Trudng Dgi hpc Vinh Tgp chi khoa hgc. Tdp 45, Sd IB (2016), tr. 47-53
TO CHirc CHO HOC SINH TU" HOC VE "TINH DOAN KET LIEN IMINH CHIEN DAU CHONG DE QUOC MY CUA BA NlTdC DONG DirONG" TRONG D^Y HOC LICH SU" VIET NAM 1954-1975 (LOfP 12)
Nguyin Thi Ha, Phan Thi C^m Van Khoa Lich sir, Trudng Dai hpc Vinh Ngdy nhdn bai 05/4/2016, ngay nhan ddng 10/5/2016
Tom tat: Tu hpc cua hpc sinh Id van de quan ttpng vi d(5 la mpt khau ttong qua tnnh thing nhdt cua viec day hpc, nhSm phat huy ndng luc d6c lap tu duy cua cac em tten lap cung nhu d nhd. Bdi viet nay tap tmng lam r5 cdch thiic t6 chiic cua giao vien cho hoc sinh tu hpc ve tinh doan kSt Ufin minh chien dau chdng de qudc My cua Viet Nam - Lao - Campuchia ttong day hoc khoa ttinh lich sii Viet Nam 1954-1975 (Ldp 12). Giao viSn td chiic, hudng dan hoc sinh ty hpc thdng qua tai Ueu tham khao va hoan thanh cac bdi tdp nhdn thiic de nam vimg va md rpng kien thuc.
1. Dat van de
Tu hpc la mpt khau quan ttgng ttong qud trinh dgy hgc, nhdm phdt huy ndng luc ddc lap nhgn thiic cua hpc sinh. D I ndng cao Meu qud boat ddng nay, giao vi6n can phdi ttang bi cho hpc sinh ky nang va phuong phdp tu hpc phu hgp vdi dgc tbu ciia bd mdn. Khi hpc sinh cd ky ndng va phuong phap, tu hpc se ttd thanh thdi quen va khoi day dugc ndi luc ham hgc vdn cd ttong mdi ngudi.
Hogt ddng ty hpc ciia hpc sinh la viec cdc em ddc lap hodn thdnh nhung nhiem vu dugc giao, vdi sy hudng ddn, kiem tra vd ddnh gia ciia gido vi8n. Viec tu hgc ciia hpc sinh dien ra dudi nhieu Mnh toiic khdc nhau, do Id "Nhimg boat ddng tu nhdn thuc trin ldp khi nghe gido vien gidng; nhimg hogt dpng tu hgc a nhd nhu tu dge cdc tdi lieu lich su, vdn hoc trong cdc sdch tu lieu tham khdo, sdch doc thim nhdm hieu rd han nhimg kien thuc dd hgc, md rpng su hieu biit; tu dn tap dudi su hudng ddn cua thdy" [6, tr. 108]. Hgc sinh tiing budc Mnh thanh ndng luc ty hpc se "1dm giau" kiln thiic vd cd th6m y thiic hpc tdp thudng xuySn. Thyc tl dgy hpc d Email: [email protected] (N. T. Ha)
tmdng phd thdng doi bdi gido vien vira phdi coi ttpng viec trayen toy kien todc viia phdi quan tdm bdi dudng ki ndng to hpc de hpc sinh to trang bi kiln thiic cho minh.
Trong cau tao chuong trinh mdn lich su d Idp 12, ndi dung ve tinh dodn ket, lign minh chien dau chdng de qudc My ciia ba nude Ddng Duong cbi dugc de cap den mdt cdch khdi quat ttong Bai 22 muc 1 (phdn m), myc 2 (phdn IV) vd Bdi 23 muc I, muc III. Vi toe, giao vien thdng qua each thiic td chuc to hpc, giiip hgc sinh ghi nhd, ndm viing ve nhdng kbia cgnh ciia tinh doan ket lien minh chien ddu ciia 3 nude Ddng Duang chdng ke thu chung vd gido due thi he tre biet giii gin, phat trien, bdi dap tinh hiiu nghi giiia ba nude ngdy cdng thSm ben vimg.
2. Noi dung nghien ciru 2.1. Gido viin hudng ddn hgc sinh tu hgc thdng qua tdi lieu tham khdo vi tinh dodn kit lien minh chien ddu chdng de qudc My cua ba nude Ddng Duong
De gilip hgc sinh ndm viing va md
N. T. Ha. P. T. C. Vdn / Td chuc cho hpc sinh tu hpc ve "tinh doan ket liin minh chien ddu...
rdng kiln thiic ve tinh dodn k8t cM8n ddu chdng de qudc My ciia ba nude Ddng Duong, giao vien hudng ddn hgc sinh ket hgp cd hai khdu ciia boat ddng to hpc la su dung hi$u qud sdch gido khoa lich sir (tdi Ueu hgc tap chu ylu) vdi tim dgc tai li$u tham khdo, nhdt la tai Ueu lich su, cac van kien cua Chii tich Hd Chi Minh, cua Ddng, Nha nude de khoi ddy tfnh tich eye, bdng tbu vd Idng bam hieu bilt cdi mdi ciia hpc sinh de hoan thdnh cac bai tgp theo yeu cdu cua giao vien.
Tai lieu tham khdo dugc sii dyng de cu tol hda sy ki$n lich su toudng Id nhiing dogn trich ngdn, cd ndi dung sdc tfch. Cd nhiing sy kien mang y nghTa lich sii to Idn, nhung sdch gido khoa chi dilm qua, vi thi, ttong qud trinh to hpc, hgc sinh can sii dung them tai Ueu tham khdo d8 cy the hda ndi dung sy kien lich su dd.
v l ndi dung tinh dodn kit liSn minh cMen dau chdng de qudc My cua ba nude Ddng Ehrong, cd rdt nMeu tai lieu de cdp den, tuy nhiSn, de phii hgp vdi miic dp nhdn thiic cua hgc sinh phd thdng, giao vidn vira lya chpn tai lieu cdn dpc vira hudng dan cdch thiic dpc cd hieu qud. Cu thi, ttong cudn Hd Chi Minh Todn (tap 4), NXB CM'nh trj Qudc gia, Hd Ndi, 2000, giao vien chpn gidi tiiieu cho hpc sinh dgc vd trich ddn vl ndi dung nay tir trang 468 din tirang 471. Cu6n Quan he Viit-Ldo, Ldo-Viet, NXB Chinh tri quoc gia, Hd Ndi. 1993, Id to Ueu quy gid vl quan he Viet Nam - Lao ttong cdc chgng dudng lich su, trong do giao viSn hudng dan hpc sinh dpc vl su doan kit lien minh giiia hai nude ttong khdng chiln chdng My ciiu nude. Trong cudn Nhiing bdi hgc chgn Igc vi qudn sif ciia Khamtdy Xiphandon, NXB Quan dpi nhan ddn. Ha Ndi, 1986, gido vien chi yeu cau hpc sinh dpc bai hpc ve liSn minh chdng My ciia ba nude Ddng Duong.
2.2. Gido vien huong ddn hgc sinh hodn thdnh cdc bdi tap ve nhimg khia cgnh eua tinh dodn kit liin minh chiin ddu chdng di qudc My cua ba nuac Ddng Ducmg
Bdi tap 1: Cff sd cua tinh dodn kk liin minh chiin ddu chong di quoc My cua ba nude Bdng Duang
Ddi vdi bdi tap ndy, ket hgp ndi dung ttong sdch giao khoa va cdc tai li8u tham khdo gido viSn da hudng dan dpc, hpc sinh cdn 1dm rd:
Nhdn ddn ba nude Viet Nam - Ldo - CampucMa vdn cd quan he mat tMet vdi nhau to Idu ddi, Igi toudng hi cdc toe luc xam luge tir ben ngodi uy hiep, cho nen sdm lien ket vdi nhau trong cdc cupc khdng cMen chdng ngogi xam. Tir khi Ddng Cdng sdn Ddng Duong dugc thdnh l^p, mdi quan he dd lai cdng toem sau sac, to tinh cam lang gilng ttd thdnh tinh huu nghi anh em, todnh quan he doan kit chien ddu giiia ba nude. Su Uen mmh do hoan todn dua tren co sd tu gidc, binh ddng, tdn trgng vd giup dd Idn nhau vi loi I'ch sdng con cua mdi ddn tgc.
Doan ket lidn minh cMin ddu giiia ba nude Ddng Duang dugc bdi dap them vdi sy Mnh todnh cac dpi vu trang ty ve Viet kieu yen nude, ttong qua tiinh ciing cac lye lugng cdch mgng va nhan dan Lao, nhan ddn CampucMa chudn hi vd tien hdnh Cudc khdi nghla thdng Tdm nam 1945. Am muu ciia thuc ddn Phdp la tim cdch lap lai dch todng tti cua chiing tten bdn ddo Ddng Duong, xda bd cM'nh quyen each mang d Vipt Nam, Lao va CampucMa. Qudn tiiet tinh thdn "cd Ddng Duong Id mgt chiin trudng" vd "thdng nhdt mgt trgn Viet - Miin - Ldo chdng Phdp xdm luge" [4, tr. 26], thuc Men Hiep dinh lien minh giua ba nude, cac don vi vii ttang ciia Viet Nam da sang phdi hgp, sdt canh vdi
Trudng Dgi hpc Vinh Tap chi khoa hgc. Tgp 45, Sd IB (2016), tr. 47-53 quan dan Ldo, CampucMa chdng toyc dan
P h ^ . Tinh thdn doan ket, hftu nghi vd hgp tdc dugc bdi dap trong hanh ttinh ddu tranh gidnh dgc lap ty do, tiep tuc dugc cung cd va phat trien trong tinh Mnh mdi nhu Chu tich Hd CM Muih khdng dinh trong Ldi keu ggi lien hgp qudc (12/1946): "Ddi vdi Ldo vd Mien, nuoc Viet Nam tdn trgng nen dpc lap cua hai nude do vd mong mudn hap tdc trin CO sd binh ddng tuy4t ddi giira cdc nude CO chu quyin" [5, tt. 470].
Tir sau Hiep dinh Gio-ne-vo nam 1954, toy nhan dan ba nude Ddng Duong deu gidnh dugc thang Igi nhung miic dp cd khac nhau. Viet Nam giai phdng dugc nira nude, mien Bac di len chii nghia xa hdi. Luc lugng cdch mgng va vii ttang Ldo cd viing tap ket. CampucMa dugc cdng nhdn ddc lap, nhung lye lugng cdch mang vd via ttang kbdng dugc thua nhdn tdn tgi ddc lap. Tuy mdi nude cd "the each mgng" rieng, nhung trade am muu cMa re va hanh dgng md rdng cMen ttanh ra ca Lao va Campuchia, bien Ddng Ducmg thanh mdt cMdn tmdng, nhan ddn ha nude Ddng Duong deu cd nguyen vpng vd yen cdu chung la bdo ve ddc lap, chu quyen cua ddt nude minh, chdng ke thii chung Id dl qudc My va tay sai ciia chiing.
Phdt huy trayen thdng doan ket lien minh cMin ddu trong khdng chien chdng Phdp, mdt Idn niia, ttong khdng cMen chdng My, tmyen thdng ay tiep toe dugc ba nude Ddng Duong ciing cd, bdi dap vd phdt trien. Suit trong nhimg ndm khang cMin (1954-1975), Chfnh phu vd Mat ttdn cua mdi nude Mdn phdi hgp vdi nhau ve chinh trj, ngogi giao; luc lugng vii ttang ciia Viet Nam - Lao - CampucMa ludn sdt canh chiln ddu ben nhau, tao ra toe chien luge tien cdng dich tten chien tradng ba nude, danh bgi tiing ke hogch, tiing chien luge cua dich ttSn chien tradng Ddng Duong.
Thdng qua viec tim hieu su Mnh todnh, nen tang vimg chdc ve tinh dodn ket lien minh chien dau cua ba nude Ddng Duong neu tten, hgc sinh se nhan toiic dugc dd la mdt ttong nhiing nhan td quan ttpng gdp phan vao thang Igi cua ba dan tdc ttong khang chien chdng de qudc My xdm luge, gidi pbdng dan tpc ciing nhu xdy dyng ddt nude.
Bdi tgp 2: Nhimg bieu hien ve tinh dodn kit lien minh chien Mu chdng de quoc My cua 3 nude Bong Ducmg
Day la mpt bai tap cd nhieu ndi dung, gido vidn cd th6 phan cho timg nhdm hgc sinh tim hieu ve mot bieu Men ciia tinh than doan ket dd.
a. Thdnh lap Mat trdn dodn kit nhdn ddn Ddng Duong chdng My cuu nude
Ngay ttong khi My dang triin khai dua qudn d at vdo miln Nam Viet Nam, tii ngay 1 den 9/3/1965, ''Hpi nghi nhdn ddn ba nude Bdng Duong" dugc trien tdp tai Phndm Pdnh (CampucMa) dk bilu thi tinh dodn ket chdng My, chdng am muu cMa re ciia ke thu. Hdi nghi da todng qua Nghi quyet cue lye len an Chfnh phu My da vi phgm Hiep dinh Gioneva, gdy ra cudc cMin tranh xam luge Viet Nam, can tMSp vii ttang vdo Lao vd tien cdng khieu kbfch Campuchia; ddng thdi nhdn mgnh su cdn thiet phai cung cd tinh dodn ket chien dau chdn thanh vd ben vftng cua cdc ddn tdc Ddng Duong ttong cudc ddu ttanh chdng ke thii chung.
Tiep sau Hdi nghi quan ttpng nay, tir ngdy 24 din 25/4/1970, dai dien Chfnh phii Viet Nam Dan chu cpng hda, Cdng hda mien Nam Viet Nam, Lao vd Campuchia (gdm: Pham Vdn Ddng, Nguyin Hiiu Tbp, Xuphanuvdng, N.Xihanuc) dd bpp Hpi nghi cap cao nhan dan ba nude Ddng Duang [1, tt. 182]. Hdi nghj khdng djnh lap tindng dodn ket lidn minh cbien ddu giiia ba nude Ddng Duong vd quyet tdm cMen luge cua ba
49
N. T. Ha, P. T. C. Vdn / Td chuc cho hpc sinh tubpcve "tinh doan kit lien minh chiin ddu...
dan tdc nhdm ddy manh cudc khang chien din thdng Igi hoan toan. Thanh cdng cua Hoi nghi da tang them siic manh Mat ttdn dodn ket nhdn dan Ddng Duong chdng My, kit thanh mdt khdi li8n minh khdng chien ngdy cang vimg chac, tgo nen the chien luge tien cdng chung ciia nhan ddn ba nude Viet Nam - Ldo - Campuchia, ddng thdi ttanh toii dugc su ddng tinh ling bp rgng rdi cua nhan dan va cdc lye lugng tiln bd tren the gidi chdng cMin tranh xam luge ciia de qudc My.
b. Viet Nam, Ldo, Campuchia kip thdi chi vien Idn nhau trong khdng chiin chdng My
Tinh dodn ket ciia ba nude Ddng Duong trong khdng cMin chdng My cmi nude the hien tten nhilu ITnh vuc nhu:
xdy dyng toyc luc each mgng, chi vien kip thdi, phdi hgp cMen ddu, md cdc cM6n dich, ttao ddi kinh ngMem... Song song vdi viec tap trang danh dich, Viet Nam da giiip Ldo vd CampucMa xdy dyng cMnh quyen, phat trien luc lupng vii ttang theo ydu cdu ddi bdi ciia cupc khang cM8n ngay cang cao, ddng thdi cdn img hd vat chat vd xay dyng cdn cii dia khdng chien, gilip each mang hai nude giii viing viing giai phdng. Mdt sd can cii khdng chien ciia Lao dua lung vao Tay Bdc, Tay Nguyen cua Viet Nam. Viet Nam da ciing vdi Lao xay dung tuyen dudng chien luge Tdy Tmdng Son dl van chuyin kM' tdi, vat lye bj hau phuong miln Bdc vao chiln tiirdng mien Nam vd chi vien kip thdi cho cdc cdn cii khdng chiln cua Ldo vd Campuchia ddnh My.
Theo ydu cau cua Chfnh phii khdng chiln vd Mat tran Ldo It-xa-la, tbdng 8 nam 1954, Bd Quoc phdng Viet Nam cii Doan 100 cd vdn qudn sy sang giiip qudn ddn Lao, dau tranh vi hda binh, trang lap va hda hgp ddn tdc (1954 - 1959). Tilp dd, nhiing nam 1960 - 1968, kM My thuc hien "Chiln ttanh ddc biet" d Ldo, Bd
Qudc phdng Viet Nam Idn lugt cii cac Dodn 959, 463, 565 chuySn gia qudn su va cac Dodn 335, 766, 866, 763, 968 Qudn tinh nguy?n sang giup ban xdy dung luc lugng, chien dau bao ve cdn cii Trang uang va cdc khu can cur, viing giai phdng cua Lao.
Ddi vdi CampucMa, Viet Nam cung chu tmong dodn ket, ung hd dudng ldi hda binh, trang lap, khdng lien kit cua CM'nh phii Vuong qudc Campuchia vd gdp phdn cM vien nhdn luc, vat lye de CampucMa phat trien nhanh lye lugng vii ttang. "77i(fc hien nghia VIA hgu phuong, trong hai ndm 1973 -1974, miin Bdc dua vdo cdc chiin trudng miin Nam, Campuchia, Ldo gdn 20 vgn bp dpi, hdng vgn thanh niin xung phong, cdn bp chuyin mdn, nhdn viin ky thudt" [1, tr.
189].
CM'nh pbd, nhdn dan Ldo vd CampucMa cung da tao dieu kien cho quan dpi Vi6t Nam md dudng van chuyin luang toyc, thuc phdm vd vu kM vdo chien tradng miln Nam. De tgo thi cMin luge tien cdng dich tren ca ba nude, Viet Nam da xdy dung va phdt tiiln Myln dudng Tradng Son. Day Id tuyIn dudng rat quan trgng, mdt hgu phuong cWln luge Idn, tryc tiep gdn bd vdi chien tmdng ba nude Ddng Duang bdng h£
thdng dudng huyet mach ndi lien ba nude, Id can cu van chuyen tii hgu phuong Idn mien Bdc tdi cac chien tradng quan trgng cua ba nude. "Tir 1959 din 1975. bd dpi Trudng Son - Dudng Hd Chi Minh da van chuyin duoc gdn 1.400.000 tdn hdng hda, vii khi, trong do cho cdc chiin trudng vd cdch mgng Ldo, Campuchia han 583.000 tdn hdng hda, vii khi. 5.500.000 m^ xang ddu" [2, tt. 257]. Cd the ndi, tuyIn dudng van tdi chiln luge Tmdng Son id bilu togng sdng ngdi cua tinh doan ket gdn b6, keo son giira ba dan tdc Ddng Duong
Trudng Dgi hpc Vinh Tgp chi khoa hpc. Tap 45. Sd IB (2016). tr. 47-53 trong cudc khdng cMen chdng My ciiu
nude.
c. Dodn kit liin minh true dip chiin ddu cua Viet Nam - Ldo - Campuchia
Trong cdc giai dogn cua cudc khdng cMen chdng dl qudc My, lye lugng vu trang cua Viet Nam - Ldo - Campuchia ludn sdt ednh chien ddu, tao ra the chien luge ti8n cdng dich ttdn cMin tradng ba nude.
Trong nhiing ndm 1960-1961, qudn tinh nguyen Viet Nam vd Pa-thet Lao md mdt sd chiln djch tien cdng dich, giai phdng Cdnb ddng Chum - Xidng Khoang, Phdng Xa Ly vd mdt phan Ludng PMa- bdng. Nam Thd, Khdm Mugn, Xa-vdn-na- khet, budc My vd cMnh quyen Phdi hiiu phdi ky Hiep djnh Canh ddng Chum (thdng 6/1962) va Hiep dinh Gio-ne-vo vl Ldo (thdng 7/1962), md ra giai doan mdi cua tinh dodn ket, lien minh cMen dau giiia hai quan dpi hai nude Viet - Ldo.
Tii giua nam 1964, kM My md rpng cMen ttanh d Lao, cac don vi quan tinh nguyen vd chuyen gia quan su Viet Nam phdi hgp chat chS vdi qudn vd dan Ldo tiln cdng, tieu diet nMeu sinh luc dich, gidnh vd giii vimg cdc vung gidi phdng.
Nhihig chien cdng vang ddi d Phu Ciit (1966), Canh ddng Chum (1967), Nam Lao (mua khd 1967 - 1968); dgc biet la chien thang Nam Bgc, Pa Thi (1968) da giang mgt ddn ngng ne vdo chien luge ''Chien tranh dgc biit", khdng dinh sire manh dodn ket, Uen minh chien ddu giira quan dgi hai nude Viet - Ldo ngdy cang ttudng thanh vd viing chdc.
K I tii nam 1969, khi My thuc hien chien luge "C/u'en tranh dge biit tdng cudng", quan dgi hai nude cdng tdng cudng dodn kit ben nhau, kiSn quylt ddnh bai budc leo toang cMen ttanh cua My d Lao. Thdng Igi Uen tiep cua qudn ddi bai nude tten chiln tiirdng Ldo, Midt Id ttong cac chien dich Mudng Siii (tii 23/6 den
1(7/1969), Todn Thdng (to 25/10/1969 din 25/4/1970) da ddy 'Xhiin tranh ddc Met tdng cudng" cua My vdo ngd eyt. Tir ngdy 12/2 din ngdy 23/3/1971, qudn ddi Viet Nam cd sy phdi hgp cua qudn ddn Ldo da dap tan cudc hdnh qudn mang tSn
"Lam Son-719" ciia 4,5 van qudn My vd quan dpi Sdi Gdn, logi khdi vdng chien dau 22.000 t8n dich, huge quan My vd qudn dpi Sai Gdn phdi nit khdi Dudng 9 - Nam Ldo, giir vimg hanh lang chiln luge ciia cdch mgng Ddng Duong. Phdt buy thdng Igi, cac dan vi qudn Viet - Ldo lien tiep md cac Chiln dich Canh ddng Chum - Mudng Siii (tu 18/12/1971 din 6/4/1972), Cdnb ddng Chum-Xieng Khoang (tir 21/5 din 15/11/1972) vd tiln cdng dich tren khap cac cMin tiirdng, tidu diet sinh luc dich, md rdng viing giai phdng, gdp phdn ddnh bai chiln luge
"Chiin tranh dgc biet tdng cudng", budc My va Phdi huu Ldo phdi ky Hiep dinh Vidng Chan (21/2/1973), lap lai hda binh, thyc hien hda hop dan tdc d Lao.
0 Campuchia, Qudn tinh nguyen Viet Nam vd qudn dan CampucMa dd md cudc phan cdng ddnh bai cupc bdnh qudn cua 10 vgn quan My va quan dpi Sai Gdn, loai khdi vdng chien dau 17.000 ten dich, giai phdng hodn todn ndm tinh Ddng Bdc CampucMa vdi 4,5 trieu dan (Stung-tteng, Ra-ta-na-ki-ri, Mu-dun-ki-ri, Kra-chie, Pret-vi-Ma). Tiep do, lye lugng vu trang ciia Viet Nam va Campuchia da danh bgi cdc cugc hdnh quan Idn ciia djch nhu Chen La I, (1970), Toan thdng (1971), Chen La n (1971).
Ddc Met, bdt chdp su danh phd, ngdn chgn quyet liet ciia ke thu, myen van tdi chien luge Tradng San vdn dugc xay dyng, cung cd. Day Id mgt ttong nhiing bieu hien sang ngdi cua tinh doan ket chien dau cua ba nude Ddng Duong. De bdo ve va md rdng tuyIn dudng, Viet Nam - Ldo - Campuchia dd td chiic UMIU
N. T.Ha, P. T. C. Vdn / Td chuc cho hpc sinh tu hgc ve "tinh dodn kit lien mink chiin ddu...
dgt cMen dau gidi phdng khu vuc pMa Tdy Tmdng Son, bao gdm Mudng PMn, Bdn Ddng (1960-1961), Dudng 12, tir My Gig din Dudng 9 (1962-1963), Pha Lam - Ddng Hin (1964-1965)... Trong nhiing ndm 1970,1971, 1972, luc lugng vii ttang ciia Viet Nam dd phdi hop vdi lire lugng vu trang ban gidi phdng A-td-pd, Cao nguy6n Bd-ld-ven, Sa-ra-van... JNJhung thang Igi to Idn ve cMnh tri, ngogi giao, dgc Met la nhiing thang Igi ve qudn su cda ta tten chien tmdng ba nude Ddng Duang dd budc My phdi ky Hiep dinh Pa-ri (27/1/1973), kji Hiep dinh Vieng Chan vl Ldo (28/2/1973), ngumg nem bom Campuchia (15/8/1973). Vdi cac Hiep dinh nay, My phdi cdng nhan cac quyen ddn tdc CO bdn ciia nhan dan ba nude Ddng Duang, rut het qudn ve nude. Dd la nhung thdng Igi quan ttgng, tao ra todi co thugn Igi de nhdn ddn ba nude tien len gidi pbdng hoan toan ddt nude.
Cugc Tdng tien cdng vd ndi day d ini8n Nam Vi?t Nam vao mha xudn 1975, dinh cao la CMin dich Hd CM Minh Ueb sir, gidi phdng hodn toan mien Nam dd t^o dieu kien thudn Igi cho each mang Ldo vd cdch mang Campuchia tien Idn gidnh tiidng Igi hodn toan. 0 Campuchia, phdi hgp chat chS vdi chien tbdng cua nhdn ddn Viet Nam, quan vd ddn Campuchia md cudc tdng cdng kfch, Igt dd che dd Lon Non, giai phdng Phndm P8nh ngdy 17/4/1975, dua din sy ra ddi nude Campuchia ddn chu. Ndm viing thdi ca chiln luge dd, toang 5/1975, Dang Nhdn
dan Cdch mgng Lao da kidn quyet vd kip thdi phdt ddng dau ttanh vdi ba ddn cMin luge (ndi ddy cua quan chiing nhdn ddn, tiln cdng bdng qudn su gdy dp luc, nii day ly khai eda mgt bd phdn binh si) kit hgp vdi ddu ttanh phdp ly gidnh quyIn 1dm chii ttong ca nude, dua d8n sy ra ddi cua nude Cpng hda Ddn chu Nhan dan Lao ngdy 2/12/1975. Vdi nhung thdng loi cd tfnh quyet dinh ttong ndm 1975, cu6c khdng cMen cua nhan ddn ba nude Dong Duong da ket thiic ve vang, cdch mang tiing nude budc vao giai doan lich su mdi.
3. Kit ludn
Td chiic cho hpc sinh to hpc ttong dgy hpc lich su ndi chung vd to hpc v8 tinh doan k8t lien minh cMen ddu chong My cua ba nude Ddng Duong ndi ri6ng cd y nghTa khoa hpc vd toyc tien sau sdc.
Ty hpc ttong qua trinh hpc tgp cua hpc sinh Id viec cac em ddc lap hoan thanh nhung iiM8m vy dugc giao, vdi sy gidp do, hudng ddn, kiem tra cua gido vi8n.
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TAI LIEU THA]W KHAO [1] Bd Giao dye va Ddo tao, Lich sir lap 12, NXB Gido dye, Ha Ndi, 2010.
[2] Bg Gido dye va Dao tao, Lich su ldp 12, Sdch gido vien, NXB Giao due, Hd Ndi, 2010.
[3] Cayxdn Phdmvihdn, Ba muoi ndm ddu tranh kien cudng, ba muoi ndm thdng loi ve vang, Tgp cbi Hpc tgp, sd 11, 1975.
Trudng Dgi hpc Vinh Tgp chikhoa hpc. Tgp 45, So IB (2016), tr. 47-53 [4] Quan hi Viit-Ldo, Ldo-Viet, NXB Chfnh tii qudc gia, Hd Ndi, 1993.
[5] Hd Chi Minh Todn tap. Tap 4, NXB CM'nh tii qudc gia, Hd Ndi, 2000.
[6] Phan Ngpc Lien (Chu Men), Phuong phdp day hgc lich su. Tap 2, NXB Dgi hpc Su pham. Ha Ndi, 2002.
[7] Khamtdy Xiphandon, Nhimg bdi hoe chgn Ige ve qudn su, NXB Quan dgi nhdn ddn, Hd Ndi, 1986.
SUMIVIARY
ORGANIZING SELF-STUDY FOR STUDENTS ON "SOLIDARITY ALLIANCE FIGHTING AGAINST THE US IMPERIALISM
OF THREE INDOCHINESE COUNTRIES" IN TEACHING THE VIETNAMESE HISTORY DURING THE PERIOD FROM 1954 -1975
(GRADE 12"*)
Self-smdy is an important issue because it is a stage in the common process of teaching, to promote independent tMnking ability of smdents in the classroom and at home as weU. TMs article focuses on the method of teacMng stodents to self-stody about alliance solidarity to fight against the US imperiaUsm of Vietnam - Laos - Cambodia in teacMng the Viemamese Mstory during the period firom 1954 - 1975 (Grade 12 ).
Teachers organize and guide smdents the self-smdy through references and the completion of cogmtive exercises to perceive and broaden toett knowledge.
