CHINH TRI - AN NINH CHAU AU
VAN BE "CAJWH T A " VA "CAJWBI HtTU"
CtA CAC BAIVG CHINH T R I BlfC NGAY NAY
Khoa Quoc te hpc
1. Quan niem ve dang Canh Ta va dang Canh Hun
Ljch su cua cac chinh dang Canh Ta noi chung va cua Dang Xa hoi Dan chu Dire noi tieng phan anh nhiing khiic quanh cua phong trao Marxist va phong trao cong nhan a Due va chau Au. No cung phan anh tuong quan giiia cac lire lugng chinh trj trong cue dien chinh tri quoc te, phan anh con duong khue khuyu cua di den mot xa hoi xa hoi ehu nghTa dan chii hien dai. Can cu vao dau de c6 the coi mot dang nao do la Canh Ta? Su phan loai Ta - Hiiu la mot cau ehuyen phiie tap. Nguoi ta co the ngugc dong Hch sir de truy tim tir nguyen eua khai niem ddng Cdnh Td va ddng Cdnh Hiru eung nhu y nghia het sue khac nhau ve van hoa, dan toe hge va chinh tri hge eua true quan he doi lap nay a cac dan tgc va khu vuc'.
O phuang Tay ciing co su khong thong nhat ve tieu ehi phan chia khuynh huong tir tuong chinh tri thanh Canh Ta va Canh Hiiu.
Nguoi chau Au hieu dang Canh Ta la dang mang each nhin chieu ngang (horizontal).
' Xem: Luang Van Ke: Con duong tra thdnh ddng edtn quyin hien dai ciia Ddng Xa hoi Ddn chu (SPDj a CHLB Due. Tap chi Nghien ciru Chau Au, so 2 (77), 2-2007, tr. 16-26; Klaus von Beyme; Parteien im Wandel (Cae ehinh ddng dang bien doi).
Darmstadt, 2000, tr. 66; Vucng An Vinh (chu bien).
Chinh tri dia li hoc. BSc Kinh 1999.
TSKH. LiTffng Van Ke
- £>ai hoc Khoa hoc Xa hoi va Nhan van
• • • •
img hg sir cong bang, cai each xa hgi va hirong toi tuong lai; con dang Canh Him c6 khuynh huong nhin theo chieu thang dirng (vertical), theo duoi quan diem duy tri ton ti, CO tinh bao thii, cong bang xa hgi va coi trgng gia tri ton giao. Trong khi do nguoi My eho rang khong rieng gi cac dang Canh Ta theo duoi gia tn cong bang, ma ngay cae chinh dang thien hiru ciing noi nhieu ve cong bang (Justie). Hon niia, tinh chat Ta - Hiiu eung thay doi theo thoi gian. Chang han, thai CO dai trong cac huyen thoai thi Hiru thuoc ve Chiia trai linh thieng, eon Ta la doi thii ciia Chua trai. Trong khi do nguai Trung Quoc lai hieu Ta - Hiiu la hai yeu to eau thanh nuang tua vao nhau, quan trgng khong kem gi nhau (vi du, chirc ta tuang quoc chi tuang vo, eon hiru tuong quoc chi tuang van, ca hai deu la canh tay dac lue ciia vua). Co nguai hieu Ta la vi Igi ich eua nguai lao dgng, img hg sir can thiep ciia nha nuac doi vai kinh te, con Hiin la vi Igi ich ciia giai chii, khuac tir can thiep ciia nha nuac. Tuy nhien tren dai the, eae thu ITnh chinh dang kha nhat tri vai nhau rang: phan chia Ta - Hiru la nhiing khuon kho dinh huang nh4m tranh thii cir tri trong hku cir^.
Xem: Klaus von Beyme: Parteien im Wandel.
Darmstadt, 2000, tr. 66.
NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N"02 (125).
Nhung cau chuyen xa xua do dem lai khong may y nghTa eho viec danh gia tinh phuc tap va bat on dinh ve mat tu tuang eiing nhu tinh chat thuc dung eiia he thong chinh dang ngay nay. Cai dang quan tam la a cho, Ddng Xd hoi Ddn chit Due (SPD), vai tu each mot dang "Cdnh Td", la mot trong hai tru cot cao lan va thanh cong nhat, eo uy tin lan nhat dong vai tro lanh dao nuac Dire, tir nam 2005 - 2009 da lien danh eiing vai Lien minh Ddn chit Thien Chua giao (CDU)
"Cdnh Huu" thiet lap mgt chinh phii "Dai lien minh". Day la mgt bang chiing mai ve su biin chuy§n co ban trong he tu tuang, ly tuang chinh tri eiia cae chinh dang hien dai.
Hai dang v6n d6i lap nhau ngay nay san sang bo qua tat ca d8 thiet lap mgt lien minh nham thau tom dugc chinh quyen quoc gia ve tay minh. Do do nguai ta c6 the dong y voi y kien mot s6 hge gia khi cho rang, thai eua d6i lap Ta - Hiru da qua roi, tham chi khong eon khai niem trung td hay trung hiru nira, vi dai da s6 ehinh dang hien nay deu eo the xem la cae ddng a giua, ddng trung dung ma thoi., Cau khiu hieu duge ua chuong ngay nay a Diic la: Ai diing trung dung, nguai do CO tdt cd lua chon quyen luc! (Wer in der Mitte steht, hat alle Machtoptionen), diing nhu nhan dinh eiia nha phan tich ehinh tri Franz Walter - giao su Dai hoc Goettingen.
Day cung la mgt nguyen nhan y thirc he dan din sir phan ly trong noi bo Dang Xa hoi Dan chii, trong do lire lugng ta khuynh cap tiln dung dau la Oskar Lafontaine da quyet dinh roi bo no dl gia nhap luc lugng Canh Ta thuc chat hon do dang cua ehu nghTa xa hoi dan chii (tiic Dang Cong san o Dong Dire) lanh dao.
Tinh hinh ehinh dang a Dire phan anh trang thai diin hinh ciia cac nuac dan chii hien dai, trong do c6 hai nhom dang phan biet nhau, trong nhilu truang hgp la doi lap nhau, mSi nhom eo mot chinh dang manh lam nong cot. Theo truyin thSng ciia nen chinh tri phuang Tay, nguai ta phan biet mpt phai la "td khuynh" va phai d6i lap kia la
"hint khuynh". Ching han, a Anh, lire lugng Canh Ta tap trung xung quanh Dang Lao dgng (Cong Dang/Labor Party), eon lire lugng Canh Hiiu tap trung a Dang Bao thu (Conservative Party). Tuong tu, a Phap Dang Xa hgi va Dang Cong san la chu chot cua phe ta, con Lien minh vi nen Cong hoa la chu chot cua phe hiiu.
Ngay nay, phan Ion cae nha nghien ciru cac dang ehinh tri hieu "Td" Id vi lai ich cita nguai lao dong vd nguai ngheo, iing ho sir can thiep ciia nhd nuac doi vai kinh te vd xa hoi, iing ho xu the hod hieu trong quan he qudc ti; Cdn "Hieu" la vi lai ich ciia giai chit, chit truang tic do kinh te tu nhdn, khuac tit can thiep cita nhd nuac, bdo ve lai ich ddn toe, quoc gia vd duy tri cdc gid tri truyen thong. Tuy nhien tren dai the, cac thii ITnh ehinh dang kha nhat tri voi nhau rang: phan chia "Ta - Hiru" la nhiing khuon kho dinh huang nhdm tranh thu cic tri trong bdu eic\
Cae chinh dang ehu chot trong nin chinh tri da nguyen thuong it khi cue doan, cue ta hay cue hiiu, ma truang co quan diem "trung ta"
hoac "trung hiiu".
' Xem: Klaus von Beyme: Parteien im Wandel Cdc chinh ddng dang bien doi). Darmstadt, 2000, tr 66;
Vucmg An Vinh (chii bien/ Chinh tri dia li hoc. S i c Kinh 1999.
'Van ite "^ank ta
Doi khi nguoi ta bilu thi tinh chk Ta - Hiiu bang mau sac bieu tugng ciia cac chinh dang, vi du mau do tugng trung cho Canh Ta (dang xa hoi, dang lao dong, hay dang cong san), mau den tugng trung cho Canh Hiru (dang quoc gia, Co doc giao), mau xanh la cdy ciia Dang Xanh. Ciing co mot so dang lay bieu tugng ciia minh la cac con vat quen thuoc nhu con lua, eon trau, con voi...
Ngoai hai phe doi lap ta hiiu ra eon co nhiing chinh dang "diing giiia"/ trung dung.
Cac dang phai trong cuong ITnh chinh tri eo nhiing diem the hien quan diem hii-u khuynh, nhung lai co nhii'ng ITnh vuc to ra ta khuynh;
ve mat lien ket tao dong minh, khi thi ho lien
minh vai dang chinh eiia phe hiru, khi thi lai CO the lien minh vai phe ta de tham chinh tren co so nhiing thoa hiep Igi ich nao do, thi CO the dugc xep vao loai ehinh dang "trung dung". Ciing co truang hgp mot dang nho co the chuyen dgng linh hoat mang tinh co hgi ehii nghTa, tir mot dang rat "hii'u" sang mgt phia rat "td", dae biet trong hoan canh quoc gia do xuat hien khiing hodng he thong. Cac dang nhu Dang Tu do Dan chii (FDP), hay Dang Xanh v.v... o Diic la nhiing dang kieu nhu vay. Chung ta eo the bieu dien tuong quan ta hiiu eua cac chinh dang bang so do sau:
Bang 1. Tirong quan ta hiru giira cac chfnh dang Diic DKP,
MLPD
Dang Canh Ta
LM90/
Dang Xanh
SPD FDP CDU CSU REP, DVU, NDP
Cue td Trung dung Cue hitu
(Trong bilu nay ehi neu cae dang chii ch6t eo dai dien trong Qu6c hgi va mgt vai dang thuong duge nhae den trong du luan).
So dT cac dang Canh Ta Dire roi vao khiing hoang nhu ngay nay c6 mot nguyen nhan eo ban la do ho mat phuong huong, khong xay dung duge mot each nhin chung mai me va mgt chien luge nham chong lai ehii nghTa tu do mai tren pham vi toan ciu va chau Au.
Khi quan sat hai khuynh huong ta va hun trong dai s6ng ehinh tri, gioi ehinh tri va cac CO quan luat phap dac biet quan tam din cac bien thai cue doan eiia cae luc lugng ehinh tri. Phai cue doan eiia phe ta duge xem la nhom "eicc td" (left radical) va tuang iing
NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°02 11251.2011
la nhom "eicc hieu" (right radical). Cac nha lap phap Dire co thai do de phong ca hai khuynh huang cue doan nay vai mue do gan nhu nhau, trong do co ve e de phe cue hiru hon. Dau la su trai nguge ve he tu tuong cua hai phe nay va eae nha lap phap lo ngai dieu gi nhat?
2. Ve cac dang phai chinh tri "cue ta"
Giai chinh khach Due xem cac nhom eo tu tuong cong san di theo cuong ITnh dau tranh lat do chii nghTa tu ban hay trat tu tu san bdng bao hrc cdch mgng la nhom cue ta.
Vi quan niem dau tranh bao lire da bi loai ra khoi tinh than ciia Hien phap cac nha nuoc dan chii hien dai noi chung va ciia Cong hoa Lien bang Due noi rieng, do do Dang Cong san Dire (KPD) tai thiet lap sau Chien tranh the gioi II va da tirng co chan trong Quoc hoi Lien bang khoa dhu tien (1949 - 1953) da bi cam hoat dong ke tir nam 1956 theo quyet nghi eua Toan an Hien phap Lien bang. Den nam 1968, trong khong khi each mang ta khuynh a Tay Au, dang nay da duge tai lap vai ten goi Dang Cong san Diie. (Trong tieng Diic, ten goi mai nay chi la su thay doi trat tu tir va doi danh tir "Dice" thanh tinh tir
"Dice" tu ten goi cii: Kommunistische Partei Deutsehlands KPD > Deutsche Kommunistische Partei DKP). Dang DKP co lien he mat thiet voi nha nuac Cong hoa Dan chii Due duoi sir lanh dao ciia Dang Xa hoi chii nghTa thong nhat Dire (SED eii). Trong cae euoe bau cir Quoc hoi Lien bang, DKP
chua khi nao gianh dugc tren 0,3% phieu bau'*, do do khong the c6 chan trong Quoc hoi. D I khong che "tdc hgi" cua lire lugng dugc xem la cue ta nay, nha nuoc Cong hoa Lien bang Dire khong the tai ap dung tro lai bien phap cam doan do tinh hinh quoc te da thay doi va su phe phan eiia du luan, nen ho chi dua ra eae bien phap ra soat ky, de phong eae dang vien eiia dang nay lam viec trong eae ITnh vuc nhay cam nhu quan ly, dieh vu cong cong. Tuy nhien vao nam 1972, Thii tuong Lien bang va ehinh phii cac bang (Tay Diic cii) da ky ket mot sac lenh ve chii nghTa cue doan (Radikalenerlass) eho phep ap dung eae bien phap tran ap, truac het la tran ap cac nhom cue ta. Dieu do da anh huong tieu cue den hinh anh nha nuac tu do dan chii phap quyen eiia Cong hoa Lien bang Diie a nuac ngoai. Tuy nhien tinh hinh cho thay moi bien phap quan ly de chong lai chii nghTa cue ta khong co may tac dung, do do nguoi ta da dat van de ve hieu lire eiia s4c lenh nay.
Tren thue tiln dai song chinh tri, dai da so thanh vien eae nhom cue ta la sinh vien.
Cae nhom nay co goc gae tir phong trao d4u tranh ciia sinh vien Tay Au nhiing nam 1968 -1972 theo tu tuong giao dilu, tham chi c6 mau sac Maoist. Dien hinh trong s6 do la nhom mang ten Nhom dai bilu H6ng quan (Rote Armee Fraktion/ RAF), van dung cac thil doan khiing bo de chong lai ehe do Cong
'' K. Schortheimer/ W. Bleek: Cdc ca sa eiia he thdng chinh tri Dire (tiing Due). Muenchen 1999, tr. 254.
<Vatt ite "(ddnh td^\.
hoa Lien bang Dire, nham truae het vao eae ong chu tu ban, eae lanh dao chinh tri, ching lai cac bien phap an ninh ciia nha chiie trach.
Hau qua la nay sinh nhieu xung dot va cang thang trong xa hgi ve nguyen ly tu do va dan chu eiia he thong ehinh tri Diie.
Sau khi tai thong nhat nuoc Diic, nha nuoc tu ban Cong hoa Lien bang Diic da thuc hien mgt su chuyen ehinh voi cac lanh dao ciia Dang va Nha nuac Cong hoa dan chii Diic, vi ho coi Dang SED cam quyen la mot dang "eicc td" \a co nhieu lien dai vai cae lire lugng cue ta a Tay Diic cii. Do do, da so cac uy vien bg ehinh tri dang SED deu phai ra toa, ngoi tii, eo nguai bi tii den khi chet.
3. Ve cac dang phai chinh trj "eye hiru"
Mgt dac diem quan trgng va la uu diem ciia he thong chinh tri Diic la hiem khi eae chinh dang chii chot lai diing ve phia doi lap doi vai he thong dan chii, nghTa la khong eo dang lan nao bien thanh cue ta hay cue hiiu voi tu each cac luc lugng chong lai dan ehu.
Tir do CO the suy ra, dai da so cong dan Diic khong tan thanh cae quan diem cue doan chinh tri. Sire manh cua nhan dan deu tap trung vao mgt so chinh dang Ion the hien dugc tinh than dan ehii cao. Nen dan chu c6 kiim soat eiia Cong hoa Lien bang Diic luon luon phong ngira hoat dgng ciia eae nhom cue hiiu co lien he voi cac tan du tu tuang va phuang phap ciia chii nghTa quoc xa. Mac du s6 lugng thanh vien cac dang cue hiiu nhu
Dang Cong hoa, Lien minh Dan toe Dire (DVU) chi CO khong din 20.000, nhung chiing da gay ra ca mgt lan song ram ro bai xich va khiing bo nguofi nuoc ngoai (thuang la dan lam thue va ti nan) a Dire. Nam 1952, Toa an Hiin phap Lien bang da ra tuyen an cam hoat dong doi vai Dang De che xa hoi (SRP) eiia bgn phat xit mai. Cae dang Cue Hiiu tiep noi dang nay thuang xuyen bi giam sat chat che nham ngan ngira cac hau qua xau boi he tu tuang va hanh vi eiia chu nghTa phat xit mod gay ra nhu: Dang Quoc gia Dan chii (NPD) ra dai vao vao nhirng nam 60 eiia the ky 20, Dang Cong hoa (Republikaner) ra doi nam 1983. Tren thuc tien, Dang Quoc gia Dan chii trong lien minh voi eae luc lugng tu do vao nam 1969 da gianh duge 4,3% phieu bau, nhung van chua dat nguang 5% de len ehan vao Quoc hgi Lien bang.
Dang Cong hoa va Lien minh Dan toe Diic (DVU) trong nhirng nam 80 va 90 eiing da tirng chen ehan vao duge Nghi vien mgt vai bang, vao thang 4 nam 1998, DVU da tirng gianh duge 12,9% phieu bau vao nghi vien bang Saehsen-Anhalt (Dong Dire). Phong trao cue hiiu phat trien ram ro vao thai ky mgt vai nam truac va sau khi tai thdng nhat nuoc Diie, dae biet la a Dong Diic. Cao trao eiia lire lugng nay la chiln dieh khimg b l nguoi nuac ngoai dau nhiing nam 1990 khi nude Diic, dae biet la Dong Diic, roi vao kho khan chong chat boi su nghiep tai thiit va chuyen doi cua Dong Due. Thoi ky do bon chiing da timg giuong eao khau hieu trong nhieu euoe tuan hanh dong nghit a nhilu nai:
Nuac Dice eiia nguai Dice (Deutsehland den
NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°02 (125)/
Deutsehen!). Theo nghien cim ciia eae nha xa hoi hoe, trong thap nien 60 ciia the ky 20, CO toi 10-15% cii' tri iing ho bon cue hiiu.
Dieu dang suy nghT la co tai 5% cir tri di bau lan dau toan nuoc Dire da bo phieu eho DVU, 13% cir tri trong do tuoi 18-24 bo phieu cho bon cue hiiu.* Va lire lugng cue hiin, bon phat xit mai van la noi lo canh canh cho sir yen binh cua nuoc Dire dan ehii da nguyen.
Tuy nhien, cac bien phap giam sat, khong che va y thire chinh tri cao eiia ngudi dan Due da lam that bai moi muu toan ciia eae thil ITnh cue hiru. Trong euoe bau cir Quoc hgi Lien bang thang 9 nam 1998, cac dang cue hiru chi gianh dugc mot so phieu it oi: Dang Cong hoa gianh 1,8%), DVU - 1,2%, NDP - 0,3%. Dilu dang phan khdi la d cho, vai trd ciia cac dang cue hiru ngay cang giam silt ro ret so vdi thdi ky nude Dire bi chia cat ciing nhu so vdi thdi ky dau mdi thong nhat nude Dire. Mac dau vay co le nudc Dire van can cd euoe eai each nao dd ve Hien phap va thay ddi tinh trang cir tri de triet tieu moi mam mdng ciia ehii nghTa cue hiiu.
4. Nguy CO' cua cac dang canh ta Dire:
Sir suy giam so luong dang vien
Sire manh eiia cac dang chinh tri phu thuoc trudc het vao kha nang tap hgp quan chiing di theo minh. Sire hap dan cua mot chinh dang trude nhan dan the hien trude het d: (1) Sir sang sudt ciia he tu tudng
(tiln bg); (2) Cuong ITnh mang tinh thue te eao de bao dam thue hien dugc eae hira hen Igi ich vdi dai da so cir tri; (3) Nhan each ciia gidi tinh hoa cua dang; (4) Nghe thuat quang ba hinh anh va tranh cir ciia dang. De xay dung dang viing manh va chiem mot vai trd tich cue trong ddi sdng chinh tri eiia dat nudc, trudc het la gianh quyen lap ehinh phii, cac chinh dang phai tich cue phat trien dang vien trong nhan dan.
Ci Dire, thap nien 70 eiia the ky XX la thdi ky biing nd ve sd lugng dang vien ciia cac dang.
Dinh cao nhat ve phat trien sd lugng dang vien la vao thdi ky thdng nhat nude Dire nam 1990.
Nhung su tang trudng quan trong do ve sd lugng dang vien khdng phai bao gid ciing dem den su nang ddng va sire manh tae ddng ddi vdi xa hdi eho ndi bd dang. Sau dd tat ca cac dang deu rod vao tinh trang suy giam sd lugng dang vien. Te hai nhat trong do la su tan ra eiia Dang Xa hoi chii nghTa thdng nhat Dire (SED) (tire Dang Cdng san, 2,6 trieu dang vien) cam quyen d CHDC Dire cii. Hien nay toan Lien bang chi ed ehimg chua den 3% cir tri la dang vien ciia cae dang ehinh tri, tire la vao khoang 1,5 din 1,8 trieu. Nhung sd dang vien tich cue hoat ddng chi khoang 1/4 tham ehi 1/5 ma thdi.^
Biie tranh tuong quan siie manh trong he thdng dang phai chinh tri Diic thi hien ro tren sd lugng dang vien qua cac thdi ky nhu sau:
' K. Schortheimer/ W. Bleek: sdd. tr. 258.
^ K. Schortheimer/ W. Bleek.- sdd, tr. 259.
' Ismayr, W. (ed.): Die politischen Systems Westeiiropas, tr. 467.
IJatL He ^nfi ta
Bang 2. So sanh so lu'o'ng dang vien ciia cac dang CO chan trong Quoc hoi Lien bang 1952-2009
Nam
1952 1975 1990 2001 2007
CDU
200.000 590.000 777.800 608.560 539.861
CSU 52.000 132.000 186.200 177.852 167.500
SPD
627.000 998.500 949.600 717.513 539.052
FDP 83.000 74.000 168.200
64.063 65.000
Lm90/
Dang Xanh
39.900 45.000 44.687
PDS/ Dang Canh ta
200.000 83.000 70.943 Nguon: Ismayr, W. (ed.): Die politischen Systeme Westeuropas, tr. 452;
htlp://de.wikipedia.ors/M'iki/Bu}idestag#Sechzehnter_Bundeslag
Sd lugng dang vien eua cac dang Idn da quyen, SPD ed 755.000 dang vien, thi vao suy giam mot each nhanh chdng. Dang Xa cudi nam 2004, khi Schroeder tir ehiie Chii hoi Dan ehii SPD va Lien minh Dan ehu tich Dang, sd dang vien ciia SPD ehi cdn Thien Chiia giao la hai dang Idn nhat va hien 628.000 (giam gan 130.000). Va vao eudi nay dang lien minh vdi nhau dl cam quyin nam 2005 chi eon 590.000 (van cao hon nam la nhirng dang chiu ton that to Idn nhit. Vdi 2007 la 25.000). Vay la so vdi Lien minh Dang Xa hdi Dan chii, neu nhu vao thang 5 Dan chii Thien Chiia giao (CDU), sd lugng nam 2006 sd dang vien cdn trong dang tich dang vien eua dang SPD chi nhieu hon 6.500 la 575.404 ngudi, thi cudi thang 10 nam ma thdi. Vi tri dang Idn nhat Lien bang eua 2006 ehi cdn 565.500 ngudi, tiic giam gin nd dang bi thach thiic. Ciing theo,mgt bao
eao ciia SPD tai Tru sd trung uong dang d Berlin, hau het cac dang bd dia phuang khdng thuc hien duge chi tieu kit nap dang vien mdi: Chi ed 3.600 dang bd trong tdng so 9.300 hoan thanh dugc ehi tieu nay, trong do 187 dang bg ket nap them sd dang vien mdi du bii eho sd ra di.
10.000.
Trung binh mdt nam ed khoang 20.000 ngudi xin ra khdi dang va 10.000 dang vien chet. Sd dang vien gia nhap mdi ehi khoang 4.500, khdng tham thap gi. Do do tir thang 10 nam 2005 din thang 10 nam 2006, SPD da giam di 25.000 dang vien. Sd ngudi xin ra
khdi dang d at roi vao thdi ky 2003-2004. Lien minh Dan ehu Thien Chiia giao N I U nhu nam 1998, khi Schroeder len nim (CDU) cung nim trong tinh trang khdng
10 NGHIEN CLfu CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°02 (125)
sang sua hon la bao. Neu nhu eudi nam 2005 dang nay cd 571.000 dang vien, thi cudi nam 2006 chi cdn 559.000, ehi ngang mire nam 1974. Trong khi dd, vao thdi ky eudi ciia ky nguyen Helmut Kohl (1998), CDU ed 626.000 dang vien (nhieu hon hien nay 67.000). Nguyen nhan suy giam la nhieu dang vien xin ra dang hoac chet ma khdng cd ngudi bd sung. Van de nguy kieh ciia CDU la d chd, phan Idn sd ngudi ra di do deu thude khdi cir tri gde thude giai cap tu san:
19%) sd ngudi ra khdi dang la cac ehii nghiep dde lap va 37%) la edng chiic. Day la lan dau tien sd lugng dang vien cua CDU nam dudi miic 560.000 la "gidi han ky di" (magic border). Do do, trong dai hdi dang tai Dresden nam 2007, Tdng Thu ky dang Ronald Pofalla keu ggi trien khai mdt ehien dich phat trien dang vien mdi, va Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang khdng the khoanh tay ngdi yen trude tinh trang suy thoai nay.
Ong ndi: "Ddy la mot ddu hieu cita sir nggo mgn vd mii ni che tai, khi mot chinh ddng todn ddn cit dieng y ra day truae thiec trgng ddng budn ".
Kiim diim lai lich sir cac dang chinh tri hien dai tir sau nam 1945, cd the thay eae chinh dang Diie, dae biet la cae dang Idn va eae dang eim quyen hoac tham chinh nhu CDU, SPD, FDP, PDS v.v., diu ed nhiing dilu ehinh d nhiing miic do khae nhau ndi
dung Cuong ITnh Chinh tri va Dieu le ciia Dang minh nhim dat duge cac muc tieu chiln luge, cao nhit la gianh quyen lap chinh phu, tire trd thanh dang eim quyen. Dang vdi tu each dai dien eho Igi ich eiia mdt giai cap hay mot ting ldp xa hdi da biin ehuyen thanh dang eiia toan dan, chi cd nhu vay mdi ed thi gianh dugc da so phieu bau eua eir tri dl gianh quyin lap ehinh phu.
So lugng cac chinh dang tham gia Chinh phii Lien bang qua cac thdi ky la kha Idn. Viec phan tich cuong ITnh va he thdng ehinh sach eua eae ehinh dang then chdt d Dire ciing da ed the giiip cd duge nhiing nhan dinh diing dan ve khuynh hudng tu tudng (ta khuynh, hiiu khuynh hay trung dung) cua timg chinh dang; Mat khac giup ta cd dugc nhiing hinh dung khai quat ve mot he thdng dan chu da dang dien hinh cua chau Au, trong dd cac dang eanh tranh hoa binh vdi nhau bang mdt trinh do van hoa cao vi mdt xa hdi dan ehii, phat trien, edng bang, thinh vugng va van minh.
Tai lieu tham khao
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Wiesbaden. 2000.
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Http://www.diewelt.de, 28/11/2006.
Van ite "^AnJ^ ta 11
3. Ismayr, W. (ed.): Die politischen Systeme Westeuropas. Leske + Budrich, Opladen, 2003.
4. Luang Van Ke: Budc ngogt chinh tri thie hai cita lich sie Dice duong dgi. Tap ehi Nghien ciin Chau Au, 6 (24)/1998, tr. 37-45.
5. Luong Van Ke: Bice tranh lich sie phdt trien eiia he thong ddng chinh tri hien dgi a Cong hod Lien bang Diec, Tap ehi Nghien eiiu Chau Au, 1 (67) 2006, tr. 26-33.
6. Luong Van Ke: Con duang tra thdnh ddng cam quyen Men dgi cita Lien minh Ddn chit Thien Chita gido (CDU) a CHLB Dice, Tap ehi Nghien eim Chau Au, 7 (73), 2006, tr. 14-26.
7. Luang Van Ke: Con duang trd thdnh ddng cdm quyen hien dgi cita Ddng xd hoi dan chit (SPD) a CHLB Diec, Tap ehi Nghien ciiu Chau Au, 2 (77) 2007, tr. 15-26.
8. Luong Van Ke: The giai da chieu. Ly thuyet vd kinh nghiem nghien cieu khu virc.
Ha Ndi 2007.
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Wiesbaden, 2006.
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Wiesbaden. 2004.
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18. http://www.politiknews.org/
