NGHItN cau-TRAO fldfl VIR
iHOI
13
ciia cac dganli ngiiiip i Viet Nam hlen nay
4 TS. NGUYEN THI KIM NHUNG Hoc vidn Ngan hdng
I. Nh|ln thufc ctf bdn ve tr&ch hhifm xa hdi cua DN
Nghia vu trdeh nhiem xa hdi la mot cdng vide khdng thd bd qua trong qua trinh hdi n h a p ngdy eang sdu vdo kinh te the gidi cfia cdc DN Viet Nam, bdi nd vfla mang lai ldi ich cho DN, vfla mang lai ldi ich eho xa hoi, ddc biet Id ndng cao khd ndng canh tranh cfia DN, cfia dat nfldc vd hd trd dd lam tdt hdn phdp luat lao ddng tai Vidt Nam. Cdng vide ndy ddi vdi cdc DN Viet Nam mdi chi b a t ddu, song se la van de mang tinh lau ddi. Vi the, ngay tfl thdi didm nay Viet Nam can cd nhflng h d n h ddng dinh hfldng va tao dieu kien cho DN ldm tdt trdeh nhiem xd hdl cfia hg. Van de dat ra d ddy Id cdn phdi hidu dung vd thdng n h a t the ndo Id trach nhidm xd hdl cfia DN. Ddi vdi Viet Nam day la mot khdi niem khd mdi m6 va trdn thfle te ngfldi ta rdt de hidu lam khdi nl6m trdeh nhiem xd hdl theo mdt nghia h?p. Tfle Id DN cd nghia vu trdeh nhiem xd hdi nhfl Id mot hoat ddng tham gia gidl quydt cdc vdn d l xd hpi mang tinh nhdn d^o, tfl thien. Vi vdy, cdn phdi hidu trach nhidm xd hdl cfia cdc DN theo nghla rpng mang tinh todn didn. Dd la, trdeh nhi^m xa
DAU KHI QUtfC GIA V I E T NAM
hdl cfia DN dfldc hidu Id sfl cam ket cfia DN ddng gdp cho vide phdt tridn kinh te b e n vflng thdng qua nhflng viec ldm nang cao chat Ifldng ddi sdng cfia ngfldi lao ddng vd cdc thdnh vien trong gia dinh hp, cung nhfl sfl phdt tridn chung cfia xd hdi. Doi lai, DN nhdn dfldc thien cdm, sfl quan tam, tin tfldng cfia xd hdi, lam eho ten tudi cfia DN cdng ndi tieng hdn, qua dd DN cd the thu hut dfldc nhiing lao ddng gidi, tdm huyet vdi nghe. Ngfldi lao ddng cd trdeh nhiem cao hdn vdi DN, hieu qud sdn xuat vd chat iflgng sdn p h i m cfia DN se dfldc cdi thien ddng kd. Ndi cdeh khdc, trdeh nhidm xd hdi cfia DN khdng chi mang lai lgi ich cho ngfldi lao ddng hay mdi trfldng
chung ma ngfldc lai cdn giup cho DN de dflgc xd hdi biet den, ndng cao thfldng hieu vd hidu qud sdn xuat kinh doanh cfia DN. Ddi vdi bat ky xd hdi ndo ciing vay, cdc DN mudn phdt tridn ben vflng thi ludn phdi tuan theo nhflng chuan mfle v6 bdo ve mdi trfldng, binh dang gidi, an toan lao ddng, ddo tao va phdt tridn nhdn vidn, phdt tridn cdng dong... vd trdeh nhidm xd hdi cfia hg thdng qua viec dp dung cdc bd quy tdc flhg xfl, tieng Anh Id (Code of Conduct ggi tdt Id CoC) vd cdc tieu ehuan nhfl SA8000, ISO 14000. Cdc bd quy tdc flhg xfl ndy bdt ddu xuat hidn tfl nhflng nam 1990. Bd ddu tidn do Levi Straus xdy dflng ndm
1991. Hien nay flde tinh cd khodng hdn 1.000 Bd
Sfi 26/2011 15
NGHltN cau-TRAO Dtfl
quy tac flng xfl do cdc Cty da qudc gia xay dtfng, trong dd cd SA 8000 do td chflc qudc te ve Trach nhiem xd hdl cfia My xdy dflng. Ndi dung cfia cdc Bd Quy tac flng xfl ddu tidn r a t khac nhau, nhflng ngdy nay cdc Bd Quy tac nay chu yeu t a p trung vao cdc tidu chuan cfia ILO, chang h a n SA8000 cd cdc quy dinh ve Trdeh nhiem xd hdi nhfl sau: 1. Lao ddng ddi vdi trd em;
2. Lao ddng cfldng bflc; 3. An todn vd ve sinh lao ddng; 4. Tfl do hiep hdi vd quyen thod flde lao ddng tap thd; 5. Phan biet ddi xfl;
6. Xfl phat; 7. Gid lam viec; 8.
Trd cdng ngfldi lao ddng; 9. He thdng quan ly. Didu quan trgng la y thfle ve trach nhiem xd hdi phdi Id klm chi n a m trong hoat ddng kinh doanh cfia tflng DN trong mgi linh vflc, b a t kd hg tudn theo bd quy tac flng xfl nao hay nghia vu trdeh nhiem xa hdl theo cdc quy tac dao dfle ma hg cho la phu hdp vdi ydu edu cfia xd hdi va dfldc xd hdi chap nhdn.
Hien nay, mdt trong nhflng cdu hdi thfldng thay tfl nhflng cd n h d n va td chflc dang phdi ddi m a t vdi van dd trdeh nhiem xa hdi la: Tai sao n h a t thiet phdi cd nghia vu trdeh nhiem xa hdi? Ldi ich cfia vide ldm tdt trdeh nhidm nay dfldc thd hien rd rdng, dd la:
Xdy dtfng danh tieng va gid tri thfldng hieu;
Tang cfldng cam ket cfia ngfldi lao ddng ddi vdi DN;
Cdi thien ndng lfle tai chinh qua viec tiet kiem chl phi hoat ddng cfia DN;
Tang ndng suat, dao dfle vd sfl tan tuy cfia ngfldi cdng nhan;
Tdng khd nang thu hut ngudn lao ddng cd chat Ifldng cao;
Thiet lap dflgc mdi quan he
tdt vdi Chinh phfi vd cdng dong;
La cdng cu dd hdi nhdp tdt vdi the gidl.
Vi the, trong bdi cdnh hlen nay, cac DN cdn phdi quan t a m nhidu tdi trdeh nhiem xd hdi cfia hg vi ngfldi tidu dung, nhd ddu tfl, nhd hoach dinh chinh sdeh.
Nhflng DN ndo dd khdng cd nghia vu trdeh nhiem xa hdi se gap rat nhieu khd khdn, rdo cdn trong mgi hoat ddng cfia hg. Hidu theo nghia rdng ngdy nay trdeh nhiem xd hdi cfia DN bao gdm nhidu khia canh hdn. Nhieu nghidn cflu da clu ra rang, mdt DN hien dai chi dfldc xem la cd trdeh nhiem xa hgi khi: Ddm bdo hoat ddng cfia hg khdng gdy r a nhflng tdc hai ddi vdi mdi trfldng sinh thdi;
ve vat chat vd tinh than; phdi tdn trgng quyen binh dang nam nfl, khdng dfldc p h a n biet ddi xfl ve mat gidi tinh trong tuydn dung lao ddng vd trd Ifldng; khdng dfldc phdn biet ddi xfl, tfl chdi hode trd Ifldng t h a p gifla ngfldi binh thfldng va ngfldi bl khiem khuyet vd m a t cd thd hoac qud khfl cfia hg; phdi cung cap nhflng sdn p h a m cd chat Ifldng tdt, khdng gay tdn hai den sfle khod ngfldi tidu dung; ddnh mdt phdn lgi nhuan cfia DN de ddng gdp cho cdc hoat ddng trd giup edng ddng.
n . Trdeh nhif m xa h$i cua DN Viet Nam
Ddi vdi Viet Nam, trdeh nhidm xd hdi cfia cdc DN dang trd thdnh mdt ndi dung rat quan trgng, neu ldm tdt sd dem lai cho ede DN nhflng ldi ich vd cd hdi nhfl: Khd ndng gia tang cdc hdp dong mdi vd hdp dong gia h a n tfl cdc Cty ddt hdng nfldc ngodi; nang suat lao ddng cfia cdc DN se tang. Khi ldi the ve gid nhdn cdng rd hay ngudn tdi nguydn phong phu
khdng cdn la cua rieng Viet Nam, thi viec lam nghia vu trach nhiem xa hgi dac biet co y nghia ddi vdi cac DN nay vi no chinh la mot cong cu ddc life giiip cho cac DN noi dia chiem dfldc nhieu flu the hdn so vdi ddi thu canh tranh trong khu vflc.
Do chfla tha'y dfldc vai tro quan trong cung nhfl ldi ich tii viec lam trach nhiem xa hoi dem lai, nen nhidu DN Viet Nam da khdng lam trdn trach nhiem ciia ho ddi vdi xa hol, nhfl xam pham quydn va ldi ich hdp phap cua ngfldi lao dong, ngfldi tieu dimg, gay d nhidm mdi trfldng... nhif trong van de lam phdt: Khi lam phdt tang cao ldm chl phi dau vdo tdng manh, cdc DN thtfdng cd xu hfldng tdng gid cac mat hang dd bdo todn ldi nhudn. Viec nay lai khien cho lam phat trd n d n tram trgng hdn va cang khien cdc DN gap nhidu kho khdn trong hoat ddng sdn xudt kinh docinh. Thflc te, nhieu DN da lfla chgn gidi phdp chia s^
gdnh n a n g vdi ngfldi tidu dung.
Tuy nhien vdn cd nhieu DN co tinh tdng gid hdng hod, dich vu, dau cd n h a m true ldi trong bdi cdnh n e n kinh te dang bi lam phdt. Nhui 1^1 thdi didm thang 11/2008, tdc do gia tang lam phdt dd vd dang chdm lai, th^
nhtfng b a t chap phdn flng cfla ngfldi tidu dung vd yeu cau cfla Chinh phfi, gid cdc mat hang, dich vu thidt ydu ddi vdi ddi s6ng ddn sinh vdn khdng thay del, thdm chi lai cdn tdng cao hdn.
Ngodi ra, nhieu DN, hd kinh doanh dd ldi dung cdc s\f kl6n bdo, lut, ngdp ung... de tang gia.
hode khdng chiu gidm gid.
Trong van dd gdy d nhi§m ni6*
trfldng: Dd DN cd thd canh tranh
6 1 TMOOHGMfl Sfi 26/2011
I NGflltNClll-TIUUIIlll
trong ndn kinh te toan cdu, cac DN phai dam bao hoat dong ciia hp khdng gay ra nhflng tac hai ddi vdi mdi trfldng sinh thai, tfle la phai the hien sfl than thien vdi mdi trfldng trong qud trinh sdn xuat. Viec cdc DN gay d nhidm mdi trfldng dang trd n e n nhfle nhdi vd gay bdt binh trong xd hdi, nhfl vu Cty Vedan Viet Nam xd nfldc thdi ehfla qua xfl ly ra sdng Thi Vdi, eung cdc hdnh ddng gdy d nhiem mdi trfldng cd he thdng cfia nhieu Cty khdc dd chung tay "gidt chet" sdng Hong nhfl Cty Mlwon Viet Nam, Nhd mdy nhudm Pangrim, Nhd mdy Giay Viet Tri, Nhd mdy Hod chat Viet Tri, Nhd may Bia rfldu Viger... cde Cty ndy se bi xfl phat rat ndng theo phdp ludt bang nhieu hinh thflc khdc nhau, khdng it sdn pham cfia hg da bi ngfldi tidu dung tay chay. Nhfl vdy, viec sdn xuat kinh doanh cfia cdc DN ndy id khdng cd dao dfle, id hdnh xfl khdng cd trdeh nhidm vdi mdi trudng, vdi ngfldi lao ddng vd ngay cd vdi xd hdl dang nudi dfldng hg.
Nghia vy trach nhiem xd hdl cfia cdc DN Vi?t Nam Id sfl cdn
thiet khach quan trong qua trinh hoi nhap vdi the gidi. Tuy nhien, tren thflc te nhi6u khi sfl nhan thflc va van dung lai khac nhau.
Bdi vay, de cac DN Viet Nam ldm tdt nghia vu trdeh nhiem xd hgi cfia hg thi vide cdn thiet Id phdi cd n h a n thflc dung ddn vd quan tdm tdi cdc van de cd bdn sau day:
Mpt la, cdn khang dinh rang cdc bd quy tdc flng xfl khdng the thay the va dflng trdn ludt Nha nfldc. Phdn ldn cdc ndi dung cfia bd quy tdc flng xfl dfla trdn cdc cdng flde la thdng Id qudc te va luat Nhd nfldc. Do vay, vide van dung cdc bd quy tdc flng xfl 6 bat cfl nfldc ndo cung phdi phu hdp va hd trd cho ludt nfldc dd, van de quan trgng la dfla ra cdeh thflc qudn ly, theo ddi, kidm tra va ddnh gid vide tridn khai nhflng quy dinh ndy.
Hai id, vide dung cde bd quy tdc flng xfl Id hodn todn tfl nguydn, khdng mang tinh bdt budc, Khi cd mdt DN b a n hdng nfldc ngoai quy dinh viec dung bd quy tdc iing xfl ndo dd Id bdt huge dd cd thd ky hdp dong thfldng
mai thi dd Id quan he gifla hai DN vdi nhau chfl khdng phdi la sfl bdt budc tfl phia Chinh phu nfldc s6 tai ciing nhfl Chinh phu nfldc ban hdng.
Ba la, trach nhiem xd hdi cfia DN dfldc quy dinh trong cdc bd quy tdc flng xfl dfldc hidu la trdeh nhiem cua DN ddi vdi todn xd hdi thdng qua sdn pham cfia hp.
Bon Id, vide tien hdnh cdc qty dinh thd hien trdeh nhiem xd hdi trong cdc bd quy tdc flng xfl la mdt khodn chi phi mang tinh ddu tfl cua DN, dflgc tien hdnh tnfdc vd trong khi lam ra sdn pham, chfl khdng phai la mdt ddng gdp cfia DN manh tinh chat nhan dao tfl thien.
Nam la, neu trdeh nhiem xa hdi cfia DN vd bd quy tac flng xfl dfldc hidu vd trien khai dung, phu hdp vdi luat Nhd nfldc thi nghia vu trach nhiem xd hgi chinh Id mdt vide ldm md cdc bdn deu cd ldi: Dd Id uy tin vd tinh canh tranh cfia DN dflgc tang len;
quyen ldi vd n h a n pham cfia ngfldi lao ddng dfldc ddm bdo tdt hdn; ludt phdp cfia Nhd nfldc cung vi the dfldc de cao, tinh canh tranh cua cd n e n kinh te cung cao hdn, mdi trfldng ddu tfl tdt hdn.
Nghia vu trdeh nhiem xd hdi cua DN Viet Nam Id mdt cdng viec khdng the thieu trong qud trinh hdi nhdp qudc te, trdeh nhidm dd vfla dem lai ldi ich cho DN, vfla ldi ich cho xd hdi, ddc biet Id nang cao khd ndng canh tranh cfia DN, cfia Nhd nfldc va hd trg tdt hdn cho Ludt Lao ddng tai Viet Nam, dd cung chinh la ndi dung rat quan trgng dd xdy dflng vdn hod DN trong ndn kinh td hdi nhdp vdi the gidi.
(Xem tiep trang 11) nniNBIIfl Sfi 26/2011 17
Hinh 1: M6 phdng m6 hinh ly thuyet chuin v§ thiTtfng m^i qutfc tg'
Th^p
Vai
Nguon: D. Salvatore, International Economics va tong hap cua tac gia sang qudc gia 1 vdi sd Ifldng do
bdng doan AD vd ddy cung chinh Id Ifldng thep NK cfia qudc gia 1 do bang doan MT. Hal tam
gide vudng thfldng mai ADC vd MTR bang nhau vi trong mdt the gidi da dfldc ddn gidn hod chi cd 2 qudc gia thi XK cfia qudc gia
^ NGHItN cau-TRAO OOl
ndy sd bang NK cfia qudc gia cdn lai vd ngfldc lai. Qud trinh tiao ddi gifla cdc qudc gia se ldm cho dfldng bdng quan cfia cdc qudc gia thfldc do phuc ldi qudc gia, dich chuydn ldn phia tien nghia Id thfldng mai mang lai phuc ldi ddi vdi cdc qudc gia. Dd Id nhiing van dd dfldc ly thuyet chuan vd thfldng mai qudc te gidi thich vd ly thuydt ndy dfldc coi la chuan tac hdn so vdi cdc trfldng phdi khdc chi chu trgng hoac Id khia canh cung va khia eanh cdu.
Tfl cdc quan niem vd cdeh tiep can tren day, cd thd thay ly thuyet chuan ve thfldng mai qudc td the hien sfl hodn thien cao hdn so vdi cdc ly thuyet khdc trong viec gidi thich nguyen n h a n vd bdn chat cfia thfldng mai qudc te.
(Cdn nda)
NHAN THUfC...
•
(Ti^p theo trang 7)
Dd dinb hfldng vd tao thuan lgi cho DN ldm tdt tideh nhiem xa hdl cfia hg, chung tdi m a n h dan dd xuat mdt sd gidl phdp quan tigng dfldi ddy:
Thfi nhift, cdn phd cap thdng tin, tuydn truydn den mgi ngfldi ddn tiong xd hdl dd mgi ngfldi hidu dung bdn chat cfia van dd
"tideh nhiem xd hdl" vd cdc bd quy tdc flng xfl, nhat la tiong cdc DN, cdc nhd qudn ly, hoach dinh chinh sdeh vi md.
Thtt hai, can cd cdc nghidn cflu cd bdn, khdo sdt thflc te tai cdc DN dd vd se dung bd quy tdc ling xfl, dd thdy dfldc nhitng
thudn lgi cung nhfl nhflng rdo cdn, khd khan, thdeh thflc, tfl dd khuyen nghi cdc gidi phdp xuc tien cd hieu qud tiong thdi gian tdi. Cd thd thay, tiong qud trinh ldm nghla vu tideh nhiem xd hdl va dung cdc bd quy tdc iing xfl, cdc DN phdi chl phi khd ldn cho ddu tfl dd cdi thien cdc dieu Men ve sinh lao ddng vd mdi trfldng.
Trong didu kien canh tranh, nhidu DN khdng thd trang tidi ndi nhiing khodn chi nay, bdi vdy cd thd Nhd nfldc phdi ho tid cho vay tfl quy hd tig phdt tridn, quy xuc tien thfldng mai vdi mdt chinh sach flu dai ndo dd.
Thtf ba, hinh thdnh kdnh thdng tin vd tideh nhidm xd hdi cho cdc DN, nhdt Id cung cap cdc thdng tin mdi nhat ve cdc bd quy tdc flng xfl: tfl van cho cdc DN
tiong qud trinh ldm nghia vu tideh nhiem xd hdl vd cdc bd quy tdc flng xfl.
ThiJf tvC, ddy Id van dd rat ldu ddi, tuy ddi tfldng DN ldm nghia vu tideh nhiem xd hdl hlen nay mdi chfi yeu Id cdc DN cd hdng XK sang cdc nfldc b a n hdng nhfl Nhdt Bdn, EU, My... Song tiong nhflng nam tdi, cdc DN cung cap cdc hang hod tidu dung trong nfldc cung cdn thiet phdi ldm nghia vu trdeh nhiem xd hdl.
Bdi vdy, mgi ngfldi cdn phdi bdt tay ngay vdo nghidn cflu, xay dflng ke hoach ddi b a n cd tinh chien Ifldc vd Id trinh tflng bflde ldm nghia vu trdeh nhiem xd hdi cfia cdc DN Viet Nam tiong
15 vd 20 ndm tdi phu hgp vdi phdt tridn ndn kinh te vd qud trinh hdi nhdp •
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