanh Hd, ddn d day chuyen lam nghi due ggch ngdi, lam dd gdm vd ndu vdi trdng. den nin cu miiu Bdt Vi, d diaphgn xd Thanh Hd" [2, tt.222].
Nhu vay, dgn diu the ki XIX, lang gdm Thanh Ha da di vao ho?t dpng chuyen nghiep. In dinh vdi cac nghg Mm gach ngdi. Mm dd gom, nung vdi. Day la cac nghi tiiu cdng lam nen danh tilng mpt thdi cua lang Thanh Ha ttong cac the ki trudc day, Gach ngdi, vdi Thanh Ha M nhirng vat lieu chinh (ciing vdi gd) de xay dyng cac cdng trinh d phd Hgi A_n va cac vimg Mn can, Gach ngdi Quang Nam, ttong dd cd gach ngdi Thanh Ha ciing da dugc ttilu Nguygn huy dpng dl xay dung cung dmh Hul, dilu nay chiing td uy tin ciia san pham g^ch ngdi Thanh Ha, x\x Quang, Dgi Nam Thuc luc, bp chinh su dd so nhit cua trilu Nguygn, phan vg ddi Gia Long cho bilt, hi nSm 1803, dh chuin bi xay dyng milu dign, Gia Long da: "sai cdc dia phuong deu chd vat lieu dd. gd sdn a dia phuong din nop (Nghe An thi gd lim. Gia Dinh thi vdn gd, Thanh Hda thi dd Idt. Quang Ngai thi mat bot, Quang Nam thi ggch ngdi, Bdc Thanh thi son. son vd vdng guy" [4, tt.560]. Hdi diu thi ki XIX, ttong xdm cd nhilu Id tieu bilu nhu 16 dng Bg, dng Bai, dng Danh, dng Ki Nhy, dng Tdng, dng Ty... va nhilu ngudi khac. Theo Tap san B A. VH: Dudi thdi Tu Diic cd thg gdm ten V6 Van Ba ngudi lang Thanh Ha, timg dugc ttigu tap ra Hul phuc dich tai 16 gdm Long Thp[ll,tt.205].
Nira sau thg ki XIX, san pham gdm Thanh Ha ndi tilng khip miln Trung, dd gIm Thanh Ha luc nay ttd thanh san vat cua dia phuang. Trong Dgi Nam nhdt thing chi, phin san vat ciia tinh Quang Nam da ghi danh nghg gdm Thanh Ha nhu mpt nghg chi Mc thd san ndi tilng nhit Quang Nam luc biy gid. "Dd gdm sdn d Thanh^Hd. huyin Dien Phudc, cd hg chuyen nghiep" [7, tr. 464]. Dudi thdi Ddng Khanh, dd gdm Thanh Ha vin giu vai tro la san vat ciia huygn Dign Phudc va ca tinh Quang Nam [7, tt.l454]. Su phat ttign ciia nghe gdm d Thanh Ha giai doan nay khdng chi phan anh qua cac tai ligu vSn ty ma cdn thg hign ttong cac boat dpng thyc te. Tir cudi thi ki XVIII, diu thi ki XIX, cang thi Hdi An tuy khdng phat trien manh me nhu hai thg ki trudc nhung vin giii vai trd la mpt tmng tam thuang nghiep Idn cua Dang Trong, van tiep tyc phat huy ttuyen thdng thuang mai ciia minh ttong dieu kien tu nhien khdng con thuan Igi. Cua Dai Chiem thuygn be vin ra vao tap nap. Sdng Thu Bon vdi nhanh la sdng Chg Cili, sdng Viiih Dien van la hg thdng giao thdng thuan tien cho cac thuong nhan. Mat khac, thg ki XIX chinh la thdi ki do thi Hpi An dugc md rgng dan vg phia Nam. Cdng ttinh kien tnic hien cdn tdn tai phan Ion diu dugc hinh thanh trong the ki XIX. Qua day cd thg thay, the ki XIX Hpi An van con M noi rat nhpn nhip, vSn la mot thi tmdng tieu thy ddi dao ciia nghe gdm Thanh Ha.
Thg ki XIX cdng danh dau sy phat trign cua nghe gdm Thanh Ha khi khu mieu Td nghe gom - mpt thiet che tin nguong ciia cu dan Mng gom dugc xay dyng. Khu mieu Td nay gom cd bdn imeu khac nhau, ttong do migu dugc ghi nhan xay dung sdm nhat la mieu Thai giam dugc xay nam 1836. Viec xay dyng khu migu thd Td nghe cho thay liic nay boat dpng san xuat ciing nhu ddi sdng cua cu dan lam gdm phai thyc sy phat ttien thi cac thg gdm mdi cd digu kien xay dyng mieu thd. Khdng nhiing thg, thdi ki nay mpt sd san pham gdm gia dyng Thanh Ha ciing da cd mat tai quan thg di tich cd dd Hug cimg vdi nhung dia phuang khac nhu Thd Ha (Bic Giang), Phudc Tich (Hue), Bat Trang (Ha Npi).,. Thdng qua con dudng tnmg nap, tang phim va thuong mai ma nhiing dd gdm nay da dugc nhap vao kinh dd Hug [8]. Rieng san phim gdm Thanh Ha cd thi qua con duimg trung n^p. Dieu nay cang khang dinh, thg ki XIX san pham gdm Thanh Ha \a san vat ndi tilng, lang gdm Thanh Ha cd the sanh ngang hang vdi nhung Mng gdm danh tieng khac Uen ca nude.
Nhiing nam cudi thi ki XIX, diu thi ki XX do tac ddng cua nhieu yeu td Hch su ma cang thi Hgi An mit hin vai ttd trung tam thuang mai ciia minh, nhudng vai trd cho cang thi Da Nang. Khi hoat ddng thuong mai ciia cang thj khdng con ding nghTa vdi viec Mng gdm Thanh Ha mat di mpt thi ttuimg tieu diy chu yeu. Nhung thyc tl boat dpng cua lang gdm da chiing minh day khdng phai la ttd ngai ddi vdi boat done ciia lang nghi. Lgi dyng dja thi can giang, dia ban tieu thy san pham gom Thanh Ha dugc mo rgng ra rat nhilu. Mpt sd thg ^6m giau cd da chuyin sang sam ghe bau, thu mua gdm, sanh va van chuyin chung bing dudng thiiy dgn mgt sd tinh miln Tmng nhu Quang Bmh, Quang Tri, Quang NgSi,... dg tigu
N G 6 N NGf & B 6 I S O N G SO 1(293)-2020
tiiy. Theo Idi kg cila mdt sd vi cao nien tai dia phuang thi dng cha hp ttudc day tilng di budn gdm bing ghe bau. Hoat dpng budn ban gdm bing ghe bau da tnic tilp tao ra mgt nhdm ngudi ban gIm chuyen nghiep, Ddng tiidi, "sura ddi cua doi ngii lai budn gdm Thanh Hd chung td nghi gdm Thanh Hd da trdi qua giai dogn phdt trien manh ddn din phdn hda luc lugng thg thanh hai bg phdn Id bg phdn sdn xudt va bd phdn lai budn gdm" [15, tr.29-30].
Co thg ndi, giai doan thi ki XIX diu thi ki XX M giai doan c6 nhilu diu in Uong hch sii phat triln lang gom Thanh Ha. "Viic lang gdm Thanh Hd dugc ghi danh trong hdu nhu cdc bd chinh su cua triiu Nguyin chinh Id mdt su thira nhgn chinh thing vi tri ciia lang gdm. Su suy thodi cua cdng thi Hgi An mgc dii cd anh hudng den thi trudng tieu thu cua lang gdm nhung khdng phdi vi thi md lang gdm nay cSng tdn lui theo md ngugc lgi cdc thg gdm Thanh Hd da phdt huy nhung uu thi cua dia phuang, md rdng dja bdn tiiu thu, dua nghe gdm phdt triin mgnh me" [4].
Khi thuc dan Phap sang xam lupc nude ta chung tien hanh khai thac thac thupc dia vdi nhiing quy mo khac nhau nham muc dich va vet ciia cai dem ve chinh qudc. Cho nen cac nghi thii cdng trong giai doan nay khdng dugc chu Upng phat trien. Tuy vay nghi gdm vin tilp tyc tin tai va chilm mpt bp phan trong nghg thu cdng d Thanh Ha,
Cach mang thang Tam thanh cdng, nhSn dan Thanh Ha vui sudng ddn nhan cupc ddi mdi nhung thyc dan Phap d5 bpi udc ttd lai xam luge nude ta Mn thii 2. Theo Idi keu gpi ciia Uy ban khang chlgn, nhan dan Thanh Ha da thyc hien tieu thd khang chiln, lang gdm bi huy diet toan bg co sd vat chit kT thuat, thg gdm Thanh Ha ddi lang dgn xa Phii Hung (Tam Ky). Q day, hg da lap thanh phuong san xuat gdm, diing dau la phuong trudng Nguyen Chudc. To chitc san xuat gdm cua giai doan diu M dugc td chiic theo don vi gia dinh nhu trudc day cho. Nhung sau theo ygu cau cua khang chien Quan uy quSn khu V da dat van dg vdi nhirng ngudi Mm gdm de nghi cho chuyin sang san xuat dd dung sut (NaOH). Day la loai san pham ddi hdi kT thuat san xuat cao, tinh chiu dung tot.
Sau khang chien chdng Phap thing lgi, nhiing ngudi thg gdm Thanh Ha ttd vl qug huang, hp lai tilp tyc xay Id, lap ban xoay va td chiic san xuat gdm. The nhung hoa binh chua duac bao Mu thi dl qudc My lai nhay vao mien Nam, cugc khang chien chdng dg qudc My bat dau.
Luc nay, tai mign Nam, cac m^t bang dan dung bang nhya, nhdm, inox nhanh chdng chilm uu thg vl sii dung. KT thuat san xuat gdm Thanh Ha luc bay gid cdn qua thd sa nen nhanh chdng hi danh bai ngay tir dau, Hau nhu toan bg san phSm gdm Thanh Ha hi day lui ve lai cac vimg ndng thdn. Tuy nhign nghg gdm Thanh Ha van tdn tai mgt each cam chimg.
Dudi thiri Ngd Dmh Diem, do ygu cau triing tu Dien Thai Hoa (Dai Ngi Hue), chinh quygn Ngd Dmh Diem da budc Mng gdm Thanh Ha phai san xuat gach ngdi Diec dg phyc vy cdng trinh nay.
Dudi sire ep cua chinh quyen Ngd Dmh Diem va ciing de giai quyet nhirng khd khan ve ca sd vat chat ciing nhu vj tri cho mpt nghe thu cdng dang Uen bd vuc suy Mn, Uong qiM Umh san xuat mpt so thg gom Thanh Ha da diing mui chiu sao ISnh Uach nhiem vo cimg nang ne va khd khan vi ni tmdc cho dgn liic nay hg chua chg ra dugc loai men gdm nao ca.
Sau khi ttai qua mdt qua Uinh tim tdi nghign ciru va miet mai thii nghiem ngudi thg gom Thanh Ha da Mm chii dugc loai men gdm va chuyen sang san xuat ngdi Uang men, loai ngdi Digc vdi nude men mau da luan, mau Uo, mau xanh ra ddi hang loat, danh dSu chang dudng phat trign md ra nhiing trien vpng ton lao cho nghe gdm Thanh Ha. Tuy nhign do sy khd khan vg nguygn lieu san xuat men gdm Uang men Thanh Ha chi dugc san xuat ttong mpt thdi gian ngan vdi sd lugng khdng nhieu.
Cupc chien ttanh cua My ngay cang ac het va Mn khdc, ngudi dan Thanh Ha da mpt lan niia phai ddi bd qug huong phigu tan khap noi dgn Tam Ky, Da Nang tham chi vao tan Sai Gdn Gia Dinh... Nghg gom tir do lang xudng.
Sau dai thing miia xuan nam 1975, ciing vdi nhan dan ca nude, nhan dan Thanh Ha budc vao cdng cupc cai tao va xay dyng que huong, hp Ud vg que cii gdp nhat tai san de tao dung cupc song mdi, cung vdi cac nghi thii cdng khac nhu nghg mgc, nghe danh ca... nghe gdm ciing timg buoc dugc hdi sinh.
Din nira cudi thi ki XX, mgt lan niia nghe gom lai lam vao khd khan do sy c^nh tranh manh me ciia dd gia dyng bing nhya , bing kim loai... Mm cho sue tigu thy san pham gdm ygu han di.
S6 1(293)-2Q20 N G 6 N NGf & BCfl SONG
Vao dau thap ki 80 the ki XX, sanh khdng dugc che tac, gdm vin dugc san xuit nhung tieu thy cim chiing. Nhilu thg gdm chuyin sang lam gach, ngdi. Cac tay chudt, thg Id cao mli nghT viec din, thanh nien lai khdng man ma vdi nghe gdm do thu nhap kem va do tmh chit cdng viec nang nhpc.
Nhung nam 1997-1998, mgt s6 dig gom da chi tac loai san phim mdi la con thdi, tilp thu ki thuat tao hmh gdm bang khudn due, tao nen nhung loai gdm mi nghe dugc thi tmdng ua chupng. Ddng then, chinh quyen thanh phd Hdi An da diu tu khoi phuc Mng gdm Thanh Ha, lap ttiyin tham quan lang gdm Thanh Ha (phat ttien manh vao n5m vao jnam 2001) da thu hut ddng dao khach din tham quan, md ra hudng tilp thi, tigu tiiy san pham gdm tai chd. Gdm Thanh Ha da dugc cac ca sd kinh doanh, ngutri dan bilt din va sit dyng nhigu ban.
Thang 6/2001, phuong an td chiic tuyIn tham quan lang gdm Thanh Ha do tmng Mm Van hda - Thdng tin thi xa lap da dugc uy ban nhan dan thj xa Hpi An phg duyet. Day cd thi xem nhu mpt dilm danh diu su ddi rndi each nhin nhgn vl phat trign du lich d lang gdm Thanh Ha. Thang 10/2002, dy an khdi phyc va phat Uien du hch Mng gdm Thanh Ha da dugc UBND tinh Quang Nam phe duyet. Day ciing la mpt ca sd quan Upng cho viec phyc hdi hoat ddng ciia lang gdm nay nhim phyc vu ddi sdng ciia dan cu dan dja phuang cdng nhu dg phat triln du lich tai chd.
3. Gom Thanh Ha vdi ngon ngir va van hoa dia phuong 3.1. Vdi ngon ngit
Nhu da ninh bay Ugn day, tai Thanh Ha hien luu tmyIn dia danh Nam Diiu (Giao) va ngdi milu tl nghe cd tgn M Nam Dieu td miiu (0 ^ jS? M). Mdt danh xung cd tinh lich sii gin vdi su ni hao vl nghi nghigp hiem thay d dia phuong khac.
Trai_ qua nhieu thdi gian, cac thg gdm Thanh Ha da tao nen vi luu giii khdi lugng ni chuygn dung cua nghe gdm, San pham gdm phong phii, phyc vu chiic nang sir dung khac nhau va cung dugc d5t tgn phii hgp: cdc logi hu (hu sdu, hH nam, hH tu hep, rgng mieng). Ion long, con chdi, bao bdu (ciing hep vd rgng mieng), cdc logi chgu (du hai. du em); xudt bdt rdi (dimg udng nude), binh trap, hu diiu, vd, hu liin, coi trd, om, sieu... Nhieu san phim nhd nhu binh vdi dn trdu, ndi hiiu, chdn den, ndi, dm, td he... cdc sdn pham lim nhu chum vgi, khgp dung mam...
_ Ben canh dd, thg gdm da phan loai cac hu sanh bang sd hpc: hit sdu (lam tir 6 con dit), hQ nam, hS bdn... hoac dya vao dac digm sii dung cua san pham ma ggi tgn nhu du sudt {au dyng sudt chi det vai). De phan biet Uang thai san pham, thg gdm dya vao mau sac the hien Uen da sanh ma goi tgn: chdm td ggch (san pham cd man xanh cham, giiia Udn cd vdng Udn, mao do Ipt),..
Mgt so loai gdm d Thanh Ha da dugc tim thay d Nhat Ban va mpt so nude ttong khu vuc. Dd gdm d day ngoai loai gdm dd cdn cd gdm sanh va gdm men don sac nhu nau, vang chanh... Trong cac tu ligu vSn khe mua ban dat dai cua Mng Thanh Ha xuat hien cac tu: Cuang Id (^ 1^, Dieu lo (^ ^ . Cd thi hieu dd la cac 16 gom xanh (do sanh) va cac 16 gdm do (do gdm) theo each ggi dan gian.
Tu lieu thu tich ciing cho biet, lang gdm Thanh Ha tir rat som da cd ihg thao nghe nau gach ngdi luu ly va mpt loai ngdi ttang men nhu Hoang Long, Thanh Long va ngdi mdc.
Dudi thdi Ngd Dinh Diem, do yeu cau trung tu Dign Thai Hoa (Dai Npi Hue), chmh quyen Ngd Dinh Digm da budc lang gdm Thanh Ha phai san xuit gach ngdi Diic de phyc vy cdng ttmh nay. Sau khi Uai qua mpt qua trinh tim tdi nghien cuu va miet mai thu nghiem ngudi thg gdm Th^ih Ha da Mm chu dugc loai men gdm va chuygn sang san xuat ngoi ttang men, loai ngdi Diec vdi nude men mau da luon, mau tto, mau xanh ra ddi hang loat, danh diu chang dudng phat ttien md ra nhiing ttign vpng Idn lao cho nghg gdm Thanh Ha.
Trong qua ttinh san xuit, kT tiiuat Mm gdm vdi nhilu khau, cac dyng cy dugc su dung thi hien qua nhigu tir ngir mang tinh dac trung cua nghe:
Lam ddt: La cdng vigc diing cudc, mai, bam nhd dit set, diing chan dam, dap, nhdi that nhuygn, rdi dam.
Chudt. La kT thuat can ban dl tao dang cua san phim, dyng cu dl chudt gdm cd ban xoay gd (mat hinh Udn, dudng kmh 60 cm, dat Ugn mpt ttuc c6 dinh d% ban xoay duac), mpt manh gd cong hoac vo ngheu ggi la cdi sd, mpt cai vdng, mdt chau nude cd miing gie tham nude va mpt doan day. De tign hanh chudt phai cd hai ngudi, ngudi chudt - thg chinh (cdng cd thg xem la nghe nhan): Khi ban chudt/ ban xoay boat
66 NGON N G f & BOI SONG S6 l(293)-2020
dpng, thg chudt diing tay miet con d i t ugn mat ban xoay cho san phim hi hi hign len vdi ddi tay kheo leo va kinh nghiem cua minh.
Ldm ngudi: Sau khi phoi nang mgt thdi gian cho dn djnh binh dang ban diu, thg gdm sira cho diing kieu miu, ke vach cac loai hoa van, hpa tilt... r l i mang phoi tilp Tmdc khi khd bin, san p h i m dugc ego, trau chudt de dat kl thuat, tham mi. Rieng vdi gach, ngdi thi ddi hoi phai rit ti mi, cdng phu, nhpc nhin vdi ning, mua d l dgi chd phai ngdi, nlu d l ngdi khd qua hoac udt dgu khong ep, r^p khuon dugc. Cd |g phai dgi chd nhieu nen dan gian ggi la "ngdidgi^ [12, U.149].
Nung: Dien ra theo ttinh n^: Hun - khong cho lua to, chi cin nhilu khdi nen chit ciii d i t d ngoai nueng Id, cui tuai, lua rat nhd, cui ddt thudng la cui dgn, de, sau nay la duong hiu. Sau 7- 8 gid, dp am Uong Id dugc tdng ra, san pham het nude (khan lai). Luc nay ddt lira to, sau vao ttong Id, tang nhiet Ign gan 1.000 dp C ggi la tdng, khi den dp thi nghi lira, de biet gdm dgn dp ngudi ta keo gdm tham ra xem (gdm thim dugc chuan bi trudc, bd tri d gan ciia 16). Den day thi ngung tiep lua, Uam bit cac ciia 16, nhiet dp trong 16 van tigp tuc hap chin gdm cho den khi 16 ngupi (6-7 ngay ke tu khi nghi Ida), ngudi ta b i t dau ra 16. So vdi trudc day, Thanh Ha phat trign thgm cac san pham gom mi ngh? nen ki thuat gdm co nhiing budc khac biet, Gdm mi nghe dugc chi tac cong phu han, loai g6m dugc tao hinh bing khudn c6 da gom min thi dig gdm phai ddnh lang, Igc ddt kT thanh dung dich long, sach, min.
Nhu vay, nghg gom Thanh Ha vdi rat nhieu tir chuygn dung: "Hi thdng tu chuyen dung nay cung cdp nhieu thdng tin phong phii ve ngon ngu hgc, ddn tgc vd cdn dugc nghien cuu, ldm sdng td cua vdn di van ftdandy" [12, tt.77].
Ben canh su phong phu vg he t h i n g tu chuyen dyng, nghe gdm Thanh Ha gdp phan vao su phong phii kho tang ca dao xii Quang, Tit xa xua, ca dao xii Quang da phan anh sy phat trien, san pham d^c tnmg, sir giao luu budn ban... ciia lang gdm Thanh Ha:
"Lua chi lira riec sdng Ida, Nghi gdm nghi ggch Thanh Hd la day.
Dim khuya phdng phdt gid Tdy Ngudi thuong thiic ddy Idi bay ddn dua"
"Hdi An vdn ggch, bdt, ndi Thudc tham Cdm Li mdy ddi lieng danh "
"Thanh Hd gach ngdi da vdi Kim Bdng chgm trd gd cdy mudn ddi"
"Thuan budm gid thdi sdng Tien Thanh Hd Id gdm ngd qua miin Phu Chiem "
"Anh ve tham me viing cha De em a lgi Thanh Hd bdn budn ".
3.2. Vdi vdn hda 3.2.1. Vdn hda vdt the
Do c6 dac dilm dia li thuan lgi ngn tii han 3.000 nam trudc manh dat Thanh Ha da tdn tai va phat Uien nen van hda tign - so sir ma dinh cao la nen van hda Sa Huynh mupn. Qua ket qua nghien ciiu khao co ydi nhieu loai hinh mg Chum dac trung vdi nhiing cong cy san xudt, do diing sinh boat, dd ttang siic bang gom dugc My len tir Idng dai da khang dinh su phat trien rye ro ciia ndn van hda Sa Huynh tai day. Dac biet, da phat hien di chi cu tni Thanh Chigm phan bo tai khdi VII phuong Thanh Ha (tpa dp 15° 52 95 vT bac, 108° 18 66 kinh Ddng) hien vat dugc phat hien ttong di chi cd gom Sa Huynh, g d m C h a m va gdm sii Trung Qudc (16 Phiic Kiln, Quang Dong), Nhat Ban (16 Hizen), gom dat nung Thanh Ha,...
Nha nghign ciiu gdm lau nam ciia Nhat Ban, K. Fukini phat bigu: "Tu budi binh minh cua mudn vdt,^
ddi sdng con ngudi khdng bao gid ton lgi md khdng tu biiu hien trong mdt loai nao do ciia tdc pham dd gdm" [3]. Cdn theo Nguygn Van Y, nha nghien ciiu v l gdm cila Viet Nam, cho rang "gdm bdt ngudn tie nghe thuat ddn gian". "Dgc biii ddi vdi logi hinh gdm ddt nung, vdn gdn bd ngudi ndng ddn. Ngudi thg gdm dd true tiip chuyin tdi cdm xuc cua minh vdo nhiing sdn phdm gdm. Vd nguac tgi thong qua cdc sdn phdm gdm chiing la mgt phdn nao hiiu dugc cdi "hdn" cua cugc sdng duang dgi" [3]. Gom Thanh Ha xuit hien va phat t n i n d Quang Nam each day gin 500 nam, la ddng gdm dat nung san xuit theo phuong phap thu cong, tao hinh bing tay, su dung ban xoay. Chinh vi tao hmh bing tay nen kieu dang rit da dang
S6 1(293)-202Q N G 6 N NGf & BCfl SONG 67_
phong phu, cimg mot chiing loai sin phim nhung tdiong san phim nao gidng nhau hoan toan. Nlu gdm ttang men da dang mau sic, phii hgp vdi nhiing nhu cau xa hoa, cau ki dii gdm Thanh Ha lai mpc mac, bmh di vdi gam mau nau do ty nhien ciia dat nung. Dg tim hieu ro han nhirng gia tti nghe thuat ciia gdm Thanh Ha, thu danh eia qua time ddng gdm.
Gdm dan dung dat nung xuat phat tir nhiing nhu can so khdi ciia con ngudi uong cudc sdng. Tuy vao timg nhu can cu the nao do, ma xuat hi?n nhirng hu, bmh voi, vai, ndi, tra, om... hoac nhirng cai vai utnn to, an sudt dung chi dgt, cai muong/ mii Ipc dudng, hoac ggch, ngdi dit nung... Vdi nhung chung loai san phim tmyIn thing phong phu nhu thi, gdm Thanh Ha da di vao ddi sing ciia ngutri dan xii Quang va dai dat Trung Trung Bp. Ndi den cai bii, thi tiiy vao kich co nhung diu chung kilu dang migng loe, cd eo, vai day thudn, ttdn bang; ndi dgn noi, nieu, sigu... thi cimg chung kilu mieng loe, vanh migng dugc ve_ ttdn, cl eo, ngan, byng phmh to, day ttdn, Nhiing kilu dang nay qua dli quen thupc, da tin tgi qua nhilu thg ki, ludn hien hiiu ttong cupc sdng ngudi dan d mpi thdi dai. Dilu nay khing dinh do gdm la nhiing Mc pham nghe thuat dan gian vd gia.
Gdm mi thuat hinh thanh d Thanh Ha tuong ddi mudn, tuy nhien, san phim lai rit da dang va phong phii. Tir nhiing san pham trung bay, Uang tri npi that, ngoai thit, din nhiing con thdi, heo dit, phii digu dng Mo... deu xuat phat tir nhu cau ngudi dan, dgu mang hai thd ciia cugc sing duong dai, Ngudi dan dang cd nhu cau lap den Uang tri cho ngdi nha ngdi mdi xay, cin mpt bite phu dieu gin ten mang tudng moi son, can cd mdt digm nhan cho manh vudn xanh... Tu do, dong gdm ttang tri npi, ngoai thit ra ddi, pho bign la cac kieu loai den dp tudng, den san vudn, tugng tt6n, phii dieu trang tri cac cong trinh kjgn tnic,... Mpt Uong nhiing net dac trung ciia ddng gom nay ta hoa van va cac chi tilt dugc thi hign dan gian, cd phan mgc mac, chan chat, tap tmng d mgt so chu dg Iruyen thong ve hoa sen, Ue tnic, myc dong... Tuy nhign, dac tnmg va phd bien ban ca van la nhiing hoa van ve chu de phd co Hgi An nhu hinh anh Chiia Cau (dugc xem M bieu tugng cua do thi co Hpi An), hinh anh phd cd, hinh anh den long,,..
Hinh anh Chiia Cau mang mpt ve dep quyen ril va Ud thanh mpt bigu tugng Uong long ngudi dan phd Hpi noi rigng, ca nude ndi chung. Nhiing san pham gdm vdi hinh anh chiia Ciu vira mang tten minh nhthig net tinh tiiy ciia ngudi tho gdm Thanh Ha, vita tmyen tai nhiing cai hdn ciia phd Hpi, de rdi tu do gdp phan tao ngn mot Hgi An thu hiit nhu ngay bom nay.
Den ttang tti dat nung la mot san pham mdi d Thanh Ha. De lam ra san pham nay, ngudi ta sit dyng kT thuat gdm rot, mgt kl thuat khac hoan toan so vdi kT thuat gIm chudt tmyIn thing. KT thuat tao hinh cimg khac, ddi hdi phai cd su sang tao cao, vi san pham la mpt tac pham digu khic hoan chinh nhung ddng thdi van dam bao tinh nang ciia mdt cay den chigu sang. Vdi ban tay tai hoa va 6c tuong tugng phong phu cua minh, ngudi thg Thanh Ha da sang tac nhigu san pham den dap iing nhu cau da dang ciia ngudi tieu dung. San pham den rat phong phu, da dang nhung van mang tten minh mpt sac thai mpc mac, binh di, khong ttau chudt, khong cau ki, xa boa, thich hgp vdi rat nhigu khong gian npi that, ngoai thit.
Bgn canh nhung mdn qua luu nigm phd bien nhu long den, Uanh theu... con thoi ciing_ la mpt mdn qira khdng thi thilu ddi vdi du khach den Hpi An, Tit mgt mdn do chai cua Ue em lang gdm, gom con thoi da ttd thanh mpt san^him gIm dugc thi trutmg rat uu chuong va dugc tigu thy d nhigu noi tren the gidi.
Tuy dugc tao hinh rat gian don, cd phan thd mgc, so khai, chua hoan thien, nhung chinh dieu do lai c6 mpt site thu hut rigng, rit ttong sang, rit cd hdn. Qua nhiing dieu tta dign da cy the, chiing toi cdn dugc bilt, ttong qua trinh tao hinh con thdi, diu co sy tham gia san xuat cua cac thg chudt "nhi' cua lang Thanh Ha.
Gdm dit nung Thanh Ha, ciing nhu gdm Phii Lang d Bic Ninh, gom Phudc Tich d Thua Thien Hug...
diu cd ngudn gdc tir gdm chudt ban xoay. Trong nhimg nam gan day, mdt ddng gdm mi thuat mdi xuit hien, biln tiu tir nhiing san phim gdm chudt ban xoay tmyen thdng ket hap vdi vigc ttang tri nhung hoa van duong dai, kilu dang khdng cdn bl eye hoan toan can ddi nhu gom ban xoay truyen thong nira, ma biln hda, nhao nan theo y tudng ciia ngudi thg. Day la mpt sang tao mdi, da thanh cdng d Phii Lang, rieng d Thanh Ha thi mdi xuit hien Uong nhung nam gin day. Mpt sd san phim dac ttung cua ddng gIm nay la cac loai binh, nam bii dugc dieu khic, cham thung, dip phii dieu. Chii dl ciing rit da dang, phong phii, tir tmh vat, phong canh, till hign tinh ygu thign nhien, ddi liia,.., din chan dung cac yi nhan, cac cong trinh kiln ttiic ndi tilng,... khdng co gidi han nao cho su sang tao. Do yeu cau cao hon ve tao hinh, ma dpi
68 NGON NGf & BQfl S 6 N G S6 l(293)-2020
ngii thg cua Thanh Ha cdn chua dap iing dugc, nen ddng san phim nay chua phat triln m ^ d Thanh Ha.
3.2.2. Vdn hda phi vdt thi
Cimg ydi ddi sdng vat chit xay dyng lang nghi tii) Thanh Ha con hinh thanh nen van hda vat thi vi phi vat thg, Mnoi bao tdn cac gia tti van hda tmyIn thing cua cu dan lang gdm. Lang nghi vira la nhan td tao nen ban sac vSn hda dong thdi lai M bieu hien tap trang nhit ban sic van hda iy. Cac san phim ciia lang gom vira la su ket tinh cua lao dgng vat chat, vira la sy kit tinh cua lao ddng tinh thin, nd dugc tao ngn bdi ban tay tai hoa va dc sang tao cua cac tha gdm. Mdi san phim chira dung ttong dd net dac tnmg ciia lang nghg, do vay, chimg khdng chi la hang hda don thuin mk ttd thanh san phim van hda c6 tinh nghe thuat cao. Lang gdm Thanh Ha la ca mot moi Uudng kinh te, xa hoi, van hda, tin nguong. Nai day bao luu nhiing tinh hoa nghg thuat va kT thuat truygn thdng ttong toan bp quy trinh san xuat va dugc traygn tir ddi nay sang ddi khac. Nhung nghe nhan tai ba va nhiing san pham mang ban sac lang nghe cdng cd y nghia vd cimg quan ttong. Khdng nhiing the, nhung phong tyc tap quan, nhirng digu kieng cii cua Mng nghe cho den nay van dupe duy tti. Nhiing hinh thiic sinh hoat tin nguong van thu hiit su tham gia ddng dao cua cu dan lang gom va cu dan tuy khdng lam gdm nhung c6 hinh thiic sinh hoat tm nguong chung. Viec bao tdn nhiing gia tri van hda tmyen thdng nay cua tang nghe gdm mot mat Mm phong phii cac gia tri cua Mng nghe, mat khac the hien sac thai rieng biet cua dia phuang, cua lang nghe so vdi cac lang nghe khac,
Nghg gdm Thanh Ha khong chi luu gift tti thiic ban dia ve chg tac gdm ma cdn bao luu nhigu t | p quan, sinh ho^t, tin nguong nghe nghiep quy md, dac sac. Tii xa xua, thg gdm, gach, ngdi Thanh Ha da thd chung vi td nghg, ho ciing xay dung mieu thd Td tai ap Nam Dieu. Hang nam, cdng ddng thg td chiic trang Upng ll te To vao ngay 10/1 am lich (te thu, le ta ket thuc mgt nam san xuat). To Mng gdm dugc phdi tg cimg Thanh Hoang ap. Do vay, ttong le te, nhiing ngu dan, ndng dan ap Nam Dieu ciing tham gia vdi tu each ngudi ciing thd vi Thanh Hoang ap. Le te dien ra ttong nghi thiic trayen thdng, nhung Uong lg te xuan, thg gom cd le coi chan ga d ban am linh, bdi chuygn may nii cua xdm lang, NhOng nam gan day, tyc nay khdng cdn duac giii nira vi mdt sd thg gdm cho chuyen bdi toan Mm tam li thgm nSng ng. DSc biet cd tuc mdc Long Chu fthuygn rdng chd cac vi than di gom gdp ta ma, xu ug) dua ra sdng Thu Bon tha, dot chay nham tiir digm xau, cau an cho cpng dong. Sau khi ciing td 6 migu ap, tai cac 16, cac gia dinh lam gdm con sam IS vat ciing T6, ma dau mot nam lam gom mdi tai nhi, 16 cua minh. "Trong nhieng ngay le, lang td chuc chgn ra nhieng ngudi thg tdi, kheo vd khen thudng, qua dd khuyen khich ddn lang chdm lo nghi nghiep cua cha dng truyen lai. ldm cho ddi song tinh thdn ciia nhan ddn ngay cdng phong phu vd van minh han. Mdi sdn phdm gdm ldm ra khong cdn dan thudn la sdn phdm hdng hda md cdn la mgt tdc phdm nghe thudi' [10, tt.34].
Ngoai Td nghe, tha gdm cdn phdi Thanh Hoang (than quan dat dai), Ngii hanh Tien nuong. Am Imh, San Tinh nhi vi (than nude, nui tao ra nguygn, phu lieu lam gdm. Bach Ma Thai Giam (than ngya ttSng).
Ve tuc thd Ba (Ngii Hanh Tien nuong), day la 5 vi nil than tugng trung cho 5 yeu td khdi ngudn ciia v^n vat va gan bd chat che voi ddi song san xuat la Kim, Mgc, Thuy, Hda, Tho. Do vay, khdng chi d mieu ctia i p cd thd Ngii Hanh ma tai phu Trang Luong, Trang Hda thupc Nam Dieu ciing cd Milu thd, L I ciing Ba dugc td chiic vao giiia thang Gieng am Ijch hang nam,
Nhieu thg gdm cao tudi cdn ke lai rang, ngay xua, chi em viia hpc chudt thanh cong phai lam le ra mat To nghg tai mieu To hoac tai nha vdi le vat don gian de ra mit va cau mong Td nghg phu hd cho hp hanh nghi an toan, song sudt. Nhung hign nay, le nay khong cdn dugc td chuc. Ngoai ra cdn cd mpt s i tap tyc kigng cii khac tai Id gom dg cau may, cau an khi nung san pham.
Cd mgt dieu kha dac biet M vao giira the ki XX, d Nam Dieu co ganh hat bdi do dng Quynh chii xudng. Ganh hat thudng dien cac vd Quan Cdng Phd nhi tiu, Han Sd ttanh hiing, Nguyin Trai bigt Phi Khanh... vao nhiing ngay ttudc, sau lg cung To ngtig [12, tt. 76]. Dgn nam 1975, ganh hat ngimg hoat dgng vi digu kien kmh tg. Vao nam 2004, cac thg gdm da phyc hii boat dpng cua dpi hat bdi. Budi bilu diln ra mit dugc nhan dan dia phuong tan thuong. Qua diln tuing, cac thg gIm da tich eye phyc hdi gia ttj van hda tmyen thong, gdp phan giao due dao dire, lich sii cho nhan dan dia phuang.
Tieu bigu Uong tin nguong ciia ngudi dan Thanh Ha la Phat giao, dao Phat du nhap vao Thanh Ha do ngudi dan mang tit que cii tdi. Ngay nay, Thanh Ha ngoai cac chua nhu chiia V^n Diic thd Phat thi tai cdc nha thd hp Nguygn Ditc, Nguygn Van, Le cung cd ban thd Phat.
Sh l(293)-2020 NGON N G f & BCfl SONG
Ngoai cac ll hgi Thanh Ha cdn tiem Mng kho v&n nghg dan gian mudn hmh mudn ve, dd la nhung tmygn thuyet (Ba Phudc, Ba Tich), huyin thoai, cd tich, ngy ngdn, nhung tdi hat ra ngpt ngao, nhiing dieu hd trii tinh... da truyen vao Idng ngudi nhiing tinh cam lang sau, binh di.
Quan ttpng htm ca Uong kho tang van hda phi vat the d6 M con ngudi Thanh Ha vdi nhiing dac tnmg ve tinh each vira rigng vira chung, vira di biet vira tuong ddng. Hgi An ndi chung, Thanh Ha ndi rigng tuy chua phai la dat hgc cua Quang Nam, cua qug hutmg "NgU phung tiphi", song ngudi Thanh Ha rat ttpng dao hpc, rat de cao tti thitc. Trong lich sit da timg cd nhieu nguai do cit nhan, phd bang nhu cy Nguyen Duy Hieu, Uong mpt an khoa cua Ty Due (1879), den nam 1882 dugc Tu E)uc simg chitc giang tap, lo vigc day hgc cho hoang tti Ung Dang (sau nay la vua Kign Phuc). Nm day timg co nhilu ngudi dl thu khoa Uong cac ki thi dai hpc, sau dai hgc... Cung vdi (Juang Nam - Da Nang, Thanh Ha la vimg dat ganh chiu nhigu dau thutmg Uong cac cupc chien tranh. Vi vay, ty bao ddi da bun due ngn truyin thdng anh diing, kien trung, dau tranh chdng tai mgi ap bite, gin giii nhiing gia tti vit chit va tinh than ma cha ong da day cong vun dap ty bao ddi. Sang thdi binh, tinh than ay lai chuyen the thanh tinh than chg ngu mpi khd khan, vugt qua nhiing thit thach, dat dugc nhiing thanh qua Uong lao ddng va san xuit. "Ngay tu nhiing
ngay mdi thdnh lap vd trong qua trinh phdt trien lang gdm ludn doan kit giiip dd nhau trong cdng viec, ndng cao ki thuat cung nhu mdu md sdn phdm. Chinh diiu nay da tao nen bi quyit riing, cua lang nghi Id mgt lang nam trong thi xd Hdi An lai giao luu trao ddi hdng hda vdi nhieu nai, nhan ddn Thanh Hd cd dieu kien tiep thu vd xay dung cho minh nhieng cdi hay cdi dep trong cdt cdch con ngudi" [10, tt.35].4. Ket luan
Nghe gdm Thanh Ha la mdt ttong nhiing nghe thu cdng tieu bieu cua xii Quang, gan vdi bao bign co thang Uam ciia vimg dat nay, dac biet, the hien dau an dam net Uong budi thinh thdi cua pho cang Hpi An va gdp phan lam "rue rd hoang cung trieu Nguyen".
Ben canh mat kinh te, nghg gom Thanh Ha da gdp phan dn dinh tinh binh xS h6i cua dia phuong. Dac biet, gdp phan gin gift va lam phong phu ngdn ngii, van hda vimg dSt Hpi An ciing nhu ngdn ngir, van hda xd Quang.
Nghi thu cdng ttuyin thing nay trai qua mpt qua trinh hinh thanh va phat tnen, la su tigp ndi cua bao thg he, chira dung nhilu gia tri vl mSt vat chit va tinh thin, gdp phin dem lai nhiing gia tn tti thirc ban dia. Gia tri Ui thitc ban dia la nhiing kT thuiit, kinh nghiem quy bau, bi quygt nghe nghiep, nhiing gi tinh anh nhit ma td nghi va cac thi he di trudc da bun due ttong qua Uinh san xuat, tim ra nhiing nguyen vat heu, Ididng ngimg cai tiln ki thuat, tao ra nhiing kieu dang, mau ma mdi ben canh chat lugng san pham khdng ngimg dugc nang cao Su phat triln vl Id thuat, san phim vin dya Ugn nhiing ygu td nen da vun dip tit trudc. Hay ndi each khac, nhiing tti thilc ban dia dugc hirJi thanh Uong qua fruih hpc hdi ni ttuyin thdng, sang tao nhiing cai mdi, van dung va kit hgp ca hai ygu td Iruyen thdng va hign dai nhung van giii dugc ban chit, nhimg net tmh anh mang tfaih dac trung ala viing dat nay.
NIU SO sanh san phim gdm Thanh Ha la nhiing Mc phim nghg tiiuat, thi nhiing ngudi tha can min, nhiing nghe nhan chinh la nhung ngudi nghe sT gdp phan thdi hdn vao ttong mdi Mc pham nghg thuat do.
Cac san phim dugc kit tinh tit sy nhiet huylt, dam me ttong mdi ngudi thg, nghe nhan. Do do, nghe nhan Cling chinh la mgt phin cua Ui tiiuc ban dia. Vdi khdi dc sang tao, doi ban tay kheo leo, ddi mat tham^ mi...
till vin chua du dieu kign dl lam nen mdt nghe nhan thyc thy, C hg cdn phai chiia dung tinh yeu ddi vol nghi, sy dam mg cpng vdi nhung bi quylt, kinh nghiem duac ttuyin tii thi he nay sang thg he khac flii mdi cd till ttd thanh nhimg ngudi kl nghiep xung dang vdi td nghiep. Va ciing de tdn tai dugc vdi nghe till hp phai khdng ngimg sang tao ngn nhiing cai mdi, gdp phin tao nen su ddc dao va dac ttung neng biet.
Cd nhu vay, hp mdi cd thi cong hiin hit mmh cho sy phat triln cua nghi, gdp phan lam nen kho tang van hda dam da ban sic cua vung dit "dia linh nhan kiif. , , , , -
Cd thi ndi, nghi gdm Thanh Ha M mdt ttong nhiing nghi ttuyin thong tigu bieu, the hien siic sdng
manh liet, vugt qua nhung khd khan cua cac tiidi ki tir chiln ttanh din con Idc thdi cdng nghiep hda, hien
d^ hda,'Ngay 27/9/2019, Bo ttirdng Bo Van hoa, Thi thao va Du lich da chiing nhan Nghg gdm Thaidi
Ha "duac dua vdo danh muc Di sdn vdn hda phi vdt thi qudc gia". Nhung lang thu cong nay van con ddi
mat vdi nhilu khd khan, thach thitc. Chinh quyin dia phuong can cd nhiing giai phap hiiu hieu hon nila dg
dua lang nghi thii cdng ndi tilng nay ulp tuc phat trign.
N G O N N G f & BCfl S O N G So l ( 2 9 3 ) - 2 0 2 0
* Nghien deu nay dugc tdi tra bdi Quy Phdt triin khoa hoc vd cdng nghi L)ai hoc Dd Ndng trong di tdi cd md sd B2018-DN05-17.
TAX LIEU T H A M K H A O
1. Tran Van An (2019), Tu lieu Hdn Ndm vi lang gdm ThanhHd. website Trung tam Quan HBao tdn Di san Van hda Hpi An (truy cap ngay 15/10/2019).
2. Lg Quang Djnh (Mi ban 2005), Hoang Viet nhdt thing dudia chi, Nxb Thuan Hda, H u l . 3. P h a m T h i H 6 n g H a u ( 2 0 1 3 ) , "Khai quat v l nghi g i m v a van hoa g I m Thanh Ha", Tap chi AT/ioa
hgc Trucmg Dgi hgc Quang Nam, s i 4, tt.40-47,
4. Nguyin Thi Nga (2018), "Lang gIm Thanh Ha (Hpi An) Ihl ki XIX • d i u till ki XX", Tap chi Vdn hda Quang Nam.
5. Qudc sii quan trigu Nguyin (2002), Dgi Nam thuc luc (Viin SU hgc phien dich). Tap 1, Nxb Giao dye. Ha Npi.
6. Qudc sii quan ttieu Nguyin (2003), Ddng Khdnh dia du chi, Nxb T h i gidi. Ha Npi.
7. Qudc sii quan ttigu Nguyin (2006), Dgi Nam nhdt thing chi (Vign Sir hgc phien djch). Tap 2, Nxb Thuan Hda, Hue
8. Tran Due Anh Son (2010), "Gdm Vigt Nam ttong quan thg di tich co do Hue: xuat xii, loai hinh va chiic nang" m ttong VSn hoa lich sir Hue qua gdc nhin ling xa phu can, http://khanhhoathuyngawordpress.com/tag/g6m-viet-nam-trong-qudn-thi-di-tich-cd-do- hui/
9. Sd v a n hda Thdng tin tmh Quang Nam (2001), Van hda Quang Nam - nhimg gid tri dgc trung.
10. Han Thi Thao (2008), Su phdt triin cua lang gdm Thanh Hd (Hpi An - Quang Nam) tie ndm 2000 din nay, de Mi nghien ciiu khoa hpc, Trudng Dai hpc Su pham - Dai hpc Da Ning.
11. Nguyen Nhu Timg (dich), Bim Y (hieu dinh) (1997), Nhiing ngudi ban cd dd Hui, Tap 5, Nxb Thuan Hda, Hue.
12. Nguygn Chi Trung (2005), Cu ddn Faifo - Hgi An trong lich su, Tmng Mm Quan li bao t i n di tich Hpi An.
13. T r a n g M m Q u a n l i b a o t i n dl tich Hpi An (2008), iVgfterrayen;feong//p/^n.
14. Trung tam Quan li Bao tdn Di san Van hda Hgi An (2017), Di cao Chdu Ai Nguyen Boi Lien, Nxb Da N i n g
15. Nguyin Phudc Tuong (2004), Hdi An - di sdn the gidi, Nxb Van nghg thanh phd Hd Chi Minh.
16. Truong Hoang Vinh (2004), Dieu tra khdo sat nghi gdm Thanh Hd, dg tai nghign ciiu khoa hpc cap CO sd.
T h a n h Ha pottery village (Hoi An - Quang Nam) and language, local culture Abstract: Thanh Ha Pottery Village (Hoi An - Quang Nam) was established 500 years ago. Through all the ups and downs, this village has been a pride of local Quang people. This village not only plays an important role in economic developments but also preserves traditional and cultural values of Hoi An and Quang Nam. This paper will analyse the conttibution of Thanh Ha Pottery Village to language, local culture preservation.
Key words: Traditional craft; craft village; pottery; Thanh Ha; Hoi An.
