TAP CHi KHOA HOC VA C O N G N G H E - S O 5 • TRU'ONG DAI HOC PHAM V A N B O N G
CO CAU GIA DIEN TRONG THI TRlTOfNG DIEN CANH TRANH
Nguyen Thiiy Linh
Gid dien Id mpt nhdn to quan trpng trong thi tru&ng diin cgnh tranh, dnh hu&ng true tiip din quyin loi cua cdc bin tham gia thi tru&ng tic ngu&i bdn cho din ngu&i mua.
Toi da nghien cuu, phdn tich ca cdu gid diin Viet Nam hiin nay vd gi&i thiiu phuang phdp tinh gid diin, dgc biet la tinh todn gid phdt dien ciia nhd mdy nhiet diin. Trin ca so do, tdi phdn tich cdc yiu td dnh hu&ng din gid thdnh sdn xudt diin. Di minh hpa cho phuong phdp tinh, tdi da dp dung tinh todn gid diin cho Nhd mdy nhiet diin Na Duang.
Tie do phdn tich dp nhgy cua nhiing nhdn td khde nhau nhu vdn ddu tie, chi phi nhien liiu, chi phi O&M lin kit qud tinh todn cho cdc loai ngudn diin khac nhau. cdc thdnh phdn gid truyin tdi vd phdn phdi dien lin ca cdu chung cua gid dien trong diiu kiin thi tncang dien cgnh tranh.
Tic khoa: Gid phdt diin. Thi tru&ng dien cgnh tranh. Dp nhgy.
1. DAT VAN DE
Gia cd Id nfli dung vd cung la trd ngai Idn nhdt trong qud trinh dam phdn cae hgp ddng mua, ban dien gida EVN va ede nhd eung cap. Nha dau tu ndo eung mudn dat dugc mdc gid dii bu dap chi phi va cfl Idi, nhung EVN lai khdng the chap nhdn vi nd thudng cao ban gid dien ma EVN dang eung cap cho khdch hdng eua minh. Theo Bd Cong Thuang, ca che gid dien hign hdnh ehua cho phep dieu chinh gia dien linh boat theo bien ddng eua thi trudng cung Id mdt nguyen nhdn Iam cdn d d viec thu hut ddu tu vdo nganh dien tai Viet Nam. Do dd, Chinh phu dd vd dang xdy dyng 16 trinh dp dung gid dien theo thj trudng. Cdc doanh nghigp se phdi thich ung voi gid dien khi tdng, khi giam phu thuge vdo yiu tfl dau vdo nhu (than, nude, ddu, khi...) dg tinh todn mgi hoat dgng, kinh doanh cua doanh nghigp. Tinh gia dien Id bai todn cue ky phuc tap, phai tinh toan dd tdt cd chi phi cda eac khau: phdt dien, truyin tdi, phan phfli vd ban Ig dien.
dieu hanh, quan Iy ngdnh va dich vu phu trg, (ea cdu gid dien d Viet Nam hien nay bao gflm: 70% gid dien ndm d khdu sdn xudt, 8% gia d khdu truyin tai, 20% d khdu phdn phfli, 2% d eac chi phi khac).
Vdi CO cdu gia dien cua Viet Nam hien nay, gid ddu vdo - gid phat dien - chiem tdi 70% gia dien thanh phdm thi mflt thay dfli nhfl ciia chi phi dau vdo cung sg keo theo tdng gid ddu ra. Do do viec nghign cuu cdc phuong phap tinh gia dien ddc bigt Id gid phat dien dl td dfl phan tich do nhay cua eac nhan tfl khde nhau len gia dign Id rat thiet thuc trong nen kinh tg thi trudng hien nay.
Ngi dung nghign cdu cua chung tfli gidi han trong pham vi cac vdn dg lien quan den phuang phap xde dinh gia phdt dien, phi truyin tai, gid phan phfli vd dp dung tinh toan gid phat dien eho mdt nhd may dien (tai Viet Nam), phan tich do nhay eua eac yeu td Ign gid phat dien. Ddi tugng nghien cdu cua bdi bdo Id cac phuang phdp tinh gid dien d cac khdu, cdc
TAP CHi KHOA HOC VA C O N G N G H E - SO 5 - TRU'ONG DAI HOC PHAM V A N D 6 N G
sfl lieu ddu vao cua nha may dien tinh minh hga.
2. NOI DUNG NGHIEN CUtJ 2.1. Hien trang cu chi gia dien Vi6t Nam
Hdng nam. Cue Dieu tiet Dign lyc se xay dung phuang an gia dien co sd dam bao tinh todn thu hdi von cho timg khau.
Dae bigt, co chg thay ddi gid dien khdng theo nam nhu hien nay ma se duge thay dfli theo tdng quy, theo bien dflng gia thanh ddu vdo. Tuy nhien, de ban chg dieu chinh gid dign lign tuc. Cue Dieu tlgt Dign luc eung dua ra de xudt, khi ty Ig chgnh lech gid dudi mgt mdc quy dinh thi sg khflng tiin hanh thay dfli gid dign hang qa^. Neu ddu vdo tang den mdc nhdt dinh se thay ddi gid bdn dien. Khi vdn hdnh thj trudng thi gid dien thay dfli timg gid, tung ngdy, cdn gid truyen tdi vd phdn phfli thi tuy theo each thuc dieu tiet thay doi mgt nam hoac vai ba nam mgt lan. Day la mgt van dg khflng he dan gidn can phdi giai quyet khi thi trudng dien canh tranh ra ddi vd chinh thuc van hanh. Tuy vdy, d l dam bdo sy dn dinh cho ngudi ddn, rieng gid dien sinh hoat se dp dung gia thdng nhat trgn todn qudc do Nha nudc quy dinh.
Theo dfl, viec dieu chinh gid bdn dien theo CO che thi trudng se tudn theo quygt dinh sfl 24/20 U/QD-TTg.
2.2. Cac nguyen tdc co* ban khi djnh gia
Theo Ngan hang Thi Gidi viec xdy dung bieu gid dien can phdi dam bdo cac nguygn tdc sau: phdn bfl hieu qua cdc nguon lyc kinh te quoe gia khdng chi gida cac khu vuc cua nin kinh t l ma edn trong ngi bg ngdnh dien; cdng bdng va binh dang; gia dign can dam bdo ngdnh dign cd
dugc doanh thu hgp li d l dap dng cdc ygu cdu tai chfnh; ca cdu gid phdi don gidn, tien do dim vd thu tiin dign; dap ung eac yeu cdu v l chinh tri xa hfli; gia dien can dugc tdch thanh cdc thdnh phdn phat dien, truyen tdi vd phan phfli nhdm ndng cao hieu qua, tinh tin edy va minh bach.Gid dien gop chung eac khdu khong thg hign dugc chi phi cua timg khau trong hoat dgng phat dign - truyin tai - phdn phfli.
Mgt trong nhdng nhdn td chu chot cda tien trinh cai cdch la nhdm dam bdo rdng nganh dien dugc tach thanh cac dan vi dgc l^p gdn vdi chuc nang timg dan vi.
Dieu dfl cd nghta Id gid dign cung can phai dugc tdch theo tdng ehde nang phdt dien, truyen tai, phdn phdi vd nhu vdy cdc don vi se tinh cac gid rieng biet eho ede hoat ddng ma dan vi thyc hien hoac djch vu ma don vj eung cdp mflt each minh bach.
23. Phuong phap xac dinh gia phat di^n [1]
Dfli vdi nha may nhiet dien: Khung gia phat dien dugc xay dyng cho phan cdng nghe eua Nhd mdy dien chudn. Gid phdt dien cdng nghe toan phdn cda Nhd may dign chudn tai ndm dp dung khung gid bdng tdng gid cd dinh binh qudn cfl chiet khau cua phan cdng ngh6 chuan vd gia biin ddi eda Nhd may dien chudn tai nam tinh gia.
2.3.1. Gid trdn cflng ngh6 toan phan cua Nha may dien chudn duge xdc dinh theo cflng thdc sau:
gCN = FCcN + VCcN (1) Trong do: FCCN la gia cd dinh cdng n g h | binh qudn cda Nhd may dign chudn (ddng/kWh); VCCN Id gid biin dfli cflng
TAP CHi KHOA HOC VA C O N G N G H E - S O 5 - TRU'ONG PAI HOC PHAM V A N D O N G nghe ciia nam dp dung khung gia cua Nhd
may dien chudn (dflng/kWh).
2.3.2. Gid cfl dinh cdng nghg binh quan cda Nha mdy dign chudn dugc xdc djnh theo cdng thuc sau:
C -\-C
rc
*-VDT,CN ^ '-'FC TM = P j X T ^ (2) Trong dd: FCCN Id gid cd dinh cflng nghe binh qudn (ddng/kWh); CVDT.CN Id chi phf vfln ddu tu xay dung Nhd may dign chudn (chua bao gom thug gid tri gia tdng) dugc quy ddi dlu hang nam (ddng); CpoMld chi phi van hanh bao dudng cd dinh cda Nhd may dien chuan dugc xdc dinh theo ty le% trgn tdng chi phf xdy ldp va thilt bi eda Nha may dien chuin (ddng); Ptla tflng cflng sudt tinh duge tfnh binh quan cho cd ddi sdng kinh tg cda Nha may dien chudn (kW);Tmax la thdi gian van hdnh cflng sudt cyc dai trong ndm tfnh binh qudn cho nhilu ndm trong todn bfl ddi sflng kinh t l cua Nha may dien chudn (gid).
a) Chi phf vfln ddu tu phan cdng nghe cda Nha may dien chuan dugc quy dfli dgu hdng ndm (CVDT.CN) theo cdng thdc sau:
(l+i)''xi
= ( S D T X P ) X
(l+i)"-l (3) Trong dd: SDT Id sudt dau tu cflng nghe cua Nha mdy dign chuan (dflng/kW);
Pt la tflng cflng sudt tinh dugc tinh binh qudn cho ea ddi sdng kinh tg eua Nhd may diSn chudn (kW); n Id ddi sflng kinh te ciia Nhd may dien chudn (ndm); i Id ty suat chiit khdu tai chinh cda Nha mdy dien chudn (%) Id chi phi sd dung vdn binh quan gia quyen trudc thue (WACC).
b) Chi phi van hanh bdo duflng cd dinh hang nam (CFOM) cda Nhd may
dign ehuan dugc xdc dinh theo cflng thuc sau:
CFOM = SDTxPixkxkpoM = kixSDTxP,(4) Trong do: k Id ty le ehi phi vfln xdy Idp vd thiet bj trong sudt dau tu cdng nghe eua Nha may dien chudn (%); kpoM Id he sd van hanh bdo dudng ed dinh (%7cua Nhd mdy dien chudn; ki= k.kpoM *
2.3.3. Gid bien ddi cflng nghe cua Nha mdy dien chudn cho ndm dp dung khung gid (VCCN) dugc xdc dinh theo cdng thdc sau:
VCcN = HRxpFx(I-Hf) (5) Trong do: VCCN la gid bien dfli cong ngh6 eda Nhd mdy dien chudn (dflng/kWh); HR la sudt tieu hao nhien lieu tinh d mdc ddy tdi dfli vdi nhiet dign than (kg/kWh) hoac sudt hao nhigt tinh d mde ddy tdi dfli vdi nhiet dien khi (BTU/kWh); f Id t^- Ig phdn tram tdng cac chi phi khdi ddng, chi phi nhign lieu - vat Heu phu va chi phi khac eho phdt dien so vdi chi phi nhien lieu chfnh; Pp Id gid nhien lieu chinh cho phdt dien cua ndm dp dung khung gid khdng bao gdm cude phi vdn ehuyln nhign lieu, dugc tinh bdng ddng/kg dfli vdi nhign lieu than hoac dflng/BTU dfli vdi nhign lieu khf.
2.4. Phuong phap xac dinh phi truyen tai [2]
Trgn ca sd xac dinh doanh thu yeu cdu eua cdng ty truygn tdi dien, viec phdn bd cho khdch hdng su dung ludi dien theo cdc cdch khde nhau ggi Id phi sd dung ludi truyin tdi ( ggi tdt la phi truyen tdi). Co hai phucmg phap chinh hien dang dugc sd dung rflng rdi d nhigu nudc de tinh phi truyen tai:
TAP CHl KHOA HOC VA CONS NGHE - S 6 5 - T R L T O N G BAI HOC PHAM VAN B O N G
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Lai suat vay v6n ngoai tS ho5c TDXK(%) Vay TMTN(%)
WACC(%) Ti le von CP/vay(%) Thai gian tra no (nam) SuSt tieu hao nhien lieu tinh HR (kg/kWh) Ti le p h ^ tram t6ng cac chi phi Icho'i dong f (%)
0 5,4 6,09 15/85
10 0,73
5%
+ Chi phi vdn ddu tu phan cdng nghe ciia nhd mdy nhiet dien dugc qui ddi dlu bdng ndm CVDT.CN (ddng) theo cdng thde (3): CVDT.CN = 2,00225.10"( ddng).
Tinh theo ti gia nam 2014: thue suat thu nhap doanh nghiep t(%) ^ 22%; ti gid hdi dodi (ddng/$) nam 2014 bdng 21080 (dflng)
+ Chi phi van hdnh bao dudng cd dinh hang ndm cua nhd mdy nhigt dien Cfom (dflng) theo cflng thdc (4); CFOM = 50503464000 (ddng). Vdi ki dugc tinh theo (*), trong dfl kpoM dugc tinh theo [4], k dugc tinh theo [5].
+ Gid efl dinh cdng nghe binh qudn ciia nhd mdy FCCN (dflng/kWh) dugc tinh theo cdng thdc (2): FCCN 385,74 (ddng/kWh)
+ Gia bign dfli cdng nghg cua ndm dp dung khung gid cua nhd mdy VCCN (dflng/kWh) dugc tinh theo cdng thdc (1.5):VCcN = 310,71 (dflng/kWh)
+ Gid trdn cdng nghg todn phdn cua nha mdy dugc xde dinh theo cdng thdc (1) sau: gcN FCCN + VCCN = 385,74-F 310,71 = 696,45 (dflng/kWh)
Vdi muc bien dgng cua chi sd gia ed va dau tu, cd thi dua ra khung gid trdn theo phuang dn thay ddi dfl nhay. Phdn tich do nhay dugc tiin hdnh dfli vdi phdn tich tdi chinh dy dn nhdm ddnh gid cdc trudng hgp nil ro ddi vdi Nhd ddu tu xay ra sau khi thuc hign du dn. Phan tich do nhay dugc tinh todn cho cdc phuang an sau [5]:
1: Vdn ddu tu tang 10%.
2: Chi phi O&M tdng 10%.
3: Chi phi nhien lieu tang 10%.
Bdng 1. Kit qud tinh todn khung gid phdt dien cho nhd mdy nhiet diin than Na Duong theo 3 phuang dn tren
Loai nha may (cong suit,
MW) Nhi$t dien
than (100 MW)
Phuong an tang chi phi O&M (d6ng/kWh) gCN
704,22
FCo,
393,51
VCcN
310,71
Phuong dn tang von dau tu (dong/kWh) gCN
735,02
FCCN
424,31
VCo,
310,71
Phuong an tang chi phi nhign lieu (d6ng/kWh) gCN
727,52
FCCN
385,74
VCcN
341,79
TAP CHi KHOA HOC VA C O N G NGHE - SO 5 - TRU'ONG BAt HOC PHAM V A N D O N G
Gid dien Id mgt yeu tfl dnh huflrng den sy phdt triin eda m§i qufle gia. Dt ddm bdo sy phat trign bgn vung eiia nin kinh te cdn phai xdy dyng mdt he thflng bieu gid dien hgp li thich ung vdi nhdng bien d^ng thudng xuygn ciia gid cd trong nudc vd the gidi, dac biet trong giai doan xdy dung va phdt triin thi trudng dign eanh tranh d nude ta hien nay. Tren ca sd do, tdi dd nghien edu vd phan tich mgt sd vdn de lien quan nham gop phdn xay dyng budc ddu mflt he thflng biiu gid phu hgp vdi digu kien ciia Vigt Nam song cung con rat nhigu vdn de lien quan cdn phdi tim hiiu va gidi quylt do do cdn cfl them nhdng cdng trinh nghign cdu sau ban v l gid dien Viet Nam trong dieu kien thi trudng dien canh tranh./.
Nhin chung, trong gia thdnh sdn xuat 3. KET LUAN dien cda cae loai nha mdy thdy rdng: cdc
ygu to chinh tao ngn ea cau gid thdnh sdn xudt dien nang la khdu bao tdi sdn cd dinh, chi phi nhien vat lieu, chi phi sda chda Idn, chi phi tra Idi vay ngdn vd dai ban, chi trd Iucmg va bdo hiem vd cdc khoan thul phdi nflp Trong dfl. tiiy theo tinh chdt, nhign ligu dh sdn xudt dien cda nhd may ma t} trgng eac thdnh phdn ehi phi thay doi khde nhau. Dfli vdi cac nhd may nhiet dien than, chi phi nhien lieu Id yiu td chii yiu chiem khodng 46-60% gid thanh sdn xuat. Ngoai ra, thdnh phdn chi phi khae nhu khau hao tdi sdn cd dinh cung chilm mgt ti trgng khd Idn khoang 20-30%, cdc Ioai chi phf cfln lai nhu tign luong, chi phi sda chda Ion chiem li trgng ddng kg khodng 10%, cdn Iai Id cdc ehi phi khac chiem ti trgng khflng ddng kg trong gid thdnh san xudt di^n ndng.
TAI L I | U THAM KHAO
[1] Bfl Cflng Thuong, thdng tu 41/2010/TT-BCT qui dinh phuang phdp xdc dinh gid phdt di$n, trinh tu, thu tiic xdy dung, ban hdnh khung gid phdt diin vd phi duyet hgp ddng mua bdn dien.
[2] Roberto D^ Addor'io, phuang phdp tinh phi truyin tdi dp dung cho Viet Nam -Bdo cdo ddnh gid du thdo ldn 2, Cue Diiu Tilt Dien Luc Vigt Nam,l 1/2007.
Bg Cdng Thuang, thdng tu sd 14/2010/TT-BCT qui dinh phuang phdp lap, trinh tu.
thu tuc xdy dung, ban hdnh vd qudn li gid truyen tdi diin.
[3] Thdi Minh Chdu, Nghien cuu md hinh thi tru&ng diin vd xdy dung lp ti-inh tiin t&i thi tru&ng bdn li dien cgnh tranh tgi Viet Nam, Ludn vdn thac sy, Trudng DH Bach khoa Hd NOi, 2010.
[4] Bd Xay Dyng, Quyit dinh sd 295/QD-BXD ngdy 22 thdng 03 ndm 2011 vi sudt vdn ddu tuxdy dung cdng trinh ndm 2010.
[5] Bg Cdng Thuang, Quyit dinh sd 2014/QD-BCT ngdy 13 thdng 6 ndm 2007 vi viic
"Ban hdnh Quy dinh tam thai noi dung tinh todn phdn tich kinh ti. tdi chinh ddu tu vd khung gid mua bdn diin cdc du dn ngudn dien ".
TAP CHl KHOA HOC VA C O N G N G H E - S O 5 - T R U O N G BAI HOC PHAM V A N P O N G
[6] Fran A.Wolak, Market design and price behavior in restructure electricity markets:
An intemational comparision. University of California Energy Institude, US, http://ucei.berkeley.edii/ucei, 1997.
[7] Energy Market Authority, Guidlines for Assessing Reasonableness in Pricing of Electricity Distribution Network Operations for 2005-2007, Hensinld Finland, 2004.
[8] Austi-alia National Electricity Market, Wholesale Market Operation, 2005.
[9] Ngan hdng phat ti-iln Chau A, Ho ti-g hy thugt TA 3763-VIE, 16 trinh cai cdch ngdnh dien Viet Nam. bdo cdo cudi cimg, ngay 31/05/2004.
[10] Bg Cflng Thuang, thong tie s6 05/2011/TT-BCT ngdy 25/02/2011 qui dinh vi gid bdn dien ndm 2011 vd hu&ng ddn thuc hien.
ELECTRICITY STRUCTURE IN THE COMPETITIVE ELECTRICITY MARKET
Nguyen Thuy Linh' ABSTRACT
Electricity tariff is an important factor in the competitive electricity market because it influences directly to the partner's rights, both those of sellers and consumers. I researched and analysed the curent structure of electricity tariffs in Vietnam as well as the introduced calculation method of electricity tariff, a specially calculated electricity tariff of the thermal power station. From that I analysed factors which impacted on electricity tariffs. To illustrate the methods of calculating, 1 calculated the electricity tariff of the Na Duong thermal power station. In doing so, I analysed different factors' sensitivities such as invested capital, fuel cost and maintenance cost when calculating tariffs of different kinds of electricity resources, transmission cost and distribution cost in the competitive market.
Key words: Generation electricity tariff, competitive electriciy market.sensitivity.
Khoa Ky thuat - Cflng nghe, Trudng Dai hgc Pham Van Ddng; Email:
Vinhlinhhtd_84 @ yahoo.com
