TAP CHf KHOA HOC XA HQI S62(174)-2013 KINH T£' HQC - XA HOI HOC
C O CAU PHAN T A N G X A HOI
d DONG NAM Bp TRONG TAWI NHIN SO SANH VOI
T H A N H P H O H O CHi MINH VA TAY NAM BO
LE THANH SANG NGUYEN THI MINH CHAU T 6 M T A T
Co ciu xi hOi vung Nam BO dang trii qua qui trinh biin dii vi trd nin da dang dwdi tie dOng cua qui trinh dii mdi vi hOi nhip, ding thdi cd sw khic biOt giCra TPHCM - dO thi Idn nhit nwde vdi cic tinh Ddng Nam Bo cdn lai vi Tay Nam BO. Sw dung kit qui 3 cuOe diiu tra dai diOn cho 3 dia bin ndi tren (2010 vi 2008), bing cich do Iwong vi thi nghi nghi$p vdi 2 chiiu kich kinh ti vi hoc vin, bii viit cung cip mOt phin tich thwe trang vi cic ting Idp xi hOi nghi nghiep vdi cic khoang cich xa hOi khic nhau theo ndng thOn/dO thi va gidi tinh. Kit qui cho thay, ea ciu cic ting Idp xa hoi d TPHCM the hiOn rd cic die trwng cua mOt xi hOi dd thi, 6 Tiy Nam BO phin inh dam nit tinh chit cua mOt xa hOi nong nghiep, trong khi d cic tinh Ddng Nam BO cdn lai cho thiy mOt si chuyin dOng tir xi
Li Thanh Sang Phd GiSo sy tiln sT. Vi^n Phat triln Bin vyng viing Nam BO
Nguyin Th| Minh Chau. Thac st Trung tam Ty van Phat tnen Vi$n Phat tnen Ben viJng vCing Nam BO
Tran trpng cam on GS TS. Btii The Cydng, Chu nhiOm cac chyong trinh vi de tai nOi tr6n aa cho phSp chiing tOi sir dgng cSc kit qua dieu tra mlu nay.
hOi nOng nghiOp sang xi hOi cOng nghi$p.
1. GIO'I T H I $ U
Co d u phan t i n g xa hpi la mpt trpng nhirng chilu kich quan trpng d l nhan thirc dyoc trinh dp phat triln kinh tl-xa hpi, tao eo sd d l xay dyng cae chinh sach hydng den phat triln b i n vtrng. Dya tren co d u xa hoi n g h l nghiep eua dan ey, bai vilt phan tieh cac l i n g Idp xa hpi eua Dong Nam Bp"" (2010), so sanh vdi cac ting idp xa hpi tyong irng d TPHCM (2010) va d Tay Nam Bp (2008), vdi cac nguon lye kinh t l va hoe v l n khac nhau cua cae ting Idp nay theo lat d t khu vyc nong thIn/do thi va gidi tinh
Bai vilt sy dyng s i lipu khao sat cua d l tai
"Ca ciu xS hOi. van hda vi phuc loi xi hqi vung Bong Nam BO' (2010), de tai 'Co ciu xa hOi, lii sing vi phuc loi din cw TPHCM hiOn naf (2010) va d l tai "Co ciu xi hqi, vin hda vi phuc loi xa hOi vung Tiy Nam Bo" (2008) do Vipn Phat triln Ben vyng vung Nam Bo tien hanh Ting s i hp dypc khap sat tai 3 dia ban lan lyot la 1080, 1080 va 900 U'U diem eo ban la ca 3 cupc khao sat d i u dyyc chon m l u xac suit va cac biln s i dypc do lydng theo mpt each thing nhlt nen co tinh dai dien cao cho
L£ THANH SANG - NGUYEN THj MINH CHAU - CO CAU PHAN T A N G XA HQI..
eic dia b i n nghien cu'u va tu'ong thich vdi nhau khi so sanh. H^n che la cu$c dieu tra d Tay Nam Bp du'p'c khao s i t tru-dc 2 nam SP vdl Dong Nam Bp va TPHCM. Do sy khac bipt nay nen c i c s i lipu du-oc tinh toan rieng cho 3 d|a b i n nghien cu-u ma khong cpng d i n cho toin vung Nam Bp, tuy vpy sy thay doi theo thdi gian nay khong anh hu'dng ding k l khi so sinh eic ty Ip giu'a 3 dja ban nghien cu'u vdl nhau.
Cic ting Idp xa h^i du-p-e do lu-dng dya tren chu hp (Xem them: Bui T h I Cu'dng, Le Thanh Sang, 2010. ti. 35-47) va l l y Dong Nam BO lam dilm quy chieu d l so sanh vdi 2 dja b i n con Ipi De tuan thu cich tilp cpn ly thuyet co c l u phan tang x i hpi nghl nghipp, phan tich co c l u cac ting Idp xa hpi chi bao g l m nhu'ng ngu'di dang tham gia v i o thj tru'ong lao dong, khong tinh nhOng ngu'di npi tro, nghi hu-u va di hpc.
2. C a 86" LY T H U Y E T V A D O LU'dNG PHAN TANG XA HOI
Phin ting x i hoi (social stratification) du'oc dinh nghTa l i q u i trinh xa hpi, thong qua dd cac phan thirdng v i c i c nguon lye nhu' cua cai, quyIn lye, v i uy tin du'oc phin phli eo tinh hp thong v i bat binh dang ben trong hope giOa c i c xa hpi vdi nhau, Cung thong qua qua trinh xa hpi ma cac ca nhan vdi mpt s i tinh chat tu'ong dong n i o do du-oc nhom vao c i c phin loai nhu- giai cap. Mpt cich tong quiL phan tang xa hOi co t h i du'oc bilu hipn qua mpt trong ba dpng chinh l i phan ting theo hp thing ding d p , phin t i n g theo hp thong phong kiln, v i phan ting theo giai cap xa hpi. Hp thing dang cap l i c i c thu- bpc eu-ng nhie von da du-oc quylt dinh tu* luc eon ngu'di duoc sinh ra va khong cho
phep sy di dpng ti> ding elp nay sang ding d p khac. Hp thong phan ting phong kiln it cLPng nhlc hon hp thing ding d p v i cho phep mpt s i rIt gidi hpn tinh di dpng xa hpi. Trong khi do, hp thing giai d p xa hpi it nhan mpnh tinh chit du'p'c
"gin eho" v i chu trpng nhilu hon d i n nhOng y l u t l do ca nhin dpt du-oc nhu- giao dye. Do vay, nhu-ng tinh chit nay cho phep sy dl dpng x i h^i nhilu hon (Johnson, 1995, tr. 283).
Cac nghien CLPU pho bien nhlt v l phan tang xa hpi hipn nay la dpng thCr ba' phin ting theo giai d p xa hpi. Giai d p xa hpi (social class), mpt trong nhu-ng khai nipm quan trpng nhlt khi nghien ciru phin tang xa hpi, la su' phan bipt ve mpt xa hpi tpo ra tu' q u i trinh phan phli b i t binh dang c i c loi ich v i nguon lye nhu cua eai, quyIn lye, va uy tin. C i c n h i xa hpi hpc dmh nghTa giai d p xa hpi chu yeu dya tren co sd cua vipe phan chia tren dicoe x i c djnh nhu- the nio. Phin ting xa hoi tu- cich tiep cpn xa hpi hpc hipn dai du-oc sd dung mpt cich p h i biln nhlt l i phin tang dya tren vi t h i nghl nghipp (occupational status) (Xem them: Le Thanh Sang, 2010, tr, 31- 40). Dya tren ly thuylt giai d p xa hpi cua Marx va ly thuylt phan ting xa hpi cua Weber, cae nha nghien cdu thu'dng si>
dung w thi nghi nghiep nhu- la ehi b i o don tot nhlt hay it nhat l i k h i thi hen ca d l do lu-dng phin ting xa hpi (Blau &
Duncan, 1967; Runclman, 1968), Co hai each de xep hpng vi the nghe nghipp 1) phan loai theo eic ehi s i kinh tl-xa hpi cua nghe nghipp v i 2) phin logi theo su- dinh g i i eua cong ehung v l uy tin nghl nghiep (occupational prestige) (Haug, 1977) Vi v|
the nghe nghipp eo quan hp chat che vdi
L£ THANH SANG - NGUYEN TH| MINH C H A U - C O CAU P H A N T A N G X A HOI..
sy khac nhau v l mire hpc v l n va mO'c thu nhSp, cac n g h l nghiep dypc x i p hang dya tran eo sd ciia nhu'ng ySu c l u v l hpc v l n eiia n g h l nghiep va mire lyong dyoc tra tyong irng. NghiSn ciru nay sir dyng each do lydng mire dp phan t i n g thep thu nh^p va hpc v l n .
Dya vao H$ thing danh myc nghl nghilp Vlpt Nam, nhirng ngydi dypc phIng v l n dypc x I p vao 10 nhom n g h l nghiep phan theo vj t h i xa hpi sau day.
NhOm n g h l 1
2 3
4 5
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8
9 10
MO ta n g h l nghiOp Lanh dao Bang, chinh q u y I n , doan t h i , CO quan s y nghiOp tir cac d p c o s d trd I6n
Quan ly cac cOng ty vOi chirc danh fir tryong, phO phOng trd lOn.
Chii t y nhOn (chii yeu la cac c o s d san xuat t i l u thu cOng nghiep, t h y o n g mai, dich vy).
ChuyOn vi&n ky thu$t bOc trung, cao NOng dan cO nhieu ruOng dat la lao dOng co ky thuat trong nOng lam n g y nghiep va cO mire ruOng dat binh quan nhan k h I u hp tir 5 OOOm^ trd I6n.
NOng dan cO mire rupng dat trung btnh la lao dpng cO ky t h u j t trong nOng lam ngy nghiOp va cO mire ruOng d i t binh quan nhan khau hO tir 1 000-5-OOOm^
NOng dan it h o j c khOng cO d i t la lao dOng c6 ky thuat trong nOng lam n g y nghiOp va cO mire ruOng a l t binh quan nhan khau hO d y d i I.OOOm^.
COng nhan t h p thu cOng lanh n g h l gom nhtrng n g y d i la thp thu cOng c6 ky thuat va cac t h o ky thuOt va t h o c6 ky thuat l i p rap va van hanh may, t h i l t b|
Nhan viOn t h y o n g mgi dich vy.
Lao aong gian d o n gom nOng dan lam thuO d nOng thOn va lao dpng lam thuS.
3. P H A N T A N G X A HOI 0 € ) 6 N G N A M BO SO \/0\ T H A N H P H O H O CHl MINH
vA
TAY NAM BO3.1. Co d u cac t i n g Idp xa hoi C l s y khac bi$t r I t ro v l cae t i n g Idp xa h|i giu'a D i n g Nam B|, Tay Nam B | va TPHCM. N l u eo d u xa h l i n g h l nghipp d
BSng 1. Co c l u cac ting Idp xa hOi co ban a TPHCM, BOng Nam BO va Tay Nam BO
T i n g Idp
Quan \y nha n y d c ' ' Quan ly cOng ty Chii t y nhan ChuyOn viOn ky thuat Nhan viOn COng nhan-tho thu cOng NOng dan lOp trOn NOng dOn lOp giCra NOng dan lOp d y d i Lao dOng gian don Tong s6 (%) N (chii hO)
C o d u (%) '•' TPHCM
2,7 3,3 17,4 8,8 34,8 18,6
4,1 10,3 100,0 661
DOng Nam BO
2,5
3,0 3,7 11,3 12,4 10,5 20,9 17,6 18,1 100,0 874
Tay Nam BO
3,4
2,3 4,2 10,8 10,3 7,2 29,9 18,5 13,4 100,0 768 Do quy m6 mau nho nen mpt vai nhom co s6 lu-iyng it, can thgn trpng khi tham khao Chang hgn, chi c6 27 chu hO lam chan nuoi, trong trpt vcfi dl^n lieh dat binh quSn nhan khau hp du-ffi 1,000m^nen theo chuIn phSn loai chung dya tren qui mo dat nong nghiep dupe xep vao tang lo-p n6ng dSn lap du'6'i,
' Bao gom nhu-ng ngwtei lam cong tac Dang, chinh quy^n, do^n the, sp- nghiep,
Ngudn- Vipn Phit tnen bin v&ng vCing Nam Bp, Kit qui dilu tra TPHCM, €)6ng Nam Bp (2010) v i Tay Nam B6 (2008).
LE THANH SANG - N G U Y £ N TH| MINH CHAU - CO CAU PHAN T A N G XA HQI..
I TPHCM the hipn cac dgc tru-ng cua mpt xa hpi do thj, thi d Tay Nam Bp phan anh d i m net tinh chit cua mpt x i hOi n6ng nghipp, trong khi d 06ng Nam Bp co sy chuyin dpng d i n ti> xa hoi nong nghl$p sang xa.
hpi cong nghipp.
Co cau xa hoi nghl nghi$p d TPHCM t$p trung v i o eic ting Idp cua mot xa hpi do thj gan liln vdl q u i trinh d6 th| hoi: nhin vi^n (34%), cong nhan-tho thu c6ng (18,6%), chu tu" nhan (17,4%) va lao dpng gian don (10,3%.). Ty trpng ting Idp n6ng d i n d TPHCM rIt nhp v i n l u dya tren qui mo dat nong nghipp thi xIp vao nong dan Idp du'di, trong k\r\\ ting Idp nong dan trong mpt xa hpi thien ve nong nghipp nhu" Dong Nam Bp va Tay Nam Bp chilm ty trpng rIt Idn.
Co clu phin tang x i hpi it eo sy khie bipt giu-a Dong Nam Bp v i Tay Nam Bp, Diem khac bipt dang ke nhlt la ting Idp nong d i n Idp tren eua Dong Nam Bp co ty trpng cao hon dang ke so vdl T i y Nam Bp (Bang 1) do quy mo d i t nong nghipp binh quan lao dpng d Dong Nam Bp cao hon va vung nay dang hinh thanh nhieu trang trai cao su, c i phe, tieu, chan nuoi... hcfn so vdi trang trai Ida, nuoi trong thuy san d Tiy Nam Bp. Theo k i t qua tong hop sc bp cua cupc Tong dilu tra nong thon, nong nghipp va thuy s i n nam 2011, ea nu'dc eo 20.065 trang trai; trong do, Tay Nam Bp co 6.308 trang trai. chilm 31,4%.; Dong Nam Bp c6 5.389 trang trai, chlem 26,9%.. Tuy nhien, dipn tich dit nong, lam nghipp v i thuy s i n binh quan mot trang trai d vung Dong Nam Bp l i cap nhlt, vdl 10,9 ha so vdl Tay Nam Bp l i 7,3 ha.
Mpt dilm khic bipt nOa v l eo c l u xa hpi nghe nghipp d Dong Nam Bp v i Tay Nam
B0 la ty Ip lao dpng c6ng nhan-tho thu cong, lao dOng glan don d Dong Nam Bp cao hon d Tay Nam Bp (Bing 1). Dp l i dp sy ra ddi sdm va ngay cang phit triln cua hang lopt khu cong nghl$p, khu e h l xult va c i c djch vy dl k i m d Dong Nam BO da thyc sy thu hut dong dao lye luong lao dOng tCf nhieu noi khac nhau d i n day va lim cong nhan trong cae cong ty trong va ngoii nu-dc, lao dpng glan don vdi cae djch vy bo trp- d i p dng nhu c l u cua lu'c {U'ong cong nhan. Vdl vj tri dja ly' v i dieu kipn t y nhien thuan loi cung vdl hp thong eo sd vpt ehlt ky thupt cung nhu' eo sd ha ting kinh tl-xa hpi phit triln hen cae vung khac, Dong Nam Bp da phit huy the manh eua vung, phit triln thien v l cong nghipp.
Do do eo cau phin ting cua viing cung dan ehuyin tu- xa hpi nong nghiep sang xa hpi cong nghipp.
Khic vdi xa hpi do thj TPHCM va dmh hu'dng cong nghipp Dong Nam Bp, co c l u nghl nghiep Tay Nam Bp phan Idn t i p trung vao ting Idp nong d i n (ehilm 55,6%), the hipn ro net mpt xa hpi ehu y l u dya tren nong nghiep.
Sw khac biet glu-a khu vi/c nong thdn vi dd thj
Xet CO c l u xa hpi nghe nghipp theo khu vyc nong thon va do thj {Bang 2) cho thiy d TPHCM, hau hit c i c tang Idp chuyen vien ky thupt, quan ly cong ty tap trung d khu vyc do thi, tiep d i n la cac chu tu' nhan va nhan vien cung dong dao hon d do thj Trong khi do, ngoii nong dan, cic tang Idp cong nhan, tho thu cong v i lao dpng glan don CO ty trpng cao han d khu vu'c nong thon, Dieu niy cho thay sy khic bipt ro ret v l CO cau xa hpi giOa nong thon va do thi, Tuy nhien, du d nong thon hay do thi, co
l e THANH SANG - NGUYgN TH| MINH CHAU - CO CAU PHAN T A N G XA HQI..
c l u cae t i n g lop xa hpi d TPHCM d i u t h i hien SU' vu'ot troi v l trinh c5o phat triln kinh tl-xa h|i so vdi 2 viing c l n lai. D i l m khac bi§t n l i bjit nhlt la ngoai t i n g Idp q u i n ly cIng ty, t i n g Idp chii tU' nhan va t i n g Idp nhan vi§n d TPHCM cung rIt ding dao so vdi B l n g Nam B | va Tay Nam B | Sv khac bi$t nay phan anh trinh d l phat triln ciia n l n kinh t l do thj (du cdn d qui mo vira va nho) d TPHCM eae hon rIt nhilu so vdi 2 vung eon lai.
Giifa B l n g Nam Bo va Tay Nam B | eung CO SU' khac biet dang k l glda khu vu'c nIng then va thanh thi (Bang 2). Nhin Chung, tang Idp nong dan eua 2 viing d i u tap trung d khu vu'c nong thin; tuy nhien nong dan Idp gida d khu vu'c do th| Tay Nam Bo cao hon g i p doi so vdi khu vuc do thi d Dong Nam Bo (16,9% va'8,0%);
trong khi d l nIng dan Idp tren d Ding Nam BO eao hon va tap trung d khu vu'c nIng thdn (14,4% so vdi khu vyc thanh thi la 0,8%). D i l u nay cho t h i y d nhilu thi t r l n va thj xa nho, san xult nong nghiep v i n c l n kha p h i biln, mire dd ehuydn min hda ode nganh eing nghiep va dich vu eon thIp, chu'a t h i hien du'O'e tinh hien dai eua mpt xa hpi do thj. Co d u xa hoi nghl nghiep do vay v l eo ban v l n phan anh tinh U'U trpi cua eo d u xa hoi truyin thing.
Swphin ting xa hOi dwdi gdc dO gidi Du'di goc dp gidi, co d u eae tang Idp xa hpi cho thay mot mat the hien su' phan cdng theo gidi va mH khac la sy y l u t h i hon cua phu nu' so vdi nam gidi. Ty trpng phu nCr trong eae tang Idp quan ly nha nu'dc, quan ly cdng ty deu thIp hon nhilu so vdi nam gidi. Trong khi dd, ty trong phg Bang 2 Co cau cSc ting lOp xi hOi co ban d TPHCM, DOng Nam Bo va Tay Nam Bo phan theo nOng thOn/dO thi
Tang Idp
Quan ly nha nude Quan ly cOng ty Chii t u nhan ChuyOn viOn ky thuat Nhan viOn
Cong nhan-tho thu cOng NOng dan lOp trOn NOng dan Idp giCra NOng dan Idp du'di Lao dOng gian don Tong so (%) N
eothi TPHCM
2,6 4,0 20,0 11,0 36,5 16,6 0,0 0,0 0,8 8,6 100,0 501
OOng Nam BO
5,2
6,4 7,6 16,3 18,3 0,8 8,0 12,7 24,7 100,0 251
Tay Nam BO
4,9
4,2 11,3 17,6 18,3 2,1 16,9 14,1 10,6 100,0 142
NOng thOn TPHCM
3,1 1,3 9,4 1.9 29,4 25,0
14,4 15,6 100,0 160
OOng Nam BO
1.4
1.6 2,1 9,3 10,0 14,4 26,2 19,6 15,4 100,0 623
Tay Nam BO
3,0
1,9 2,6 9,3 8,6 8,3 32,9 19,5 14,1 100,0 626 Wgudf?. Vi0n Phat triln Bin vdng viing Nam BO, Kit qua dieu tra TPHCM, Dong Nam BO (2010) va Tay Nam Bp (2008).
LE THANH SANG - NGUYEN THI MINH CHAU - CO CAU PHAN T A N G X A H Q I . .
nij- trong cac tang Idp ehu tu- nhan, chuyen vien ky thugt va nhan vien cao hon nhilu so vdl nam gidi d ca 3 vung. D i e bipt d TPHCM thi s y chpnh Ipeh k h i Idn glOa nam v i ni> iam ehu tu- nhin, 20,7%) nu- va 13,5% nam. Trong khi dd d Tay Nam Bp v i Dong Nam Bp, ty Ip chenh Ipch giu'a nam va nu' gan nhu tuong du'O'ng nhau (Bing 3) Bao c i o khao s i t cua Phong Thu'ong mpi Cdng nghipp Vipt Nam cho rang, nhin chung d VIpt Nam. ty Ip doanh nghipp do nu* lam ehu khong cao; ni>
doanh nhin dang dilu hanh khoang 1/4 s i doanh nghipp dang hopt dong v i 1/3 so hp kinh doanh c i the
Kit qua c i c cupc khao s i t n i y khi tu'ong dong vdl kit qua khao sat mdc song d i n cy nim 2009: ty Ip lao dpng trpng tang Idp quan ly rIt thIp, trong do Ipl eo sy chenh Ipch giu'a nam v i m tu'ong li'ng la 1,3%o v i
0,4%; tuy nhien, ty Ip nu' lam cac cong vipe CO trinh dp tir trung elp trd len Igi cao hon nam (8,7% v i 7,3%)); ben cpnh do, s y phan cong theo gidi Ipi the hipn ro la phy nO thu'dng l i m trong ITnh vyc budn b i n , djch vy ca nhan nhilu ho'n g i n gIp doi so vdl nam (16,4%. va 8,7%)); ngu-oe Ipi trong ITnh vyc nong l i m thuy san thi ty 10 tham gia lao dpng eua nam lai cao han (Bang 4).
v l eo b i n , cac khuon m i u chinh v l sy khic bipt gidi trong co c l u phin ting xa hpi d TPHCM khong khic nhau ding ke so vdl Dong Nam Bp v i Tay Nam Bp. Xu hu'dng trong thdi glan tdi, nii' tham gia v i o vj tri quan ly, l i m chu tw nhin cao hen theo chiln lu'oc qule gia binh dang gidi giai doan 2011-2020 de ra nhlm giam khoang cich gidi trong ITnh vyc kinh t l , lao dpng v i vipe l i m , tang sy tham gia eua phy nij v i o cac vj tri lanh dgo, quan ly.
Bang 3 Cic tang Idp xa hoi ca ban a TPHCM, fiong Nam Bo va Tay Nam BP phin theo gidi tinh Tang Idp
Quan ly nha nude Quan ly cOng ty Chii t u nhan ChuyOn vien ky thuOt Nhan vien
COng nhan-tho thu cOng NOng dan Idp tren Nong dan Idp gida NOng dan Idp d u d i Lao dOng gian don Tong so (%) N
Nam TPHCM
4,0 6.3 13,5 7,3 30.7 22,8
5,3 11,2 100,0 303
BOng Nam BO
2,7
2,7 3,4 9,3 13,6 11.7 22,3 16,6 17,5 100,0 698
Tay Nam BO
3,2
2,1 3,5 7,6 10,8 7,8 32,6 19,4 12,9 100,0 628
Nu TPHCM
1,7 1,7 20,7 10,1 38,3 15,1
3,1 9,5 100,0 358
DOng Nam Bp
1,7
4,0 4.6 19,4 7,4 5,7 14,9 21,7 20,6 100.0 175
TOy Nam BO
4,3
3,6 7.1 25,0 7,9 4,3 17,9 14,3 15,7 100,0 140 Ngudn' Vipn Phat trien Bin vOng vung Nam Bp, Kit qua dilu tra TPHCM, Dong Nam Bp (2010) v i Tay Nam Bp (2008).
26 LE THANH SANG - N G U Y £ N TH| MINH CHAU - CO CAU P H A N T A N G X A HQI..
Bang 4 Cc clu phin ting xi hpi phin theo gidi tinh nim 2009 C o c l u n g h l nghiOp
c a n bo quan ly
Nhan viOn eO chuyOn mOn ky thuat cao Nhan ViOn cO ChuyOn mOn ky thuOt trung binh Nhan viOn cO ChuyOn mOn ky thuat t h I p Dich vu, buOn ban cO nhOn NOng, lam vO thuy sOn
T h o thu cOng va cac loai cOng nhan khac Sua cho-a vO d i l u k h i l n may Lao dOng gian don
Ting 0,9 4,4 3,6 1,3 12,4 18,5 11,6 7 40,3
Nam 1,3 4,3 3 1,3 8,7 20,2 16,1 8,2 36,8
NO 0,4 4,6 4,1 1,3 16,4 16,7 6,7 5,7
44,1 1 Nguin: Ting eye Thing k§. Ting dilu tra mdc sing hO gia dinh nam 2009.
Bang 5. Hpc vln ciia cac ting lOp xa hOi co ban d TPHCM, DOng Nam BO va Tay Nam BO T i n g Idp
Quan ly nha nude (*) Quan ly cOng ty Chij tu nhan ChuvOn ViOn kv thuOt Nhan viOn COng nhOn-tho thu cong NOng dan lop trOn NOnq dan lOp qiua NOnq dan lOp duOi Lao dOnq qian den Binh quan chung N(hO)
Muc hoc van (s6 nam hoc) TPHCM
14 15 9 15 9 8
10 6 10 661
Dfing Nam BO
10 10 14 9 8 7 5 6 6 7 874
TSy Nam BO
11 9 14 7 7 7 6 6 4 8 768
Chenh lOch so vOi lao dOnq qiSn dcrn (lanl TPHCM
2,3 2,5 1,5 2,5 1.5 1,3
1,7 1,0 1,7 661
DOng Nam BO
1,7 1,7 2.3 1,5 1,3 1,2 0.8 1,0 1.0 1,2 874
Tay Nam BO
2,8 2,3 3.5 1.8 1,8 1,8 1,5 1.5 1.0 2,0 768
ChOnh lOch so voi TPHCM (Ijn) TPHCM
1,0 1.0 1,0 1,0 1,0
1,0 1,0 1.0 661
D6ng Nam Bq
0,7 1,1 0,9 1,0 1,0
0,6 1.0 0.7 874
Tay Nam BO
0.8 1.0 0.9 0.8 0,9
0,6 0,7 0,8 768 Nguin: Vi#n Phat triln Ben vdng viing Nam BO, Kit qua dilu tra TPHCM DOnq Nam BO (2010) va Tay Nam Bp (2008)
Nhu c l u ehuyin hp kinh doanh ea the sang hoat dpng theo hinh thire cIng ty dang du'oc d l y manh se tao them si,r dong dao eua dpi ngu doanh nhan nd trong nhdng nam tdi.
3 2. cae nguin lye do liidng vj t h i xa hpi cua cac tang Idp xa hpi
Nguin lu'c kinh t l xa hpi ciia eae t i n g Idp xa h|i trong bai vilt nay ehi du'oc do lu'dng gidi han d 2 chi bao co ban la trinh do hpc v l n va thu nhap.
Hoc vin
Hien nay. ea nu'dc eo 84.8% so ngu'di dang lam vi§c chu'a qua ddo tao chuyen mon ky thuat va cd sg' chenh lech dang k l v l ty le lao dpng dang lam viec da qua dao tao giCra thanh thi va nong thon. gida cac viing kinh tl-xa hoi'^'; trong do the hien ro net giira 3 viing TPHCM. Dong Nam Bp va Tay Nam Bo.
K i t qua khao sat d TPHCM, Dong Nam Bp va Tay Nam Bo d Bang 5 eho thiy; Mdc
LE THANH SANG - N G U Y £ N THj MINH CHAU - C a CAU PHAN T A N G X A HQI..
hpc van trung binh cua cae tang Idp x i hOI d TPHCM la Idp 10, cao hon \iy 2-3 Idp so vdi D6ng Nam B | v i T i y Nam B|.
Ting Idp q u i n \'^ e6ng ty, chuyen vi6n ky thupt va quan ly n h i nydc c6 trinh dp hpc v l n cao nhlt (cap ding, dpi hpc). C i c t i n g Idp nhan vien v i cong nhan-tho thu cong cd mdc hpc v l n trung binh, trong khi t i n g Idp lao d|ng glan don e6 mu-c hpc v l n thap nhat, chi d trinh dO tot nghipp tilu hpc.
Kit qua tren cung phu hop vdi kit q u i cua cupc dieu tra lao dpng vipe lam g i n day nhlt (quy 2/2011) cua Ting eye Thing k^:
TPHCM la nal c6 ty Ip lap dpng d i qua d i o tpo cao nhat, 17,8%) ti> dpi hpc trd len (chlem ty ip cao nhlt) va Tay Nam Bo la vLing eao nhat ve ty Ip lao dpng khong eo chuyen mon ky thuat (chilm 91,7%o) (Bang 6).
Thu nh$p
Mot trong nhOng chi b i o quan trpng nhlt d l do lydng vi$c nIm gllJ' nguin lye kinh t l l i mifc thu nhip cua c i c ting Idp xa h$i, Nghien edu n i y sy dyng myc thu nhip binh quin nhin khIu h0 va xIp hpng mice thu nh^p cua c i c ting Idp co ban d TPHCM, Dong Nam Bp v i T i y Nam Bp de ed c i i nhin so sinh giOa c i c dja b i n nghien edu.
Kit qua dilu tra mdc sing dan cu' 2010 ehp thiy: Thu nhip binh quin nhin khiu/thang cua nhbm hp ngheo nhlt (nh6m thu nhip 1) t^9t 369 nghin ding, cua nhom hp gliu nhlt (nhbm thu nhpp 5) dpt 3 410 nghin dong, tang 34,3%. v i 38,7%o tu-cng dng so vdi nam 2008. Dieu niy cho thiy, sau 2 nam thu nhpp binh quan nhin khIu d c i c nhdm deu ting len nhung mdc tang d nhom giau nhlt cao hon Bang 6" Ty trpng lao dpng dang lam vipc d i qua d i o tao cua qu# 2 nSm 2011, %.
Noi CLT tru/vung c a nude
Nam NO Thanh thi NOng thOn
Tong so 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0
KhOng cO chyen mOn ky thuat
84,8 83,1 86,6 68,9 91,0
Day nghe 3,7 5.6 1,7 6,5 2,7
Trung cap
3,7 3,4 4,0 6,0 2,8
Cao d i n g 1,7 1,2 2,3 2.9 1,3
Dai hoc trd len
6,1 6,7 5,4 15,8 2,3 c a e vCing
Trung du vi m i l n nui phia B l c Dong b l n g sOng HOng (") B l c Tning BO vi duyOn hai m i l n Trung Tay NguyOn
OOng Nam Bp (*) TOy Nam BO Ha NOi TPHCM
100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 10O0 100,0 100,0 100,0
86,6 83,1 86,0 89,1 87,6 91.7 69.7 70,5
3,6 6,6 2,9 1,9 3,7 1.8 5.3 6.1
4,4 4,0 4,1 3.7 2,8 2.3 5.8 3.0
2,0 1,9 1,8 1,4 1,4 0,9 2,4 2,7
3,5 4,4 5,2 3,8 4,6 3,3 16,8 17,8 ' ' Dong bang s6ng Hong kh6ng bao gom Ha HQI va D6ng Nam B0 khong bao gom TPHCM
Nguon: Ting eye Thong ke. 2011. Bio cio diiu tra lao dpng vi vi$c lim 6 thing diu nam 2011, tr. 8.
LE THANH SANG - NGUYgN TH| MINH CHAU - CO CAU PHAN T A N G XA HQI...
Bang 7. Thu nhOp cua cae ting Idp xa hOi eo ban d TPHCM. Dong Nam Bp va Tay Nam BO
T i n g Idp
Quan ly nhO n u d e ' ' ' Quan ly cOng ty Chu t u nhOn ChuyOn viOn ky thuat Nhan viOn COng nhan-tho thii cOng NOng dan Idp trOn NOng dan Idp giu'a Nong dOn Idp dudi Lao dOng gian don Binh quOn Chung N{hO)
Mire thu nhap binh quan nk/nam (triOu) TPHCM
32,7 77,3 4 0 1 38,8 22,8 21,9
14.5 14,9 28,0 661
OOng Nam BO
28,3
27,5 21,5 21,5 16,3 35,6 13,6 11,1 103 17,2 874
TOy Nam BO 14.9
27,8 21,6 11,5 15,5 19,3 12,2 7,3 5,7 11,6 768
ChOnh lOch so vdi lao dOng gian don (lln) TPHCM
2,2 5,2 2,7 2,6 1,5 1,5
1,0 1,0 1,9 661
BOng Nam BO
2,7
2,7 2,1 2,1 1,6 3.5 1,3 1,1 1,0 1,7 874
Tay Nam BO
2,6
4,9 3,8 2,0 2,7 3,4 2,1 1,3 1,0 2,0 768
ChOnh lOch se vdi TPHCM (lan) TPHCM
1,0
1,0 1,0 1,0 1.0
1,0 1,0 1,0 661
DOng Nam BO
0 9
0 7 0,6 0 9 0,7
0 8 0.7 0.6 874
Tay Nam 80
05
0,7 0,6 0,5 0.7
05 0.4 0.4 768 Nguin Vien Phat tnIn Bin bdng vung Nam BO. Kit qua dilu tra
Tay Nam BO (2008).
TPHCM. Dong Nam Bp (2010) va so vdl nhom ngheo nhlt, d i n tdi khoang
each giau ngheo cang tang len.
So sanh v l mdc thu nhap giira eae tang Idp xa hpi d Dong Nam Bo, TPHCM va Tay Nam Bo (Bang 7), TPHCM la trung tam kinh t l Idn cua ea ni^de, cd mire thu nhap binh quan nhan khau nam 2010 khoang 2,3 trieu/ngudi/thang, cao hon nhilu so vdi 2 tilu viing cdn lai. Thu nhap binh quan nhan khIu d Dong Nam Bo la 1,4 trieu/ngtrdi/thang (2010) va Tay Nam Bp g i n 1 tripu/ngu'dl/thang (2008)'^' a hau hit cac tang Idp xa hpi, mire thu nhap d Dong Nam Bp va Tay Nam Bo chi dae dpng d mire t d 1/2 d i n 2/3 mire thu nhap tu'ong dng d TPHCM. So vdi tang Idp lao dpng gian don, la nhom eo mdc thu nhap
thap nhat, t i n g Idp quan ly cdng ty co mdc thu nhap binh quan eao hon 5 lln, cac tang Idp chu kinh doanh nhd, chuyen vien ky thuat va quan ly nha nu'dc eo mire thu nhap cao hon t d 2,2 den 2,7 l l n . Trong khi dd, nhan vien va cdng nhan-tho thu cong thupc tang Idp da so eo mdc thu nhap trung binh. 0 Ddng Nam Bo va Tay Nam Bo, ndng dan Idp tren eung thuoe tang lop ed mdc thu nhap kha cao va nIng dan idp giira cd mdc thu nhap trung binh. Cac tang Idp nong dan idp dudi va lao dong gian don cd nguon li,^c kinh te y l u , thuoc nhom day trong bac thang phan ting xa hpi
Co d u thu nhap d TPHCM (Bang 8) cho thay cac nguon thu rat da dang nhu'ng co
L£ THANH SANG - NGUYEN THI MINH CHAU - CO CAU PHAN T A N G XA HQI..
SU' khac biet Idn giCJa edc ting Idp xa hpi.
Ting Idp quan ly nha nirde, ehuy§n vien ky thuat cd nguon thu nhap ehu y l u td lu'ong chilm tr6n 2/3 tong thu nhap Cdc ting Idp quan ly cong ty, cong nhan-tho thu cdng. lao dong gian don cung ed ty trpng thu nhap td lu'ong ehilm g i n mpt nda trong ting s l thu nhap Tuy nhien, cae ting Idp chu tu- nhan, quan ly cong ty, nhan vien eung phu thupc rIt Idn vao nguon thu nhap do cong viec lam an do ca nhan/gia dinh tu' t l chde. Cae hoat dong nay cung kha quan trong d l i vdi mot s l ting Idp khac do khu vu'c iw nhan va phi chinh thdc rIt pho bien. Day la hai nguin thu quan trpng nhat eua da s l cac tang Idp xa hpi d TPHCM
SP vdi TPHCM, co c l u nguon thu nhap ciia eae tang Idp xa hoi d Ding Nam Bo (Bang 9) ed sif khac biet dang k l . Ty trpng tiln lu'ong va thu nhap td cdng viec lam an do gia dinh tU' t l chde giam, trong khi dd
Bang 8. Co d u thu nhap cua cac ting Idp xa hpi TPHCM, 2010
nguon thu t d trong trot chilm d i n 1/5 ting s l thu nhap. Nguon thu tir nong nghiep ehu y l u la cac t i n g Idp ndng dan Idp tren va Idp gida, nhu'ng it quan trpng d l i vdi nong dan Idp du'di. Ngoai nguin thu td ndng nghiep, ting Idp ndng dan Idp tren cung c l thu nhap kha cao (khoang 1/3 ting thu) t d cac hoat dong san xult kinh doanh ngoai ndng nghiep do ea nhan/gia dinh tu' t l chde. Day cung la nguin thu chinh eua ting Idp chu tu* nhan, va cong nhan-tho thu cdng.
Co d u nguin thu nhip cua eae ting Idp xa hpi d Tay Nam BO (Bang 10) v l eo ban cung tu'ong t y nhut d Dong Nam Bo, nhirng phu thupc vap ndng nghiep nang n l hon. Ty trong nguin thu td trIng trot, chan nuoi la 38,1% trong khi nguin thu t d cac hoat dong san xuat kinh doanh ngoai ndng nghiep do cd nhan/gia dinh t y to chde chf chilm mot mdc khiem ton la 8,2%, thIp hon rIt nhilu so vdi Ding Nam Bp
Tang lOp
Quan ly nha nu'dc Quan ly cOng ty Chu t u nhan ChuyOn vien ky thuOt Nhan viOn COng nhOn-Thp thu cOng
NOng nghiOp Lao dpng gian don Toan TPHCM
Tong thu
100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100,0 100,0 100,0
Thu nhap binh quOn nhan khau hO tir cOc nguon (InOu/nSm) Tien lu'ong t d
viOc lam ehlnh phi nOng nghiOp
68,4 45,8 11.9 66.8 37.1 41.1 37.7 45,6 37,3
T i l n luong tir viec lam them phi nong nghiOp
1,5 1,8 0 4 2,6 1.5 0.7 1,5 1,9 1,3
Thu nhap tir viOc lam do gia dinh/
ca nhan t u to chde 10,4 44,2 67,3 14 4 0 5 29,7 17,9 34,4 40,9
Thu t d nOng nghiOp
1.4 0.0 0,1 0,1 0 2 0 3 5,9 0,0 0,3
Thu nhOp tir cac nguon khOc
18.3 8.2 20.3 16,5 20.7 28.2 37.0 18,1 20,2
\lgudn: Vipn Phit triln Bin vdng vung Nam 86, Kit qua dilu tra TPHCM, 2010
L£ THANH SANG - NGUYEN TH| MINH CHAU - CO CAU PHAN T A N G X A HQI...
Bang 9. Co clu thu nhap cua cac ting Idp xa hOi: OOng Nam BO, 2010
TSng Idp
QuOn iy nhO nu'dc Chu tu' nhan ChuyOn viOn ky thuat NOng dOn lOp trOn NOng dan Idp giOa NOng dan lOp duOi COng nhan- thp thii cOng Nhan ViOn thuang mai- dich vu Lao dOng giOn don Tinh Chung DOng Nam BO
N
%
N
%
N
%
N
%
N
%
N%
N
%
N%
N
%
N%
T6ng thu 28,3 100,0 27,5 100,0 21.5 100,0 35,6 100,0 13,6 100,0 11,1 100.0 16.3 100.0 21.6 100.0 10.3 100.0 17.2 100.0
Thu nhOp binh quan nhOn k h l u hO t d cOc nguOn (triOu/nam) Tiln lu'ong tir
viOc lam chlnh phi nOng nghiOp
12,0 42,3 5.5 20.1 13,5 62,6 1,5 4,3 2,5 18.2 4,6 41,5 8,1 50,0 4,4 20,4 7,0 68.0 5.2 30.3
TlOn luxyng tir ViOc lam thOm ph
nOng nghiOp 0.4 1,5 1.0 3.8 0,7 3,5 0,6 1,7 0,5 3,8 0,7 6.7 0.1 0.8 0.1 0.4 0.2 1,9 0,4 2,5
Thu nhap tir viOc lam do gia dinh /cO nhan t u td chCrc
1,6 5,7 18,2 66.0 5.9 27.7 11.7 32,8 1,8 13.3 1,6 13,9 7,2 44,4 13,0 60,4 2,5 24,2 5,5 32,1
TrIng trpt
4,3 15.1 1.0 3,6 0.1 0,6 18,3 51,3 5,1 37.4 2,3 20,8 0,3 2,0 0,6 2.7 0.2 1,6 3,7 21.4
Chan nuOi 0,4 1,5 0,1 0.3 0.1 0,2 1,0 2.8 1,0 7,5 1.1 102 0.3 2,0 0,2 1,0 0,1 0,8 0,6 3,6
TTlu khac 9,6 33.8 17 6.2 1.2 5,4 25 7,1 2,7 19,6 0,8 6,9 0.1 0.9 3.2 15,1 0,4 3,5 1,7 10,1 Nguon: Vipn Phat triln Bin vdng viing Nam BO
(32,1%). Ngoai thu nhap t d nong nghiep d l i vdi eae t i n g Idp nong dan (chilm d i n 69,1 % d nong dan Idp tren va tren 40% d l i vdi nIng dan idp gida va Idp du'di), t i l n lyong la nguin thu chinh ciia t i n g Idp lao dpng gian don, quan ly nha nydc va cIng nhan-tho thu cong. Cae so sanh trSn eho thiy myc dp da dang ciia nguin thu theo hydng giam d i n t y TPHCM, Dong Nam Bd va Tay Nam Bp.
4. MOT S 6 NHAN X t T VA T H A O LUAN cac ting Idp xa hpi d Nam Bp hien nay phan anh sy thay doi da dang v l co d u
Kit qua dilu tra Ddng Nam BO, 2010.
x§ hpi sau 25 nSm B i i mdi va dang tiep tyc thay d l i nhanh chlng dydi tac dpng eiJa qua trinh cIng nghiep hda, d l thj hoa va phat triln kinh t l cua viing. Co d u xS h l i viing Nam Bp bao g l m nhilu ting Idp xa hpi vdi myc dp chilm gid khac nhau dli vdi cac nguin lye kinh t l , giao due va c6 s y khac nhau dang k l giu'a TPHCM, Ding Nam Bp va Tay Nam Bp.
Qua trinh Bii mdi da d i n den sy xult hi$n va Idn manh eua t i n g Idp quan ly doanii nghiep va t i n g Idp t i l u ehu d TPHCM va cae do thi trong viing. Qua trinh D l i mli
L£ THANH SANG - NGUYgN TH| MINH CHAU - CO CAU PHAN T A N G XA HQI..
eOng da hinh thanh nen t i n g Idp nong gia, sy manh nha cua ting Idp doanh nhan nIng nghiep vdi cac trang trai kha Idn d Dong Nam Bp vi mOt mdc dp thIp hon d Tay Nam Bp. Day la nhdng nhan t l mdi, ding vai f r i tich eye treng phat triln kinh t l . Ting Idp chuyen vien ky thulit la nhOng ngydi e l trinh dd hpc v l n va chuyen mIn k9 thult cao nhlt. nIm gid eae vj tri quan trpng trong nhilu ITnh vyc kinh tl-xa hoi, va c l nguin lye dang k l v l kinh t l . Hp ehlnh la lye iygng ehu y l u tae nOn ting Idp trung lyu ding dap trong cae xa hpi phat triln. Ting Idp nay t i p trung ehu y l u d TPHCM va cac do thj Idn dii chya chlem ty trpng Idn. Nang cap nguin nhan lye thong qua giao dijc dao tao va chuyin djch CO d u kinh t l gan liln vdi viec hinh thanh tang Idp nay.
Ting Idp lanh dao oang, chinh quyIn,
doan t h i , t l chde sy nghiep la nhCrng ngydi nIm gid' cac vj tri then ehlt trong guing may lanh dao d dja phyong, c l nguin lye cao v l giao due va kha v l kinh te so vdi m$t blng chung cua vlng Nam Bp. Ting Idp nay chilm giy nhilu nguin lye d eae do thj, khiem t i n hon d nIng thdn nhyng d i u tang len so vdi trydc day.
CIng nhan-tho thu cong va nhan viOn la 2 ting Idp nam d khpang giCJa trong b l c thang xa hpi. Ting Idp nay chilm ty trpng cao d cac xa hoi d l thj, d n g nghiep; cu t h i ting Idp ndy d TPHCM va Ding Nam Bo cao hon Tay Nam Bp.
Ndi tdm lai, eo d u xa h|l d TPHCM the hi$n ro tinh ehlt phan ting thep mpt xa hpi d l thi; Dong Nam Bp dang trong qua trinh ehuyin dqng t d xa hpi ndng nghiep sang xa hpi cing nghiep; va Tay Nam Bp v l n cdn t h i hien nhilu tinh chat eua mot xa hoi nong nghiep-truyin thong.
Bang 10. Co d u thu nhjp eiia cac tang Idp xa hOi Tay Nam BO, 2008
T i n g Idp
Quan ly nha n y d c Chii t u nhan ChuyOn viOn k f thuOt NOng dan Idp trOn NOng dan Idp gida NOng dan Idp d y d i COng nhan-tho thii cOng NhOn vign thuo'ng mai-dich vg
Lao OOng gian don Tinh ehung cho TOy Nam BO
T i n g thu
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10O 100 100
Thu nhap binh quOn nhOn khIu hO tir cac nguon (triOu/nOm) Tien lyong tir
viOe lam chlnh phi nOng
nghiOp 67,5 47,2 61 5,6 15.3 23 58.6 48.7 75,5 36
Tien luong t d viOc lOm them phi nOng
nghipp 1,3 0,6 1,9 3,6 9.3 8 1,9 1,7 4.8 4.8
Thu nhOp tCr ViOc lam do gia dinh/ca nhan t y to chirc
0,9 38,7 0 7 1,2 5,1 1,8 10,4 28,9 2 8,2
Trong tipt 15,5 2,1 5,5 69,1 44,6 41,5 3,6 8,2 6,6 28
Chan nuOi 5,6 0.9 4 15,4 19 17,2 2 3,3 2,9 101
Thu khac 9,2 105 26.9 . 6.1
6.7 8.6 23.5 9.2 8.2 129
\lgu6n: VI0n Phit triln Bin vOng vDng Nam Bp, Kit qui dieu tra Tiy Nam Bp, 2008.
L £ THANH SANG - NGUYgN THI MINH CHAU - 0 0 CAU PHAN T A N G XA H Q I ,
£ ) l d i r a m p t b p ( ^ i n d i n cur ti> c a c t i r t g I d p xa hoi t h i p h o n ten cac t a n g I d p x i hpi c a o horn c a n t a o d i l u k i e n d l n a n g c a o c a c n g u o n l i r e v l k i n h te v i h o c v l n c u a d a n o r . n h i m tao ra s i r c h u y e n djch tir t i n g I d p x i hpi n i y s a n g t a n g I d p xa hpi k h a c c a o h a n . c h i r khong phai t h u i n tuy la s i r thay doi n g h l n g h i e p t r o n g c u n g m p t vi tri xa hoi N l u k h o n g c h u y d e n q u a t r i n h n i y thi s i r c h u y i n dich n g h l n g h i e p va dia b a n c i r I'-u chf !a SU" t h i c h nghi v d i s i r t h a y d o i v l c a c a u kinh t l c h d k h o n g g i u p h i n h t h a n h m p t c a c a u xa hoi n g a y c a n g h i e n d a i . Di l i l n v d i s i r p h i n t a n g x i hpi la s i r p h i n h d a xa hoi d a n g t a n g len. D^ d a m b a o s i r phat t r i l n hai h d a . b i n v i r n g t h i v i e c g i a m k h o a n g e a c h xa hoi b i n g cac c h i n h s i c h kinh te v i c h i n h sicrfi x i hoi. d a m bao s i r b i n h d i n g v l c a hpi kinh t e va an sinh xa hpi h i f d n g d e n so d d n g , tror>g do d p c biet c h u y d e n t a n g I d p t h i p (lao d o n g g i a n d o n , n d n g d a n k h o n g dat. it dat) la q u a n d i e m chf d a o x u y e n s u o t e i c d i n h h i r d n g xay d u n g c a c l u xa hpi h i e n dai d Na-^ Bp. J
CHU THiCH
'^' Ddng Nam Bp g l m 6 tinh D i r g Nai, Binh Dirong, Binh Phirdc. T a / Ninr.. B i Ria-Vung Tau va TPHCM T u / nhien TPHCM la :^anh o^.c arc Idn vdf cac c o c i u xa hpi 'at k h ^ vdi 5 :'nh con lat Do v i y . trc^g '^gnien ciru "^ay Chung tPi tach rieng TPHCM de so sanh De cho n g i n gen Deng Nam Bp trong ng^i^n ciru nay i'joz h i l u ia ctii bao gom 5 linh. khdng tinh TPHCM
'^' Theo Bao c i o k i t q u i lao dong va viec IPm 6
;r,a"g dau n5m 2 0 ' 1 cua Tong cue Ti-c-g kP
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t h i so sanh v l c a e i u ngudn thu nhdp. Sir khac nhau v l c a c i u ngudn thu nhap phan anh s v khdc nhau v l trinh dp phal tnen kinh :e .a t i n g Idp xd hdi
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