Chu tich Ho Chi Minh ban v^ phuong ph£^ day hoc
Luang Anh Himg Nguy&i Huy ThOng Tmong Dai hoc \16 - Dia ch^t
Chii tjch Hd Chi Minh - vj Linh tp thiin lii ciia Ding la, nhin d i n ta, ngudi Anh hiing giii phdng din tOc, nha vin hoi Idn cua nhin logi, ddng Uidi l i nhi giio dye kiit xuil cua Uidi dgi chiing ta. Nhirng tu tudng vi phuong [rfiip dgy hpc ciia NguW d i Igi eho chung ta d i n nay vin edn nguyen gii Iri. vin sing mii Unh khoa hpc vi cich mgng siu sie. Nhting quan diim dd vin mang Unh t h ^ sy cho tiin trinh ddi mdi eua eie Irudng hpe Uong Uidl ky hOi nhip vi phit Uiin.
i.Modau
Dgy hpe l i mOt hong nhiing hogt dOng ed i n h hudng siu sic d i n sp hinh thinh, phit triin nhin ckch ciia Uii h i tri v i Uidng qua dd inh hudng d i n sy phit Uiin eiia x i hOi. cua dit nude Uong luong lai.
VI viy, Chii tjch HO Chf Minh d i ludn nhin mgnh vai trb quan Upng eua giio viin Uong sp nghiip giio dye - dio Igo. Ngudi ndi: "Nhiim vy giio dye rit quan trpng vi vi vang, vi khdi^ ed thiy giio Uii khdng cd gl^o dye" (xem [ 11, U59). Dgy hpe viia Ii khoa hpc, Vila li nghi thuit. Ngudi thiy cd hi thuc nhung d i dgy tOt, dii hdi phii cd phuong p h i p Uuyin Uiy tdt. Bdi viy, viie nghiin cim lu tudng cua Chu Uch Hd Chi MInhvi phuong phip dgy hpc s i l i diiu kiin cin thiet di giijp chiing ta nhin thiic diing hon, siu hon tu tudng cua Ngu^ vi vin d i niy v i tir dd vin dyng tu tudng iy vio thyc t i dgy hpc.
2. N9I dung
NOi dung quan diim cda Chu tjch Hd Chf Minh vi vin d i phuong phip dgy hpc dupe Uii hiin d nhung khia egnh sau:
Thii nhit, phuong p h i p dgy hpc phii phii hpp vdi d<fi hjpng. TOy timg diiu kiin hoin cirUi cy Uii, Chu qch Hd Chi Minh d i su dyng nhiiu hinh Uiue, phucmg phip dgy hpc khie nhau phd hpp vdi d i e diim lim ly, khi ning nhin Uiiic, diiu kiin cua limg logi ddi tupng.
Ddi vdi tudi m i u giio, Ngudi can din: Lim m i u giio hie li Uiay m? dgy h i . . . e i c chiu nhd hay quiy, phii bin hi, ehlu khd mdi nudi dgy dupe cie chiu (xem (I!,U272).
Ddi vdi Ilia tudi Uiiiu nhi, Ii lua tudi hiiu dOng, sue tip Uung chii y chua cao, nin Ngudi cin din: "Trong hjc hpe cflng cin lim cho chung vui, uong luc vui cOng cin lim cho chung hpc.
0 Uong nhi, trong Uudng, trong x i hOi chung d i u
vui, d i u hpc" (xem [ 1 ], U77), die biit "cieh dgy phii nh? nhing vi vui ve. ehd gd i p thiiu nhi vio khudn khd cda ngudi Idn. Phii d i e biil chu y giir gin siic khde ciia c i c chiu" (xem 111, tr9I). Dd'i vdi nhirng ngudi d i biit chu nhung ngai hpe Uiim thi Ngudi dgy mOt cich nh? nhing, tp nhiin khdng gd bd.
Thii hai, phuong phip dgy hpe phii Unh giin. Viic cung e i p kiin Uiiie eho hpc Ud Uong bii giing cua Chii Uch Hd Chi Minh ludn Uiit sue tich, ngin ngpn, U tii nhiiu y, dii c i nghla den, nghla bdng, nghla hep, nghia rOng ciing vdi nhting vi dy cy thi, liin h i chgt che, gin gfli vdi Uipe t i d|a phucmg, din tOe. Do viy, y nio, nghia n i o trong bii hpc ciing khdng chi rd ring, cd dpng, vira dii cho hpc Ud d i hiiu, d i nhd m i cdn d i vin dpng. Ndi vi edng tie huin luyin v i hpc tip, Chu tjch Hd Chi Minh Uiudng nhin mgnh d i n phuong phip dgy hpc li: "Viic cdt yiu Ii phii lim cho ngudi hpc hiiu Uiiu vin d i " (xem [ 11, U€9). Nhung d i hiiu Uiiu cd nhiiu cieh dgy: "Cd eich dgy Uiit U nU, nhung dgy Uieo cich dd phii tdn nhiiu Uidi gid. Trii Igi, cflng cd eieh dgy bao quit m i vin lim eho ngudi hpe hiiu thiu dupe. Vi dy: mudn dgy cho ngudi ta biit con voi l i ttii n i o ttu cd ttii ndi U mi bO xucmg cda nd ra sao, nd cd miy cii ring, nd sdng ttii nio, sdng dupe miy nim, v.v. Nhung niu chua Uii dgy ky nhu Uii dupe Uii eung ed Uii ndi cho ngudi la biit bao quit hinh thu con voi nhir minh nd to bing ba bdn con Uiu, nd cd cii chin Idn nhu cOt nhi, hai tai to nhu hai cii qugt, mOt cii vdi v i hai cii ngi d diu, v.v. Nhu the, ngudi hpe khdng Uii lim con voi vdi con Idm, eon m i o hay con bd dupe" (xem 111, U69). Nhu viy, ttieo Chu tjch Hd Chi Minh, khi dgy phii chpn nhimg vin d i CO bin nhit, cdt yiu nhit m i ngudi hpc khdng ttii quin, khdng the nhim lin vdi cii khic vi khi cin phii vin dyng dupe vio Uipe ti. Ngudi nhic nhd: Bii giing phii chuin bj eho tdi vi ein chpn nhimg bai Uiich hpp vdi hpe sinh; tai Uiu phii Ipa chpn, x i p dit lai, vi trinh
117
NGHliN CUU do ngudi hpe khdng d i u nhau. c i n cd lii Iiiu thfeh hpp vdi timg hgng. Tai liiu khdng thfeh hpp ttii hpc khdng cd feh Ipi gi" (xem 111, U71). Ngudi edng khuyin phii biil "quy hd Unh, bit quy hd da" hong viec md c i c kSrp d i o tgo can bO, "^ md nhieu Idp nin thiiu ngudi giing. Thiiu ngudi giing thi hpc viin d i m chin nin. Thieu ngudi giang thi phii di "bit phu", \i t h i nguoi den giing khi nao eung h i p tip, ludt qua kip niy mOt chut, Idp khic mdi chut "nhu chudn ehudn dgp nude", dgy khdng dupe chu dio. Thiiu ngudi giing thi thudng khi Igi phii "bjt 16", ngudi "bjt 16"
ning Ipc kim, ndi sai. cd hgi cho hpc sinh. Rdt cuOc chi tdn ggo m i hpc thi hpe tip nhoang. Viy phii lim t h i nio? Phii hpp ly hda, nghia la: Md Idp n i o eho ra Idp iy, Ipa chpn ngudi dgy vi ngudi d i n hpc cho can thin, dimg md Idp lung lung" (xem [11, U76). Trong giing dgy van hda hay huin luyin chinh tri.
Chu Uch Hd Chf Minh d i chii y dua ngudi hpc di Ui nhting kinh nghiim, khii niim thip d i din din ning lin muc cao hon. Ngudi ludn chu trpng vdn hiiu biet, vdn kinh nghiem vi hi dd ning din len thinh nhung nhin d|nh khii quit.
Thii ba, phuong phip dgy hpe phii gin ly luin vdi thpe tiin. Diy Ii v&i d i cdt ldi cfla eich da> vi hpe trong nguyin lie giio dye Hd Chi Minh. C!ich dgy ciia Chu Ueh Hd Chi Minh khdng "hdi tdc bit dgt", khdng nhdi nhit kiin thiie m i dgy d i n diu chic d i n dd. hoc din diu hiiu siu d i n diy, nhim lim cho hpc Ud vin dyng dupe ly Iuin vio thpe tiin sdi dpng, da dgng ludn biin ddi. Ngudi cdn din: "Cac thiy giio, cd giio phii tim eieh dgy. Dgy cii gi, dgy t h i nao d i hpc hd hiiu chdng, nhd liu, tiin bO nhanh. Dgy vi hpe cin phii theo nhu eiu eua din tpe, ciia Nhi nude. Thiy dgy tdt, trd hpe Id't, cung cip dii ein bO cho ndng nghiip, cdng nghiip, cho
cic nginh kinh l i vi van hda. Dd la nhiim vu vi vang cua e i c thiy giio, ed giio" (xem [1|, ti97). Vdi ein bo, ding viin. Ngudi ndi: "Ly Iuin cung nhu cii tin (hoie viin dgn). Thyc hinh cung nhu cai dich d i bin. Cd tin m i khdng bin, hoic b i n lung tung cung nhu khdng ed tin. Ly Iuin cdl d i i p dyng vio thyc ti.
Chi hpe thuOc long, d i dem Ide thien hg thi ly Iuin ay eung vd ieh. Vi viy, chiing la phii ging hpe, ddng thdi hpc phii hinh" (xem [1], PI28).
Thu tu, phuong phap dgy hpe phii phat huy tfnh ehu dOng, sang tgo, dOc lip su> nghi eua ngudi hoc.
Chu tjch H 6 Chi Minh neu ra ba ciu hdi cho giio due:
"Hpc thi nio? Hpc cii gi? Hpc de lam gi?" (xem [1], U81). Nhu viy. song song voi myc dich, nOi dung giio dye thi van d i phuong phip dgy hpc la mOt Uong nhung vin d i co ban cua q u i trinh giao dye ma Nguoi d i e biit luu tim. Ngudi \iel: "Trong Uudng ein cd din chu. Ddi vdi mpi van de, lha> va trd ciing nhau thao luin, ai ed y kiin gi diu that thi phit biiu. Diiu gi
ehua thdng sudi, thi hdi, bin cho Uidng sudt. Din chu nhung trd phii kinh thay, Uiiy phii quy Ud, ehii khdng phii Ii ea ddi bing diu" (xem 111. U83). Bing nhdng phit biiu trin, cho chung ta Uiiy Chu Mch Hd Chi Minh d i d i c i p den mOt phuong phip dgy hpc mdi, tiin bd m i ngiy nay chiing la dang thyc hiin dd li phuong phip dgy hpc phai huy tinh chu thi sing Igo ciia hpe sinh, sinh viin Uong q u i trinh hpe tip. Thiy va trd cflng nhau "thao Iuin", "bin bgc" chii khdng phai li thiy dung quyen uy i p dit, trd rim rip nghe theo, thiy dpc trd chip...Ngudi dgy: "Khdng n i n hpe ggo, khdng nin hpc vet (...). Hpc phii suy nghi, phii liin h i vdi thue ti, phii cd thi nghiOm v i thuc hinh"
(xem 111, UI 56). Li ngudi thiu hiiu cin k i myc dich, ti'nh chit cQng nhu tie hgi eua "ldi hpe nhdl sp", "ldi hpe cdt d i thi d6" trong nha trudng phong kiin, Phap thuOe nin Chfl tjch Ho Chi Minh tha thiit mong phai thay ddi each dgy, each hpc d i phit huy dupe tinh thin chu dOng, sing tgo cua ngudi hpc. Nhu viy, nin giao dye hiin dgi hdm nay ed the Um thiy trong Iu tudng HO Chi Minh nhung co sd ein b i n eho phuong phip dgy hpc "Liy ngudi hoc lim tmng tim" hong q u i tiinh giio dye v i d i o tgo.
3. Ket luan
Bang nhimg eu ehi, phuong p h i p giio dye, tinh m i u myc trong sing cua mOt nhin e i e h cao d?p, Chu tich HO Chi Minh d i trd thanh mOt nhi giio dye vi dgi eiia din tOc ta, eiia Ihdi dgi chiing ta. Dudi i n h sing tu tudng giio dye cua Ngudi, ehung ta cing hiiu siu s i c hon mdt sd vin d i ve phuong phip dgy hpc cua Ngucri. Tu tudng eiia Ngudi vin mii li kim chi nam ehi dgo hogt dOng cua h i thdng giio dye nude nhi; la nhirng djnh hudng, gpi md bd ich, siu s i e giiip mdi nhi trudng, mdi Uiiy ed giao Um ra nhting giii phip phfl hpp vdi diiu kiin cy thi nhim ning cao hon nua ehit lupng giio dye - dao tgo hpc sinh, sinh viin ttiinh nhung ngudi "thtra k i xiy dpng ehu nghia xa hOi vira hdng vua chuyin" (xem [Ij, u275) nhu Ding la va Chfl tjch Hd Chi Minh mong doi /.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Tu tudng Hd Chi Minh vi giao dye Nxb U o ddng. Hi NOi, 2005.
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