DAU AN CO SO
CUA CAC XA HOI DONG NAM A
NGXTTEN VAN KIM*
T
rong t h i gidi chau A rdng Idn, Dong Nam A Ifi mdt k h u vuc cd nhieu net dfic thQ. TQ mdt cai nhin so sfinh, ed the thfi'y trong ba khu vi?c khac ciia chfiu A, moi khu vuc trong tidn trinh hinh thfinh vfi phfit t r i l n ciia nd, d i u noi len vai trd ciia mot qud'c gia ddng thdi la mdt nen vfin minh Idn giQ vj tri t r u n g tfim. Cac n i n vfin minh dd ludn dUdc d i n d i t bdi nhQng h i tQ tudng hay tdn giao Idn.Do v^y, ndi d i n k h u vi?c Ddng B l c A ngUdi ta thudng nghi d i n "Thdgidi Trung Hoa" chju n h i l u a n h hudng cua thiet c h i vfi t u tudng Nho giao. Trong khi dd, d khu vi?c Nam A, a n h hudng eiia vfin minh An Dd Ifi rfi't sau rdng. Trong "The gidi An Dd' dd, vdi t u cfich lfi t h e gidi da t h i n gifio, g i n vdi tfim thQc cua vfin minh ndng nghidp, Bfi La Mdn giao rdi An Dp gifio da nhfip the vfi chi phdi ddi sd'ng tfim linh cua n h i l u dfing cfi'p xa hdi. Cung vdi cae tdn giao dd Ifi t h d gidi cua dQc tQ bi, sU khoan dung vfi nhQng t r i l t lu|in u y i n thfim Phfit giao. TUdng ti? n h u vfiy, b phan vung thQ ba ciia chfiu A, viing Tay A, trong "The gidi Islam giao", mfi nhfi khoa hpc N h a t Ban Tadao Uraesao goi la "The gidi Trung PhMng", tu tudng vfi tfim linh Hdi giao
ludn ed vai trd h i t sQe quan trpng. Vdi chii tnidng nha't than, Hdi giao da ndi k i t cac cdng ddng eU dfin song giQa viing sa mac vfi giQa cac t r u n g tam kinh te, thQdng mai luc dia vdi dai dUdng*^'. H i l n nhidn, cfic hd tu tudng vfi tdn giao dd vQa la san phfim ciia lich sQ, b i l n doi vfi thich iing khdng ngiing vdi nhQng dien t i l n cua lich sit, vQa cd nhQng tac ddng trd lai, thQc day si?
trudng thfinh va tao n i n dfic tinh n d n g biet cua mdi khu vi?c.
Theo quan diem ciia cfi nhan tdi, vi$c khdng ed dUde mpt qudc gia giQ vai trd trung tam, khdng cd dUdc mdt n i n vfin minh cd a n h hudng bao trum khu vQc, khdng cd dUdc mdt hd t u tudng hay tdn giao Idn giQ vi tri chi phdi ddi sdng vfin hofi - xfi hdi lfi mdt trong nhQng dfic trUng di biet, cho thfi'y sii phong phu, sac thai da dang nhUng cung t h i hidn si? "thieu vfing", t i m raQc va tinh chua phat t r i l n hoan chinh eua vfin hoa Ddng Nam A.
O dfiy, va'n d l dfit ra Ifi, phai chfing tinh da dang, phong phQ cua mdi trudng ti?
nhien vfi cfic y l u to'nhan vfin Ddng Nam A da k i l m toa sQc vUdn Idn ciia mdt trung tfim vfin minh Idn hay trong t i l n trinh lich sii, da cd nhQng dang thiic phfit t r i l n trdi ' PGS.TS. Nguyin V6n Kim. Khoa Ljch sil - TrUdng Dai hoc KHXH vfi NV, DHQGHN
32 Nghien citu Dong Nam A 11/2011 vQdt, nhiing de che Idn mang tinh khu vQe
nhong cum cung vi nhieu nguyen nhfin chii quan vfi khfich quan, ndi sinh vfi ngoai sinh, cae de che do ciing hi suy thoai vfi tan vd de lai trd ve trang thai cd sd eiia mot Ddng Nam A vdi nhieu dang thQc va tang nfi'c phfit t r i l n khac nhau. Bfing each nlun ddng dai va lich dai, viing va lien viing, bfii viet cd g l n g phac dong nhQng dau fi'n cd sd ciia cfic xa hoi Ddng Nam A trong nhQng t h i ky dau trUde va sau C^ng nguyen, thdi k^ lap qudc, tren mot sd phUdng didn cd ban d l tQ dd cd mdt cai nhin thfi'u triet hdn ve nhiing dfic tinh ciia lich sii - vfin hoa khu vUe'^*.
1. H u y e n t h o a i v e t h d i l a p q u d c Theo quan diem eiia n h i l u nha nghien cQu, d Ddng Nam A, cac quoc gia Vfin Lang, Au Lac dupe thfinh lap rfi't sdm. Bd sit ddi T r l n (1226-1400) Viet sU lUOc cho r i n g : 'Den ddi Trang Vudng n h a Chu (696-682 TCN), d bp Gia Ninh cd ngUdi la, dQng ao thufit ap phuc dUde cac bd lac, tii xUng la Hung VUdng, dong dd d Vfin Lang, hidu lfi nUde Vfin Lang, phong tuc t h u l n hau, cha't phac, chinh sQ diing Idi ket nut.
Truyen dUdc 18 ddi, d i u gpi lfi Hung Vudng^3>.
Nhfin dinh ve gia trj ciia nguon sii lieu dd, hpc gia Dao Duy Anh vilt: "Mac d i u Vfin Lang vfi Hiing Vudng d i u la hieu nude va hieu vua thudc t r u y i n thuyet, chung ta cd t h i xem nhiing ten ay la nhiing tUdng trUng chd nudc vfi dan eua to t i l n chiing ta. Theo sU nhfin dinh vi tri ciia Phong Chau va ciia thfinh Van Lang nhu tren, chiing ta cd the cho r i n g mien Trung tam sinh t u ciia td tien chung ta d thdi Hung Vudng lfi dfi't P h u Tho, Vinh
Phuc vfi Sdn Tay ngfiy nay. Thfinh Me Linh, que hudng ciia TrUng T r i e , lfi d mien fi'y. Chiing t a biet r i n g TrUng T r i e lfi ddng doi cua Lac Vudng hay Hiing VUdng"*'**. Dieu ma tac gia hdn 40 nfim tnidc cdn trfin trd, coi dd la "huyen thoai"
va "truyin thuyet" thi ngfiy nay dfi dudc n h i l u thfinh t u u nghien cQu, trong dd dfic biet Ifi eac p h a t hien khao ed hpc, cfin ban chQng minh t r e n thQc te^^*.
Trong kho tfing vfin hofi cua dan tdc ta, ciing vdi huyen thoai ve thdi lap quoc nhU Lac Long Quan va Au Cd cdn ed truyen Sdn Tinh - Thuy Tinh vfi n h i l u truyin t h u y l t khfic nQa"^'. Ngay tQ thud binh minh dd, sQc m a n h ciia Nudc dfi dQdc d l cao va "Lac Long Qufin la thudc v l the gidi nudc. NhQ chiing t a da biet, nhQng y l u td cd ban dd eiia cac h u y i n thoai hofin tofin tUdng hdp vdi nhiing h u y I n thdai cua cu dan cfic dao vfi viing duyen hai Ddng Nam A"f'^. Nhin chung, huyen thoai v l thdi lap qudc cua cfic dan tpc trong khu vUc deu hudng den nhiing gia trj ngudn cdi vdi ngQ nguyen cua y niem "Ddng bdo", v l sU tUdng hdp ciia t h e gidi Am - Duang, Trdi - Ddt; Ludng phdn va Ludng hop. Y niem dd ludn gfin vdi vfi la hdn thieng ciia moi dfin toc'^. K i t qua nghien cQu khao cd hoc, n h a n hpc... cho thfi'y cac truyen thuyet dd khdng phai hofin tofin chi lfi nhQng Udc vpng hay gifi'c md h u y I n ao cua ngUdi Viet cd va nhieu dan toe Ddng Nam A v l qua khQ h n h thieng, hfio h u n g ciia minh. Ndi each khac, h u y I n thoai, t r u y i n t h u y l t Ifi SI? h u y I n dieu hoa lich sQ. Vfi su thfit lich sii, nhin chung, ludn la nhiing gifi trj cot loi cua cac h u y I n thoai mfic du, n h u chQ diing eiia c d G S . Tran Qudc Vupng, chung ludn mang tinh "xuyen dai" vfi cQng ludn ed hidn tudng "thac ngo thdi gian"
Nguyin Vdn Kim - Ddu dn so cd ciia cdc xd hpi Dong Nam A 33
(AnachronimeY^''.
Trd Iai vdi nhiing t r a n g sQ d i u tien ve thdi lap qudc eua dfin tdc Vidt chung ta tha'y, truyen thuye't ve viec An DUdng VUdng ed ngUdi t h i n ten la Cao Ld, Ifim dUdc nd lieu, mdi l l n giUdng nd b i n ra dUdc mudi p h a t ten'^°*. Ciing chdp ve si?
kien tren n h u n g Giao Chdu ngoai viic ky viet vfio the ky IV dfin theo Thuy kinh chu Iai cho r i n g : NgUdi t h i n ten la Cao Thdng xudng giup che cho An DUdng VUdng mot cai nd than, moi p h a t gie't dUdc 300 ngUdi"^^^'. Qua cd dp chenh Idn v l sd' ten mdi l l n nd t h i n b i n ra giQa hai ngudn sii lieu nhung, n h u da ndi b tren, h u y I n thoai ludn mang tinh Udc le vfi cd s i c mfiu linh nhiem rieng ciia nd.
Dilu t h u vj lfi, h u y I n thoai nfiy ed kha n h i l u diem tUdng ddng vdi t r u y i n thuye't ve thdi lap qudc cua P h u Nam. Luang thU (mdt bd sit ndi tid'ng Trung Qud'c) viet:
"Phia Nam Phii Nam cd nudc Kilu, cd mdt ngudi theo t h i n giao ten la Hdn Diin n l m mdng tha'y t h i n cho mpt cay cung rdi theo t h u y i n budn di ra ngofii b i l n . Sang hdm sau, Hon D i i n de'n mil'u nhfit dUde cai cung d dudi gdc cfiy t h i n , bdn theo mdng dfi bfio, len t h u y i n di r a biln, rdi de'n ngoai d PhQ Nam. Dan chung ciia Lilu Di$p trdng thfi'y cd t h u y i n de'n, mud'n cudp Ifi'y. Hon Dien lien giUdng cung b i n . T h u y i n bj ten xuyen thiing mdt ben vfi t n i n g ngudi h l u . Lieu Dilp sp, dem bd chiing d i u hfing Hon Dien. Hon Diin bdn day cho Lieu Diep mfic q u I n ao, vfi'n dau, than hinh khdng cdn loa Id nQa, rdi cai trj nQdc fi'y, Ifi'y Lilu Dilp Ifim vd, sinh eon rdi phfin dfi't phong vUdng d bay fi'p""^'.
M$c dQ khdng t h i khfing dinh mdt each c h i c c h i n ngudn goc xufi't thfin ciia Hdn
Diin nhUng dfit trong bdi canh lich sit PhQ Nam thdi bfi'y gid ed t h e doan djnh r i n g Hdn Dien thudc dfing efi'p Ksatoria, theo Bfi La Mdn giao, tQ mien Nam An Dp tdi'^3*. Bfing sQc manh bieu trQng day nam tinh, sii hidn didn cua Hdn Dien (yeu td' ngoai sinh) da tac dpng manh den nQ vUdng Lieu Diep (npi sinh), mfi theo Luang thu "lfi mpt phu nQ tre dep, khoe manh gidng nhU dan dng". H6n Dien da hdp duyen vdi Lieu Diep vfi Ifim thay ddi cfin ban ijch sd vfi xfi hdi P h u Nam. Phai chang tQ cupc giao thoa sinh hpc day nhfin tinh mang y nghia dfic trUng cho hai t h i gidi, hai dang thQc vfin hoa dd, xa hdi mfiu he da cfin ban ke't thuc vfi cung tQ dd Phu Nam dfi k i t ndi dUde vdi An Dp, mdt trung tam van minh Idn. TQ mpt xfi hpi cdn n h i l u sd khai, Phu Nam da mau chdng md rong cQdng vuc lanh thd, trd thfinh mdt trong nhQng qud'c gia ed trinh dp phat trien cao nhfi't d Ddng Nam A. Chi sau thdi lap qud'c mdt thdi gian n g i n , tQ t h i ky III, Phu Nam da lfi mdt Vuang qud'c bien rdi De che bien cd n h i l u a n h hudng vdi ddi sdng chinh trj, vfin hoa vfi quan hd giao thUdng khu vuc. N h i l u tilu qudc trong khu vUc p h a i t h i n phuc P h u Nam"'*'. D i n dau thd' ky VII, vi n h i l u nguyen nhan, vUdng qud'c nfiy da bi Chan Lap, vd'n la mdt thupe qud'c cua Phu Nam, tfi'n cdng vfi chinh phuc*'^\
N h u vfiy, tren cd sd nhQng tien t r i l n kinh t l va xa hpi, den nhQng t h i ky trudc, sau Cdng nguyen d Ddng Nam A dfi cd si?
xua't hien vfi trdi day tUdng ddi manh me eiia mot sd' vUdng qudc. Trong cfic vUdng qudc ciia thdi ky sd khai dd dfi ndi len vai trd cua cac t h u linh quan su va chinh hp trd thfinh h a t nhan cd k i t , t h i lUc chinh trj t r u n g tfim ciia moi vUdng quoc. SQc
34 Nghien cifu Dong Nam A 11/2011 manh ciia cac t h u linh lfi sii hdp t u n h i l u
nhan td' nhung trudc het vfi chii yeu lfi do dfi n l m dupe nhiing vu khi mfiu nhiem.
Trong trudng hdp P h u Nam, hinh tupng Hdn Dien lfi sii the hien kha nang chinh phuc ciia c h i do phu quyen, cua sU giao lUu, hoa hdp vfi thuc day van hofi, cdn ddi vdi Au Lac, nd than eiia An DUdng VUdng, do Cao Ld t r u y i n day cho, ngay tQ diem khdi nguyen lich sii dfi dupe sit dung de che ngi? ke thQ, bao v l mdi trudng sd'ng va khdng gian, sfic thai vfin hoa rieng biet.
2. C a c t h e c h e b i e n , t d n giao v a m a t h u a t
Nhu da trinh bfiy d tren, sau thdi lap qudc, Phu Nam da mau chdng trd thfinh mdt cudng qudc b Ddng Nam A. De'n thdi Phgm Man (Pham Su Man) Luang thU cho biet: "Man lfi mpt ngUdi khoe manh, dung cam, cd mUu lUdc, da dung liic lUdng quan si? ta'n cdng cfic nude Ifin can, b i t ho phai t h i n phuc rdi tii xung lfi Phii Nam Dai vUang. Tie'p dd lai ddng t h u y i n Idn, di k h i p Trudng hai, tfi'n cdng vfi khufi't phuc dupe hdn mUdi nudc nhu Khufi't Ddn Cdn, Ciiu Tri, Dien Tdn... md mang dfi't dai nfim sau nghin dam"*""*.
Trong the' di len cua mdt vUdng qud'c dang ddn nhan dUdc n h i l u dilu kidn phfit t r i l n thuan Idi, P h u Nam dfi chu ddng md rdng quan he vdi ea An Dp vfi Trung Qud'c.
Luang thu cho biet: "Nfim Thfing Binh thQ nhfi't (357), ddi Muc de, qud'c vUdng True Chien Dfin dfing b i l u hien voi thuan, Hofing d l ha chieu: Vat nfiy lao phi khdng it, ra lenh khdng dUa de'n nQa. Sau dd, qudc VUdng Kieu Tran NhU vd'n la mdt ngudi Bfi La Mdn d Thien Tnic. Cd mdt vi thfin bao vdi dng t a r i n g dng ta dfing dUdc
lam vua b Phii Nam. Kieu Tran NhQ trong long rfi't vui, di ve phia Nam de'n Ban Ban.
NgUdi Phii Nam nghe tin, ca nUdc vui miing ddn v l rdi lap len lam vua. TQ dd thay ddi che dp dung phap luat eua Thien Truc"<^''>. Kieu T r a n NhU qua ddi thdi Tdng Van D l (424-453). Trong thdi gian d ngdi, dng thudng duy tri quan h i mfit thie't vfi t r i l u cd'ng vdi Trung Qud'c. Ke ngdi dng la Tri Le Da Bat Ma vfin thudng sai sQ sang dfing bieu, hien thd san dja phUdng, san hd, tUdng Phfit. D i n nfim Thien Lam thQ hai (503) dUdc Hofing d l Trung Qud'c ban chieu vdi ndi dung: "Quoc vUdng PhQ Nam Kilu Tran NhU Dd-ta Bat-ma'd xa tai cdi ngofii bdn biln, ddi ddi theo tuc cua phUdng Nam nhung Idng thfinh ciia hp thi ndi tie'ng d i n phUdng xa, qua nhieu lan phien dich dem ciia quy din hiln, ndn ha cd thu nhfin vfi ban cho danh hidu vinh quang "Khd An Nam TUdng qudn Phii Nam vuan^'^*^\ NhU vay, Uen tuc trong n h i l u the' ky, do nhfin thQc dUdc sQc manh vfi vj the' ciia hai n i n vfin minh Idn ma P h u Nam da t r a n h t h u si? hfiu thuan, iing hd cua ca Trung Qudc, An Dd vfi giQ the cfin bfing quyIn lUc giQa hai cudng qud'c nfiy. Dilu dfing chu y lfi Kilu Tran Nhu, ngudi An Do, dudng nhu khdng cd hoac phai ganh chju mdt phan cam v l sfic tdc hay van hofi nao. Ong da dUdc cU dfin Phu Nam tdn Ifim vua vfi vfin tie'p tuc chii trUdng hUdng v l phudng Blc. Ngay ca khi da n l m dUdc quyIn luc thuc t l , chinh dng vfi hau due ciia dng vfin hudng vl Trung Qudc, mot t r u n g tfim kinh te ddng thdi la t r u n g tfim quyen luc Idn mfic du trudc sau Phu Nam v i n "ddi ddi theo phong tuc phUdng Nam". Tuy r i n g , theo Luang thu, vUdng qudc nfiy da thay ddi phap luat theo Thidn Tnic.
Nguyin Vdn Kim - Ddu dn sa c6 cua cdc xd hpi Dong Nam A 35 Thfi'u hieu vi the ciia cac nen vfin minh
Idn, khdng chi P h u Nam, cac quoc gia trong khu vi?c cung ludn hUdng den vfi duy tri quan he hofi hao vdi An Dp, Trung Qud'c. Ve nUdc Lang Nha Tu, mpt qud'c gia Idn "giQa bien Nam Hai", cfich Quang Chfiu 24.000 dam, Luang thU viet: "NgQdi trong nQdc ndi tQ khi lap nQdc den nay da hdn 400 nfim. Ve sau nhQng ke ndi ngdi suy y l u . Trong vQdng tdc cd mdt ngUdi tfii dQc, ngUdi trong nUdc d i u theo dng ta.
Qud'c VUdng b i l t vide do, bdn b i t ngUdi dd trdi giam vfio ngue. Cai xiing t u nhien bj dQt. Qud'c VUdng cho Ifi t h i n nen khdng dam gilt hgi mfi chi true xufi't r a khdi nUdc. Ong ta chay d i n Thien True. Vua Thien True ga cho trudng nQ tdn lfi Nga Ifim vij. Khi qud'c vUdng Lang Nha Tu chit, cac d^i t h i n ddn v l Ifim vua, dUdc hdn 20 nfim thi c h i t , con lfi Bfi-gia Dat-la Idn ndi ngdi"'^^'. Day lfi mdt ngudn tu lieu quy nQa d l chung ta cd t h i di d i n nhQng cam thQc sfiu sfic v l radi quan he mang tinh lien vQng h i t sQc gan gQi giQa ba t h i gidi: Ddng Nam A - An Do vfi Trung Qud'c.
Trong dd, ngudi P h u Nam, cung nhu eac qudc gia Ddng Nam A khac, ludn cd khuynh hUdng tdn vinh vfi coi trpng nhQng gia trj ciia cac n i n vfin minh dfi dat d i n trinh do p h a t trien cao vfi cd nhieu thfinh ti?u trdi vQdt.
Minh chQng cho quan dilm dd, chung ta cung b i l t r i n g khi viet ve nudc Cam Dfi L<;fi (Can Td Li) Luang thii da ghi lai mpt sU ki$n rfi't dfing chii y: "Nfim Thien Lfim thQ nhfi't (502), Qudc vUdng nUdc nay Ifi Cu Dfim Tu-bat Di-la, ngfiy mung 8 thang T Q n l m mpng thfi'y mpt nha sU ndi vdi dng ta r i n g : "Nay d Trung Qudc cd thfinh chua.
Sau mudi nfim Phfit phap se rfi't hung thjnh. Nhfi ngUdi nen sai sQ cd'ng hie'n
kinh II thi dfi't dai tdt tUdi dUde mua vui ve, budn ban dUdc Idi ga'p trfim. Ne'u khdng tin Idi ta thi dfi't nudc khdng dUdc yen on".
Lue d i u Tu-bat Di-la chUa tin, nen Iai nfim mdng tha'y nha sU ay ndi: "Nha ngUdi neu khdng tin thi ta va nha ngUdi ciing di xem". Bdn trong mpng den Trung Quoc bai k i l n Thien tQ. Khi tinh day trong Idng Ifi'y lam la. Di-la vd'n la mdt ngUdi bilt ve, ben ve lai hinh Cao To da tha'y trong mdng, mac ao dd xanh. Rdi sai sQ va thd ve sang sQ hie'n mam ngpc vfi cfic thQ khac. Sau khi sQ gia de'n, da ve hinh Cao Td rdi dem v l nQdc. So sfinh vdi hinh ve cu thi gid'ng nhau, do dd da ddng khung dep rdi hfing ngay cung bai"*^"*. Cfiu chuyen t r l n cd p h i n huyIn nhiem, mang it n h i l u s l e mfiu ciia Dao giao, nhUng binh tam Iai cQng ed the thfi'y cd't each thiic tien I n chQa trong dd. Theo dd, nhu c l u xfic lap vfi duy tri dupe quan he mfit thie't vdi Trung Hoa lfi mdt trong nhQng muc tieu chinh trj trpng tfim cua cfic bfic qufin vUdng Ddng Nam A thdi bay gid. Cac qud'c gia deu mud'n mau chdng phat t r i l n kinh te, md rdng quan he vdi cfic nUdc Idn ddng thdi qua dd bao ve vj tri chinh tri cua minh trong the' canh t r a n h tUdng ddi quyet het vdi eac nude lang gilng khu vUc. Dilu thQ vj Ifi, vj than Phfit gifio Iai khuyen ngUdi dQng dau t h i c h i hai dao Can Td Li hudng den vdi t h i gidi Trung Hoa Nho gifio dang thuc thi chinh sfich chieu du cfic nudc phUdng Nam vfi thie't lap quan he thUdng mai vdi cac nUdc nfiy. 0 dfiy, dUdng nhU vQa cd SI? phan lap vQa cd si? gilng xe v l tfim ly trong cai the gidi "tam giao ddng nguyen" dd.
Cac ngudn sii lieu cho thfi'y, d i n the ky IV-V, sau P h u Nam vfi cung vdi Phu Nam d Ddng Nam A da hinh t h a n h n h i l u vQdng
36 Nghien citu Dong Nam A 1112011 quoc. Cd nhiing vUdng qud'c dfi dat den
mQc dp "tap quyen" cao, cd anh hudng tren mdt khdng gian chinh tri tUdng ddi rdng Idn nhUng cung cd nhQng vQdng qud'c mdi d trinh dp tao lap, chQa the dat de'n si?
thd'ng nhfi't. K i t qua la, cung vdi si? le thudc vfio cac d l che' Idn ben ngofii, cfic qud'c gia nfiy cdn hi le thudc vao ngay chinh cae moi quan he ben trong, tQc cae cQdng qudc trong khu vUe. Hd qua la, nhQng tieu qudc phat t r i l n sau, mudn hdn phai tudn thii che dp cong nap va chiu si?
chi phdi cua cac cUdng quoc khu vi?e. TQ viec xac dinh vi tri cua Phu Nam, LUOng thu cung dfi xfic dinh cudng vi?e mdt so' qudc gia hai dao vfi chi ro: "Cach cUdng gidi nUde nfiy hdn 3.000 dfim cd nUdc Ddn Td'n d tren b i l n nhfi'p nhd, dfi't vudng moi chilu nghin dfim, thfinh each biln 10 dfim, cd 5 vua cung cai quan, le thupe PhQ Nam"'^^*. Mat khfic Luang thU cung ghi lai rapt ngudn tu lieu quy, cd p h i n k^ dj v l nhQng nfing liic sieu phdm ciia vua nUdc T^ Khiln. Tu Ueu cho bilt: 'Trong chfiu Dai Hai d ngofii nUdc Don Ton Iai cd nUdc T? Khiln each P h u Nam 8.000 dfim.
TUdng t r u y i n vua nUdc nfiy minh cao rapt trUdng hai, d i u dfii ba thudc, tQ xua d i n nay khdng chet, khdng b i l t bao nhieu tudi, lfim chua ea cfic t h i n thfinh. Ngudi trong nudc thien, ac vfi viec tUdng Iai vua diu biet he't, do dd khdng ai dam IQa doi dng ta. Ngudi phUdng Nam gpi lfi "TrUdng cdnh vUang qud'c" tQc "Nudc cua vua dai (;Q'*'(22) C 5 t;}j| pQJ (Jgy J^ jjj^J. y j (J^ ^ ^ j j hinh ve sQc m a n h ciia cac t h u linh (chief- dom) hay cac t i l u vUdng trong giai doan phfit trien sd khai ciia cfic qudc gia Ddng Nara A. Quyen lUc eiia dng ta la si? tich hdp cao do giQa vQdng quyen vfi than quyln. Vfi dudng nhu, n l u rae ta ciia
Luang thu lfi chinh xac, thi quyen nfing eua nhfi vua vfin dUa vfio cac phep mfiu hay sQc m a n h t h a n bi cua tdn gifio ban dia. NhUng, cung cd t h i cho rang vua nUdc Ty Khien dfi ddng thdi t i l p nhfin it n h i l u yd'u to' ciia ca Bfi La Mdn giao vfi tinh t h a n P h a t giao. Si? tich hpp quyln nfing dd, Ifi mot trong nhQng dfic tinh tieu b i l u ciia loai hinh n h a nUde mandala Ddng Nam A. Cung vdi sU phfit trien mang tinh tiep ndi va vai trd cua quan h i huyd't tdc, t h a n tpc thi tdn gifio, ma thuat dfi lfi mdt trong nhQng cd sd dinh qudc vfi dem lai sQc m a n h vo thUdng cho eac dfi'ng quan vUdng'^^'.
VI tdn giao cua P h u Nam, Luang thU vilt: "Ti?c d dd thd Thien t h i n , tUdng Thien t h i n due b i n g ddng, tUdng hai mfit thi cd bdn tay, tUdng bd'n mfit thi tara tay radi tay d i u cam hofic mdt dQa tre eon, hofic mdt loai chim mudng, hofic mfit trdi, mat trfing"*^^^ "Qud'c vUdng cua hp moi khi ra vao d i u cUdi voi. Phi t a n thi vl cung nhu vfiy. Quoc vUdng khi ngdi thi ngdi lech mdt d i u gm chd'ng Idn, dau gdi trai sat dfi't, trudc m a t trai vai t r l n g rdi dfit chfiu vfing, lu hUdng len tren dd"'^"**.
NhUng trong nhQng trQdng hdp vfi dang thQc phfit t r i l n khfic, chd din khdang t h i k y V, mfic du chQa the dat din trinh dd phat trien nhQ P h u Nam nhUng mot so VUdng qud'c dfi dat d i n si? thd'ng nhfi't, quyen lUc chinh tri t r u n g tam da dUde duy tri lien tuc vfi dn dinh. Dfin lai Idi b i l u ciia quoc vUdng Nguyet Ai, nUdc Thien True Ca Ti L I giti sang t r i l u dinh nhfi Tdng nam Nguyen Gia thQ nfim (428), Tdng thii ghi Iai: "Ndi than d gpi la sdng Ca Tl, phia Ddng giap biln, bdn ben xung quanh thfinh deu xay bfing da mfiu
Nguyin Vdn Kim - Ddu dn so cS cda cdc xd hpi Dong Nam A 37
dd tia, tren dau dUdc trdi che chd d l cho dan trong nUdc dudc yen dn. Quoc vUdng ndi t i l p n h a u chUa h i dQt doan. Nhfin dan trong nUdc deu sifa minh Ifim vide thien.
Cae nUdc tfip t r u n g cQng tdn thd dao phfip. Trong cac chiia deu ed hinh tUdng bfing tha't bad, dd dQng cung te r a t dep d l dung dung phdp t i c nhu cac vua ddi trudc.
T h i n t u xet thfi'y minh khdng pham cac dilu kieng cfi'm cua dao"'^^). C6 the khfing djnh r i n g , vdi vUdng qudc nfiy, tinh than vfi nhQng gia tri Phslt gifio da thfi'm dudm vfi dfi trd thfinh n h a n to k i t ndi dan tdc.
Trong khi dd, v i l t v l Lam Ap, LuOng thu cho r i n g : "Qud'c vUdng thd dao Nd-cfin, dQc tU0ng ngudi b i n g vfing bac Idn den 10 vi (1 vi bang 5 tfi'c)<27); H i n Ifi, d i n t h I k y VI, Lfim Ap da chiu n h i l u a n h hudng cua Bfi La Mon gifio. Theo md ta ciia Td'n thU thi ngudi dQng d i u vUdng qud'c rfi't cd uy li?c. Khi t h i l t t r i l u : "Quoc vUdng dpi mu thien quan, mfic fio cd dai lua. Mdi khi thil't trilu, con em thj t h i n deu khdng dUdc d i n gln"**'^^'.
Tuy nhien, cung cd nhQng trudng hdp, cd t h i do n h a n quan vfi si? md ta, ghi chep khdng thfit d i y dii, chung ta cung biet v l mdt sd vUdng quoc da cd trinh dp phfit tridn kha cao, canh vfit rfi't tUdi dep, t r u phQ nhUng dfi'u fi'n tdn giao thi khdng t h a t ro. Luang thu da c h i p ve nUde Bfi Ldi, mot VUdng qudc d giQa b i l n phia Ddng Nam Quang Chfiu, each Quang Chfiu hai thfing ngfiy dudng, cd khi hfiu ndng. "Ngudi nUde nfiy khofic vai cd bdi n h u tfi'm khfin rdi lfim thfinh sfi rdng. Qudc vUdng thi dung vai lua ed hoa vfin, diing chudi hat cudm quan quanh minh, dau dpi rau vfing cao hdn mdt thudc, gid'ng nhU rau quan vo, Igi dUdc trang sQc bfing bay loai chfiu bau, deo kilm kham vfing, ngdi nghieng tren ghe
cao Ifim bang vfing, cho de chan lfim bfing bac. Thi nQ d i u trang sQc bfing vfing vfi cfic thQ chfiu bau. Cd ke cam phfi't t r l n long t r l n g vfi quat Idng cdng. Quoc vUdng di ra ngofii thi ngdi tren k i l u dfit tren lUng voi. Kieu Ifim bfing gd t r i m hUdng, tren cd tan che lam bfing long chim, cd che mfinh b i n g hat chfiu. NhQng ngQdi tuy tQng thdi dc danh trd'ng. Quoc vUdng hp Kilu T r l n Nhu TQ thdi cd chua cd quan he vdi Trung Qudc. Hdi ve Ijch sii vfi thdi gian lap nude ciia hp thi khdng the nhd dUdc mfi chi ndi r i n g Bach Tinh Vudng phu nhfin Ifi ngudi dfin bfi ciia nude hp"*^^'. Ro rfing, dfi'u fi'n ve thdi lap qudc g i n liln vdi uy danh cua mdt nQ VUdng, va che' dp mau quyln v i n rat sfiu dam trong ky Qc cua cQ dan ban dia.
Mfic dQ, qudc vUdng nUde nfiy, bilu tning cho gia tri phu quyln, dfi cd uy luc chinh tri cao trong xa hdi.
Cung vdi vide sit dung quyln li?e chinh tri vfi tdn giao, radt sd'qudc gia phfit trien trong khu vUe cung da sdm e h l djnh ra luat phap di quan ly xfi hdi. Viec LUOng thu ghi lai si? kien P h u Nara da thay ddi theo phap lufit Thien Tnic (An Dd) lfi minh chQng cho thfi'y nhu cau va nfing lUc hudng dd'n rapt rad hinh phfit trien hofin t h i l n cua t h i e h l nfiy.
H i l n nhien, che dp phap luat dd, trong n h i l u bieu hi^n vfin lfi si? t i l p nm ciia cfic luat tuc va "man tuc" mang dam dfi'u fi'n cd sd cua xfi hdi Ddng Nam A. VI each thQc xet xii cua P h u Nam, Nam Ti thU cho biet: "Khdng cd lao ngue, khi ed viec k i l n cfio thi dung mdt cai n h l n hoac mdt qua trQng gfi cho vfio nQdc sdi b i t phai md len, rdi dot mdt cai d khoa cho dd len rdi dung tay cam lay di bay budc. Ngudi cd tdi thi tay bj bdng nat, cdn ngudi vd tdi thi tay
38 Nghien cim Dong Nam A 11/2011 khdng bi thUdng, Iai dem t h a xud'ng nudc,
ngUdi ngay thang thi khdng chim, ngUdi khdng ngay thang thi chim"'^"'. Tudng ti?
nhu vay, LuOng thU da viet lai vfi bd sung them: "Phep nUdc khdng cd nha tu. Ke cd tdi trUdc h i t phai trai gidi ba ngay, rdi nung ludi bua cho t h a t dd b i t ngUdi bi cao cam Ifi'y di bay budc. Lai Ifi'y n h a n vfing, trQng gfi bd vfio trong nUdc sdi vfi bfit phai md lay len. N l u la ngUdi khdng t h a t tha thi tay bj chfiy bdng, n l u lfi ngUdi dung ly thi khdng viec gi. Lai cdn nudi ca sau d trong hfio xung quanh thanh, nudi t h u dQ d trong chudng ngoai ciia thfinh. Dem ngudi cd tdi vitt lfim mdi nudi thu dQ vfi cfi sfi'u. Neu thu dQ va ea sfiu khdng fin lfi khdng cd tdi, sau ba ngfiy thi tha ra"'^*'.
Vdi Lara Ap, Luang thii cung cho r i n g :
"Trong nUdc khong cd hinh phap, ke cd tdi thi cho voi gifiy de gilt chet"*^^'.
Ngfiy nay, chiing ta khdng t h i h i i u h i t tfim thd' xa hdi vfi quyen nfing luat phap ciia ngUdi xUa. Ngudi nfio, t i n g ldp nfio, pham tpi gi vfi bi xii tdi de'n mQc dp nfio vdi hinh phat gi d i u khdng t h a t ro. Ben canh dd, ngQdi bi coi lfi pham tdi (hay gia dinh hp, cdng ddng xfi hdi...) cd the dQa ra bfing chQng ngoai pham hay phep mfiu huyen nhiem, "tri thQc ban dia" nfio dd d l yeu clu dUdc giam tdi hofic ti? bao vd tinh mang ciia minh hay khdng nhung n l u cfin cQ theo nhQng md ta trdn thi mOe dp trQng phat ciia luat tuc la r a t hfi khfic. Vdi tinh hinh si? d i i n hinh dd, cd hdi thoat tdi vfi d l dUdc cQu sd'ng t h a t hy hQu. N l u ghi chip tren lfi dung va dd lfi each trQng phat duy nhfi't thi cd the cho r i n g , " c h i dp lufit phap" cua n h i l u quoc gia Ddng Nara A, cho d i n khoang the ky V, Ifi rapt trong nhQng phQdng dien t h i hien sfiu dam nhfi't nhQng khfing iQc cua di vang ddng
thdi la su niu keo eiia xa hdi ed sd*''^'.
Ve hinh p h a p cua nudc Ty Khiln, tQc nUdc "TrUdng cdnh vUang qudc" (chic hfin lfi do tuc deo n h i l u vdng kim loai trdn cd') da ndu b tren, ngudn sQ lieu cua Trung Qud'c - Luang thu cung eho bilt: "Phap lufit nUde fi'y khi hfinh hinh tdi nhfin tlu dem de'n trUde m a t vua. Hanh hinh xong rdi an t h i t tdi n h a n . NgUdi trong nude khdng bao gid eho khach nghi tro. Cd ai tdi dd lien bi g i l t d l fin thjt, cho nen khach budn khdng ai dam de'n. Vua nudc hp thudng b t r e n nhfi sfin, khdng ed cung bfii cung khdng thd quy t h a n . Con chau ciia vj vua dd sinh tQ n h u ngUdi thUdng, rieng vj vua a'y lfi b a t tit. Qud'c vUdng Phii Nam n h i l u lan sai sQ vfi giii t h u qua Igi.
Vi vua nfiy cung thudng t a n g vfing rdng cho vua P h u Nam... Vj vua fi'y cung bilt viet sach bfing chQ P h a n (Thien True).
Sach dfii de'n 3.000 chQ, ndi ve nguyen do tiic mdnh tudng t u n h u kinh Phfit, dong thdi eon bfin ve vide thien"'^'''. Qua nhQng dilu md ta, cd the tha'y dfiy lfi mdt xa hdi phQc hpp vfi xen efii n h i l u ddng, nhilu tang nfi'c vfin hoa. Cung vdi nhQng phdp mau linh nhiem, ban t h a n n h a vua cdn la rapt con ngUdi cd hpc thara chi ed t h i coi la tri thQc Idn thdi dai bfi'y gid. Vdi quyln nfing sieu viet v l si? trudng tho, dng chinh lfi hinh tQdng v l si? c h u y i n ndi giQa mpt qua khQ raan khai vdi nhQng phat triln nic rd ciia mdi trudng van hofi mdi d Ddng Nam A^^^*, H i l n nhien, trdn phUdng dien chinh trj, vua nUdc T^ K h i l n v i n phai chju p h a n ehu h l u ddng thdi lfi thudc qudc cua P h u Nam.
3. Xa h o i v a v a n h o a
Cfic ngudn sii lieu cho thfi'y, sau thdi
Nguyen Van Kim - Ddu dn so cd ciia cdc xd hpi Dong Nam A Z9
Han (206TCN-220SCN) cfic t r i l u dai Trung Hoa v i n tiep tuc md rdng qua trinh xfira chiem, p h a t hien eac quoc gia phUdng Nam. Dudi nhfin quan ciia cfic nhfi vidt sii 'Thien trieu" Nam Te thU cho r i n g : "Cac rd b phUdng Nam thi rfi't nhieu loai.
Chiing chia dao Ifip nUde. NhQng vfit quy bau ciia bdn phUdng khdng dau hdn dUde d day. Ciia quy tren rQng dudi b i l n day mIt. T h u y i n budn tQ xa chd hfing den cfic chau d phia Nam. Do dd Giao Quang gifiu cd, cua cai chfi't d i y vUdng phu"'^^.
Theo dd, cd t h i khfing djnh rang, si?
gifiu ed eiia cfic qudc gia Ddng Nam A da cd sQc cud'n h u t m a n h me ddi vdi nhQng ngUdi dQng d i u t h i e h l chinh tri Trung Hoa vfi gidi thUdng nhfin phUdng Blc.
Vilt v l tinh each cua ngudi Lara Ap, Tdn thu cho r i n g : "Tinh ngudi hung hfin, dQng cam trong chie'n dfi'u, dQa vfio niii sdng luy$n tap khdng lue nfio ngdi. Dfi't bfing, bdn mua fi'm ap, khdng cd sUdng tuylt.
Mpi ngudi d i u t r l n trudng di chan dfi't, eho mfiu den lfi dep"*^'''. Ve tinh each vfi nhan dien cua ngudi Lfim Ap, Nam Tithu cung vilt tUdng ti? nhU Tdn thU nhUng cd bd sung them mdt so'chi t i l t rfi't dfing lUu y: "NgUdi treng nudc hung han, diia vfio mii sdng de luydn tap, gidi chien dfi'u, thdi 6c b i l n lfim tQ vfi. Mpi ngudi d i u lofi lg"(38) Xrong lich sit, cU dfin Lam Ap - Chiem Thanh khdng chi gidi budn bfin mfi eon thfinh thao vfi noi tieng ve thuy quan.
Hdn the nQa, do n l m d t r u n g dilra ciia tuyen hai thUdng ven bien Ddng Nara A, Chidm Thfinh cung ndi tie'ng v l budn bfin vfi cUdp doat hfing hoa, nd le'^***.
Vilt v l Lara Ap, Luang thU cd nhQng md ta kha chi tiet: ' T u c nude fi'y d nha san gpi la vu lan. Nha d i u trd eita hudng Blc.
Sach diing la c l y lam gia'y. Nam nQ d i u dung manh vai bdng gdn (cfit bdi) qufi'n ngang tQ iQng trd xud'ng, gpi Ifi thien man, cdn gpi Ifi dd raan. Xuyen tai de deo cai khuyen nhd. NgUdi sang di dep da, ngUdi hen di chan dfi't. Cfic nUdc d phia Nam Lfira Ap, PhQ Nam deu nhu vfiy ca. Qud'c VUdng mac q u I n ao tu (Phfip phuc), deo trfing hat nhU phuc sQc ciia tUdng Phfit.
Mdi khi di ra ngoai thi cUdi voi, thdi tu vfi bfing vd dc, danh trd'ng, che tfin bfing vai bdng gdn, dung vai bdng gdn Ifim cd"''*'*'.
N h u vay, neu rad ta tren la ve cfing mdt dia danh vfi xac thuc thi chi sau khoang hdn mdt the' ky, nhieu phong tuc tap quan ciia Lfira Ap dfi cd si? thay doi. Con ngudi vfi canh vat, dfic biet Ifi ddi sd'ng cung ifinh da trd nen t h a n h ljch, phong phii hdn.
Phfit giao cung da thfira nhap raanh me vfi cd n h i l u anh hudng trong xfi hdi.
Trong bdi canh dd, khi md ta ngudi PhQ Nam, Tdn thU dfi cho thfi'y mdt cudc sd'ng phong phu, gifiu ed nhUng v i n duy tdn n h i l u dfing net truyen thd'ng: "Dfi't dai cua hp mdi b l Ddng - Tay - Nam - Blc rdng 3.000 dam, ed thfinh fi'p cung thfi't, ngudi xfi'u xi den dui, biii tdc, cdi trudng, di chfin da't. Tinh khi ngay thfing khdng lfim trpm cUdp, Ifi'y viec cfiy cay Ifim nghi, radt nfira trdng ba nam gfit hai, lai thich dieu k h i c cham trd. Dung cu an udng phan n h i l u lfira b i n g bac, cd'ng phu nop bfing vfing, bac ngpc, hUdng lieu. Cung cd so sach, cdng sd kho tfing. ChQ vilt gid'ng nhQ ngQdi Hd. Vide tang tfing, cudi xin gan gidng nhu Lfira Ap"'""". Nam Ti thU eho bie't cu the hdn: "Ngudi P h u Nara khdn ngdan khdo leo, tfi'n cdng xfim lude cac viing Ifin can, b i t nhQng ngudi dfin khdng phuc tQng Ifim nd ty de ddi Ifiy vfing bac lua vai. Dfin dng nha gifiu cfit gfi'm Ifim
40 Nghien ciai Dong Nam A 11/2011 tfi'm vai quan ngang, phu nQ thi dung de
quan dau, ngUdi nghdo thi dung vai d l che than. Diic vang d l lfim dd trang sQc, due bac jde lam dung cu an udng, chat gd de lfim nha. Quoc vUdng b tren lau cao, diing go ghep Iai d l lfim thfinh. Ben bd bien mpc rapt loai cfiy vau Idn, la dfii tfira chin thudc, k i t la ciia nd d l Idp nhfi. Nhfin dan cung Ifim n h a sfin de d, ddng t h u y i n dfii tam chin tnidng, d i u dudi gid'ng nhU eon ea. Qudc vUdng di dfiu cung cUdi voi. P h u nQ cung cd the cUdi voi, hp thudng hay td chQe ehpi gfi dfi'u Idn d l mua vui"'''^*. Tuy nhien, v l ngQdi P h u Nam, LUOng thU lai eho r i n g ; "Ngfiy nay, ngQdi nQdc hp d i u den xfi'u, biii tdc, ndi d khdng dfio gilng, mfi'y chuc nhfi cd chung mdt cai ao cQng l l y nQdc... NgUdi xQ nfiy tinh tham lam, khdng cd le nghia, t r a i gai dUdc tii do theo dudi nhau"<^3\
V l nudc Lang Nha Tu, mdt vUdng qudc
"d giQa b i l n Nara Hai" Luang thU cho biet:
"Da't dai, khi hfiu, san vfit g i n gid'ng vdi Phu Nam, nhUng Iai cd n h i l u cac loai t r i m hUdng. Tuc nUdc nfiy nam nQ d i u d t r l n vfi biii tdc, dung vai co bdi Ifim sfi rdng. Qudc vUdng vfi qu;/ tpc, quan lai thi diing vai cd dfing mfiy, Iai cd ngu vai dung dfiy vfing lam tua, deo vdng vfing, xuyen tai. Con gai thi qufi'n vai vfi dung chuoi hgt cudm qufi'n quanh ngudi"*^'*'. Trong eac ngudn sii Ueu, cfic sii gia Trung Hoa d i u rfi't chu y d i n s i c phuc eua eU dan Ddng Nam A. C^ t h i thay, hp da nhfip v l vfi sii dimg rapt so loai vai, lua tQ Trung Qudc va An Dp d l dQng lfim trang phuc.
Tuy nhien, eU dan Ddng Nam A vfin ti?
san xua't ra rapt sd loai vai ciia ridng rainh. Dilu k^ Ig la, theo Luang thU, b chfiu Tl? Nhien, radt viing dfi't trong Trudng hai, "tren chfiu cd loai cay mpc
trong iQa. Ngudi d vQng Ifin can ben trfii chfiu a'y bdc ifi'y vd cfiy xe det thfinh vai dUdc mfi'y thudc de lfim khfin tay, chang khac gi vai day nhUng mfiu ciia nd hdi xanh den. Neu bi b i n , dem bd vfio liia thi lai sach nhu cu, hoac dung dd Ifim ba'c den thi khdng bao gid he't"*'*®*.
Trong quan he hdn nhfin, vdi ngUdi Lam Ap, Tdn thU ghi ro: "Nam nQ sang hdn cQng hp Ifi'y nhau. Phia nhfi gai dem le de'n hdi n h a trai trUdc. Khi con gfii vl nhfi chdng mac ao ca bfin, giang man vay kin n h u cfii chudng, d i u dpi hoa quy"*'"^*.
Luang thu bd sung t h I m : "Hp Idn cua nudc ay gpi lfi Ba La Mdn, cUdi xin d i u vfio thang Tam. NQ di hdi n a m tnidc dd lfi do khinh n a m trpng nQ. CQng hp cung dUdc k i t hdn vdi nhau, nhd thay Bfi La Mdn dfin chfing re den g^p cd dau, n l m tay nhau cQng chuc mQng "Cfit Idi", "Cfit Idi"
t h i lfi xdng le"*'*^'. Theo md ta, l l cudi thfit sd gian. Tinh t r a n g hdn n h a n npi tdc rat phd b i l n vfi v i n Ifi rapt cd tuc. Vdi ngUdi Lam Ap, phu nQ giQ vai trd chu ddng vfi cd vj tri cao trong q u a n he hdn nhfin.
VI tang e h l , cfic bd sit chi m i l u ta vin t i t nhung qua dd cung thfi'y hinh thQc mai tfing la ra't da dang. Si? Ii?a chpn hay phfin biet cfic dang thiic mai tfing ed t h i lfi do si?
khac bidt trong truyen thd'ng vfin hoa cua cfic nhdm, tdc ngUdi nhUng cung cd the ciing rapt toe ngudi nhUng do dja vi sang hen mfi thuc hien phUdng thQc tang tuc khac nhau. Ve tfing tuc ciia Lfim Ap, Tdn thu vilt: "Dl t a n g thi c i t tdc, cho nhU t h i la hieu, ddt xac d ngofii ddng d l lfim le t4jig"{48) f^ajn Ti thU cung cho bilt: "Nam nQ sang hdn gpi sU lfi Bfi La Mdn, cac tin do k i t hdn vdi nhau... D l tang thi c i t tdc cho nhu the lfi ed hieu. Ddt xfic d ngofii
Nguyen Vdn Kim - Ddu dn sO cd cua cdc xd hpi Dong Nam A 41 ddng de tang. TQ ndi xa ed loai chira d i l u
hfiu thieng, biet ed ngudi s i p chit, ben kdo ca b i y di fin thjt ngudi c h i t . An h i t rdi bay di. NgUdi nhfi ben n h a t xUdng ddt rdi bd xudng b i l n de thuy tang. Mfiu da ciia ngUdi eho den Ifi dep. Cfic nUdc d phUdng Nam d i u nhU vfiy ca"*'*^\ LuOng thU bd sung them: "NgUdi chet thi dem dot d ngofii ddng gpi lfi hoa tang. Vp gofi phai sdng ed ddn, xoa tdc cho dd'n gia"'^°'.
VI tfing tuc ciia P h u Nam, LuOng thU vilt: 'Ti^c eiia nUde fi'y khi cd tang thi ego tdc vfi rau. NgUdi chet cd bd'n each tang.
Thuy t a n g lfi tha xud'ng ddng sdng, hoa tang la dot thfinh tro, tho tang lfi dem chdn, d i i n t a n g lfi dem de d ngofii ddng"'^'\ Nhu vfiy, chi rieng ve tang tue t r u y i n thd'ng ciia P h u Nam da the hien si?
phong phu hdn n h i l u cac dfin tdc khfic trong khu vi?c. Tap qufin quan trpng nay cho thfi'y tinh chfi't rdng Idn vfi ddi sd'ng vfin hofi h i t sQc da dang ciia vQdng qud'c PhQ Nam trong lich sii.
4. K e t l u a n
So vdi cfic bd sii dUde v i l t trong khoang the ky III-VI, ngudn sil Heu vfi cfic bp chinh sit cua nhQng t r i l u dai Idn d Trung Qud'c v l sau vidt v l cac qud'c gia Ddng Nam A deu trpi vUdt hdn rfi't nhilu v l sd' trang vfi ndi dung dien ta. Tuy nhien, cQng vdi ngudn sit Ueu cua An Dp, cfic t u lipu khai thac d U ^ d Ddng Nam A (mfi chii yeu la vfin bia) vfi nhQng phfit hi?n khao cd hoc, nhan hpc... thi cac ngudn sii lieu ciia Trung Qud'c nhu Tdn thu, Tdng thii. Nam Ti thU, Luang thU v.v... Ifi hd't sQc cd gia tri vfi cd y nghia rieng bi^t. Tuy cdn n h i l u khfii lUdc vfi each nhin cd p h i n thien lech ciia cfic sii
gia phong kie'n (theo quan diem nUdc Idn vfi mang tU tudng Nho giao), nhUng eac ngudn su lieu van ban ciia Trung Quo'c ludn chQa dung nhQng thdng tin phong phu, sinh dpng. Qua viec khai thfic eac nguon tQ lieu dd, chung ta cd the cd dude nhQng nhfin thQc cfin ban ve lich sii, van hoa, xa hdi va mot sd' mdi quan he bang giao. giao lUu van hofi ciia cfic qud'c gia Ddng Nam A trong thdi k^ lap qud'c.
ThUc te' ljch sii vfi nhQng ngudn tU lieu tren cho thfi'y, vfio nhQng t h i ky dau sau Cdng nguyen, eac xa hpi Ddng Nam A dang dQng trQde mdt cudc chuyen minh Idn. Tren cae vung vfi khdng gian dja - vfin hofi khac nhau, nhieu vUdng qud'c sd khai dfi xufi't hien. Cd nhQng vUdng qud'c mau chdng tie'n trien thfinh eudng qudc, xfic lap quan he npi vung, ngogi vi nang ddng va rdng Idn nhUng cung cd nhilu qudc gia, vi n h i l u nguyen nhan, qufi trinh dan tpc da diin ra tUdng ddi cham chgp.
Dilu dd cho tha'y, ngay tQ dilm xufi't phfit dau tien eiia lich sii Ddng Nam A, giQa eac qudc gia da cd dp chenh ve md hinh va khoang each phat trien. Mdi quan he vfi SI? tUdng tfic vdi hai t r u n g tfim vfin minh Idn, vai trd cua cfic chinh the, cac vi thii linh cung nhQng anh hudng eiia tdn gifio vfi eac hogt dpng kinh te da lfi nguyen nhan chinh yeu dfin de'n tinh chfi't phat trien khdng d i u dd ciia Dong Nam A.
- Trong khoang thdi gian dd, hay cdn ehUa that day dii nhQng cQ lieu de ed t h i dua ra nhQng nhfin djnh khai quat v l cac md hinh p h a t trien chung, rieng cua cae VUdng qud'c cd Ddng Nara A. Tuy nhien, cho de'n khoang the ky VI da cd nhQng qudc gia nhU Phu Nara, do hinh t h a n h sdra, cung dfi dat den dp phat trien chin
42 Nghien cifu Ddng Nam A 11/2011 mudi. TQ trQdng hdp cua Phu Nam va mpt
sd qud'c gia khac trong khu viic, cd thd cho r i n g t h i e h l madala vQa Ifi mdt dang thQc vQa lfi each thQc tien de'n sU hinh thfinh cfic nhfi nUde cd Ddng Nam A.
Trong dd, nhin chung vUdng qud'c nay da sdm tap trung dUdc quyen lUc vfi vUdn len thanh d l che tren cd sd tap hdp vfi thd'ng nhfi't n h i l u tieu qudc, n h i l u tpc ngUdi ed s i c thai vfin hofi khac nhau. Cd the coi Phu Nam la mdt trong nhQng md hinh eiia The che tap quyin lien ke't. T h i che nfiy ed nhQng dfic tinh khac biet vdi t h i che'quan chu tfip quyln, qufin chii chuyen che' nhU rapt sd nhfi nudc phUdng Ddng hay t h i e h l thfinh bang, phan quyln nhU phUdng Tfiy.
Trong the che dd, vai trd cua cfic vi thu linh vfi su t i l p ndi giQa cae the' thQ cd chung quan he h u y l t tdc ed f nghia rfi't quan trpng. Dudi nhQng tac nhfin xfi hdi vfi vfin hoa, trong cac khdng gian vQng vfi lien vung, dfi ndi len hien tUdng sieu linh ciia mpt so vi t h u linh ddng vai trd khai sang. Quyln nfing cua hp lfi si? hpp tu eac sQc manh chinh tri (y thQc hd) vdi sQc raanh quan si? (tinh t h i n dQng mfinh vfi vu khi manh), cua c h i dp phu he (thang bfic ve SI? tie'n t r i l n xfi hpi) k i t hdp vdi ad thufit, ma thufit, tdn gifio (sQe manh ciia SI? huyIn nhiem). Hp dfi chinh phuc cac bp phfin eU dfin cdn lai, che' phuc ke thu, cac thd' luc ddi Ifip vfi cudl cung tQ Thd linh mpt viing da chuyen hoa thfinh Thu linh chinh tri lien viing cua mpt hay mdt tap hdp cae vUdng quoc. Cfic vUdng qud'c dd, trong nhQng giai ddan lieh sit nhfi't dinh, ed the dat den mdt trinh dp lien ke't, thd'ng nhfi't tUdng ddi cao. Do vay, khdng the coi trong ta't ca moi trudng hdp, d Ddng Nam A mandala chi lfi si? phfin tan q u y l n lUc hay Ifi su thay the, chuyin giao quyln luc
giQa cfic VUdng quoc hofic giQa vUdng qudc Idn vdi cac thudc qud'c mot cfich gian ddn*^^'. Tinh thd'ng nhfi't vfi tfip trung quyen lUc dd eho phdp cfic Thi che tap quyin lien kit cd t h e xfiy dUng nhQng he thd'ng thuy ndng quy md Idn, md mang Ifinh thd, xfic lap quan he ddi ngogi vdi ddng thdi n h i l u nude vfi k i l n dQng cac kinh dd, t h a n h thfi't tdn giao ky vi.
- Tuy da sdm bdc Id nhQng khuynh hudng phat trien rieng nhUng tren nhieu phUdng dien giQa eac qud'c gia khu vuc vfin t h i hien n h i l u net tUdng ddng trong t r u y i n thd'ng vfin hoa. NhQng dfi'u fi'n ed sd trong n i p sd'ng, q u a n he hdn nhfin, lugt tuc, tang tuc vfi bie't bao nghi l l khac nQa, ciia cac t i n g ldp binh dfin vfi gidi thUdng luu vfin dUdc duy tdn khfi ben vQng cung thdi gian. Trong y nghia dd, tam dilra cua vdng xoay van hoa va ljch sii thudng dien ra ngay trong radi trUdng sd'ng vfi xfi hpi cung dinh, nhQng ndi dd hdi, thanh thj, trung tfim kinh te' - van hoa cdn trong cac chdn dan thdn, nhQng vung xa xdi... mai de'n n h i l u the ky sau, dudng nhU ngUdi ta vfin cQ quen theo nep cQ. Khdng chi Ifi sU khac bidt va phong p h u rafi sU chdng ldp, dan xen n h i l u dang thQc p h a t trien giQa cac t h i che' vfi ngay trong cung mdt the che djnh thfinh trong nhQng khdng gian kinh t l , van hoa it n h i l u mang tinh biet lap, lfi net dfic t h u eua xa hdi Ddng Nam A. Dfic tinh ljch sit, vfin hoa do lfi nguyen n h a n chinh ye'u khien cho xfi hdi, t u tudng vfi nhQng cam thQc tdn giao Ddng Nam A bj k i l m toa, khdng t h i dat den dp phfit t r i l n chin mudi vfi dQdc dfin d i t bdi mdt he tu tudng chung. Cd the coi dd lfi sQc sdng, nhiing gifi trj b i n chfit cua cac xa hdi Ddng Nam A t r u y i n thd'ng nhUng mfit khac, d mQc dd nfio dd, cQng t h i hien su
Nguyin Vdn Kim - Ddu dn so cd cua cdc xd hpi Ddng Nam A 43
ngUng trd va duy tdn b a n nang cdhQu ciia eac thiet c h i xa hdi, vfin hoa khu viic./.
C H U T H I C H
1. Tadao Umesao: An Ecological View of History • Japanese Civilization in the World Context, Trans Pacific Press, Melbourne, 2003, p. 24-29. C6 the xem ban dich tieng Vi?t: Lich s& nhin tit quan diem sink thdi hgc - Vdn minh Nhdt Bdn trong bdi cdnh the gidi. Nxb. The Gidi, 2007.
2. Bfii vilt chii ylu sQ dyng cac ngudn sQ lieu cua Trung Qudc (ban dich) nhit Tdn thu, Tdng thu, Nam Ti thu, LiiOng thU. Trong d6 Tdn thu la bp sQ cua trilu Tay Tfi'n (265-317), Dong Tfi'n (317-420) do Phdng Huyen Linh (578-648) sogn; Tdngthitziia trilu Tiln Tdng (420-479) do ThIm Udc (441-513) bien soan; ATamT^i/ii/tQc bpsQ nhfi Nam T l (479-502) do Tieu TQ Hiln bien soan vao diu the ky VI; Luang thU, tQc sQ nhfi Ludng (502-557) do Dieu Tu Li§m bien sogn vfio diu the ky VII vfi mot s6' ngudn sQ lieu khac trong cai nhin phan tich vfi so sanh.
3. Viit s^ luge, Trln Qudc VUdng dich vfi chii giai, Nxb. Thufin Hoa - Trung tfim Vfin hoa Ngon ngQ Dong Tay, H.. 2005. tr. 18.
Theo GS. Trln Qudc Vudng: "Gia Ninh: tri sd Phong Chau ddi Dudng, tQc dfi't Me Linh thdi Hfin. qud hUdng cua Trung Trie mfi theo truyen thuyet la ddng ddi HQng VUdng. Din HQng d Phu Tho ngfiy nay, theo tfip truyen xua, HQng Vudng dinh do d d6". Sdd, tr. 19.
4. Dfio Duy Anh: Ddt nUdc Viit Nam qua cdc ddi, Nxb. Thufin Hoa, Hul, 1997, tr 20.
5. Hfi Vfin Ta'n (Cb.); Khdo cohgc Viet Nam, T 4 P II - Thdi dgi kim khi, Nxb. Khoa hpc Xfi h$i. H., 1999, tr. 209-290; Hfin Vfin Khin: Vdn hod Phting Nguyin, Nxb. Dgi hoc Qudc gia Hfi Npi. H., 2005. Cudi nfim
2007, cac nha khao cd hoc da tiln hanh khai qufit khu vUc Din ThUdng thupc di tich Co Loa va da phat hien dupe khu due mui ten ddng. "06 t h i cho ring, day la phat hien quan trgng noi tieng thQ ba, sau phat hien kho mui ten ddng hang van chile d dia dilm Cau Vuc (1959) va phat Men tro'ng ddng Cd Loa II trong chUa hang tram dd ddng Dong Sdn d dia diem Ma Tre (1982). Quan trong hdn nQa la da khfing dinh nhQng mui ten ddng da phat hiSn b Co Loa tQ trUdc den nay deu dupe diic tai cho, tai khu vuc goc Tfiy Bfic Thanh Noi Co Loa thdi An Dudng Vudng", Lai Vfin Tdi: Bdo cdo sd bp ki't qud khai quat KCH Bin ThUdng (Co Loa) ndm 2007, ViSn
Khao cd hoc, 2007, tr. 2.
6. Vu Quynh: Tdn dinh Linh Nam chich qudi, Nxb. Khoa hpc Xa hoi, H., 1993. Trong tniyln thuyet ve chim Bach Tri co ke den viec sQ gia nUdc Vfin Lang doi dap vdi te tudng nha Chu la Chu Cdng. Chu Cong hdi:
"Ngudi Giao Chi cit tdc ngIn, xfim minh, di dau trln, di chan dfi't, nhudm rSng den thi nguyen cd lfi the nfio?". SQ gia dap: "Cfit toe ngfin cho tien di trong rQng ni. Xfim minh gidng hinh Long quan ma bdi Ipi dUdi song thi lofii giao long mdi khong xiic pham den. Di chfin da't cho ti?n leo cfiy. Cay bfing dao, trong bing IQa, d l diu tran thi IQa mdi khong CO toe de ma chay. Vi fin trlu cau de trQ 6 u l cho nen nhugm rfing den". Xem Linh Nam chich qudi.
7. Keith Weller Taylor: The Birth of Vietnam, University of California Press, 1983, p. 6-7.
8. Truyen thuylt ve "Hoc trfim trQng" c6 the noi la thupc cung mot loai hinh vdi truyen thuylt vl "Qua bau" ma cac hat trong dd trd thanh ngUdi, la to tien cua cfic tpc ngudi khac nhau. Theo nhfi nghien cQu Nguyin Tfi'n Die thi huyen thoai ve Qua bau rfi't phd biln b Dong Nam A. Hien da tim thfi'y tren 130 dj ban phfin bd'tren mot dai rfi't rpng tQ Ddng Bfic An Dp den Myanmar, Thfii Lan, Lao, Viet Nam den vung Hoa Nam, Trung Quoc. Xem Nguyen TSii Die: TU truyen qud bdu Lao den
Nghien cifit Dong Nam A 11I20I1
huyen thoai lut Dong Nam A, trong: Van hoc dan gian Dong Nam A, Vi?n Nghien cflu Ddng Nam A, H., 1983; Dinh Gia Khanh: Vdn hod ddn gian Viet Nam trong boi cdnh vdn hod Dong Nam A, Nxb. Khoa hoc Xa Hoi, H., 1993; Dfing Nghiem Van:
Huyen thoai vi ngudn goc cdc tpc ngubi.
Tap chi Vfin hoa dan gian, s6' 4, 1987.
9. Trln Quoc VUdng: Ve Son tinh vd vdn hod CO Ba Vi. trong: Viet Nam: Cai nhin dia - vfin hoa, Nxb. Van hoa Dan tpc - Tap chi Vfin hoa Nghe thuat, H., 1998, tr. 75.
Trong cong trinh nfiy, tac gia da co mot nhan x6t mang tinh phUdng phfip lufin rfi't sfiu sic: "b Ba Vi, nui trd nen thieng la nhd t h i n Nui San Tinh - Thfinh Tan. Vfi vi thdn Nui nfiy trd nen bdt tii lfi do c6 b? dd cua tdng nin vdn hod - tdm linh ciia ngUdl Vi^t cd trong cpng ddng Viet Mudng chung", Sdd, tr. 69.
10. Viet sit luge, Sdd, tr. 18.
11. Thuy kinh chu, Q.14. Ban dich Khoa Lieh sQ. Trudng DH KHXH & NV, DHQG HN.
12. Luang thu, Tu lieu Trung Qud'c vilt ve Viet Nam vfi Dong Nam A, Phong Tu li|u Khoa Lich sQ. Trudng DH KHXH & NV, sdTL558.tr. 53.
13. Chia se quan diem vdi Pelliot trong tfic phim "Le Fou-nan", p. 303 "Quelques textes Chinois concemant Tlndochine Hindouisee"
EtAsiat, EFEO, II, p. 243, G.Coedds cho ring: Theo Khang Thfii, vua diu tien ciia Phu Nam chic hfin lfi Hon Dien, dd chinh la Kaundinya, ong cd the tQ An Dp, tQ ban dao Ma Lai hay tQ cae dao phUdng Nam tdi", G.
Coedfis: The Indianized States of Southeast Asia, University of Hawaii Press, HonoIuIu,1968, p. 37.
14. Phan Huy Le: Qua di tich Vdn hod dc Eo vd thu tick cd thU nhdn diin nUdc Phii Nam, Tgp chi Nghien cQu Lieh sQ, sd 11 (379) 2007. Trong cdng trinh nay tfic gia dfi phfin lap cac khfii nigm vfi khdng gian eiia "uUdng qud'c Phii Nam" vfi "de che Phii Nam". Theo d6, vUdng qud'c PhQ Nam lfi cd't loi, trung tam cdn de che PhQ Nam thi
bao gdm nhilu "thupc quoc", "chi nhdnh"
hay "nUdc kimC, NCLS, tr. 9. Trong bay t h I k y tdn tai va phat triln. chiing ta thfi'y.
vi nhilu nguyen nhfin dac biet la do vi t h i chinh tri cua vUdng quoc trung tfim va tUdng quan quyen li?c giQa "chii quoc" vdi cfic "thupc qudc" vfi cac quoc gia ngogi vi khac mfi pham vi eua "de che" thfim chi ca
"vUdng quoc" dfi biln doi khong ngiing.
15. LUdng Ninh: Vuang qudc Phu. Nam • Lich sit vd vdn hod, Vien Van hofi - Nxb. Vfin hoa Thdng tin, H., 2005; Le Xuan Diem - Dfio Linh Con - Vo Si Khai: Vdn hod 6c Eo nhitng khdm phd mdi, Nxb. Khoa hpc Xa hpi, H., 1995; Hfi Vfin Tfi'n: 6c Eo - NhUng yi'u tdngi sinh vd ngogi sinh, trong: Theo dfi'u cac vfin hofi cd, Nxb. Khoa hpc Xa hdi, H., 1997, tr. 833-847.
16. Luang thu, TL dfi dan, tr. 52.
17. Luang thu, TL dfi dan, tr. 54.
18. Luang thu, TL dfi dfin, tr. 55. Mdt sdhoc gia cho r i n g Kieu Trln Nhu lfi each phien fim Kaundinya eiia An D6 vfi gpi la Kaundinya II, nQa sau the ky IV de phan biet vdi Kaundinya I tQc Hon Diin, ngUdi ciing lap nude Phu Nam vdi Lieu Di|p - Soma, dau t h i ky I. Xem Litdng Ninh: dnh hitdng cua vdn hod An Dp vdi vdn hod Dong Nam A, Tap chi Vfin hoa Ngh$ thu4t sd 5, 1998.
19. Luang thu, TL dfi din, tr. 61.
20. Luang thu, TL da dfin. tr. 59.
21. Luang thu, TL dfi dfin, tr. 49.
22. LUcfng thu, TL da dan, tr. 50. Vl nUdc Chfin Lap. Minh sC: cung vilt v l mpt tdc ngudi cd nhQng dfic tinh nhfin chiing rfi't dfing chu y: 'Trong nui sfiu sQ fi'y cd mpt Ifing ten la 6-lung Ly- dfin, ngudi b do ddu mpc duoi. Thfi'y ngudi thi che mfit chgy trdn. Tuy nhien, dfi't nhilu vfing cfit, lai budn dem hfing den ddi, danh trong ddng nhd lfim hieu. d^t hfing len mfit dfit rdi liii vl sau mpt trudng d l cho hp den xem, vQa f thi de vfing xuong ben cgnh. Chu hfing tQ xa ndi bfing long bfin thi elm hfing di, nlu khdng tlu dem vfing trd ve, chQ khdng
Nguyen Vdn Kim - Ddu dn so cd cua cdc xd hpi Dong Nam A 45
ndi vdi nhau", Minh sH - Ngogi qudc truyin, Tu lieu Khoa Lich sQ, VT 388, tr.
14. Cd t h i tham khao them Nguyin Dinh Khoa: Nhdn chung hgc Ddng Nam A, Nxb.
Dai hoc va THCN. H., 1983.
23. Ve ban chfi't vfi bilu hi^n cua mandala c6 the xem O.W. Welters: History, Culture, and Religion in Southeast Asian Perspectives, Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 1999. p. 27-40.
24. Luang thu, TL da dfin, tr. 55.
25. Luang thu, TL dfi dfin, tr. 55.
26. Tdng thu, TL da din, tr. 23.
27. Luang thu, TL da din, tr. 46.
26. Tdn thu, TL da dfin, tr. 1.
29. Luang thu, TL da din. tr. 46.
30. Nam Ti thU, TL da din, tr. 37.
31. Luang thu, TL dfi din, tr. 63.
32. Luang thu, TL dfi din. tr. 53.
33. C6 t h i tham khao Vu Quang Thien - To Nguyin: Mpt so'ludt tuc vd lugt cddDdng Nam A, Nxb. Vfin hofi - Thong tin, H., 1995; D^ng Nghidm Vgn (Cb.); Tuyen tap van hgc cdc ddn tpc it ngUdi d Viet Nam, Nxb. Khoa hoe Xa hpi, H., 1992 xem phin Lufit t\ie cue ngUdi E-de d Die Lfic, Vfin bia Chfim, tr. 214-424; Ngd DQc Thinh - e l m Trpng: Lugt tuc Thdi d Viet Nam, Nxb. Vfin hoa dfin tpc, H., 1999. Trong phin Hinh phap cua tac pham Dgi Dudng Tdy VUc ky, nhfi su Trung Qudc Tam Tang Trln HuyIn Trang cd vilt v l each x6t xQ vfi triing phgt tpi pham cua An Dp t h i ky VII. So vdi cac cfich xdt xit eua mot so'quoc gia Ddng Nam A cd t h i nhfin thfi'y nhieu dilm tudng ddng. Phai chfing, tQ nhiing t h i ky dau sau CN, giQa hai khu vUc dfi cd SI? giao luu v l hinh phap? Xem Dgi Dudng Tdy Viic ky, Nxb. PhUdng Ddng, 2007. Tp.
HCM.. tr. 157-158.
34. Hdi Khoa hpc Ljch sQ Vi0t Nam: Vdn hoa 6c Eo & vUang qudc Phii Nam, Nxb. The Gidi. H., 2008. tr.273-274. Theo mgt sd nhfi nghien cQu, tuc gilt ngudi, sfin d i u
ngudi, fin thit ngUdi da xuS't hi$n rfi't sdm vfi tdn tgi lau dfii d khdng it quoc gia Dong Nam A. Trong nguon tu lieu tren, chiing ta khong the khfing dinh vua nudc Ty Khien cd tQ chdi viec fin thit ngUdi hay khong chi bill r i n g dng ta khdng an thit gia siic vfi bfin viec thien. Du sao, viec dua ngudi cd toi den trudc mfit dng ta d l fin thit la mgt sU chfi'p nhfin man tyc cua the che. Trong chinh sQ Viet Nam thdi Le cung ghi Igi mgt sU kien rfi't dfing chu y, dd lfi vfio mQa Dong, thang Mudi nfim 979, do Chi hau ngi nhan Do Thich can tgi gilt vua Dinh Tifin Hoang d san cung di€n Hoa Lu sau dd Igi gilt ludn con ca la Nam Viet VUdng Liln nen dfi hi "Dinh quoc cong Nguyen Bfic sai ngifdi bit dem chem, dap nat xUdng, bflm thit ra tQng manh, chia eho ngUdi trong nudc fin, chfing ai khong tranh Ifi'y mfi nhai nudt", DVSKTT, Tfip I, Nxb. Khoa hoc Xfi hpi, H., 1993, tr. 214. Vl tuc fin thit ngudi cd the xem Will L. Diirant: NguSn gd'c vdn mink, Nguyen Hiln Le dich, Nxb. Thufin Hofi, Hul, 1991, tr. 22-24. Tfic phfi'm Ch&n Lap phong thdky ciia Chu Dgt Quan cung ghi Igi mpt tuc ky Ig cua vi(dng quoc nfiy vin cdn tdn tgi den cu6i t h i ky XIII: 'TrUdc day, vfio khoang thang Tam la Ifi'y mgt.
Chua Chiem Thfinh hfing nfim din ddi mpt vd mat ngUdi, chiing hdn ngfin cai. Ban dem sai ngUdi di nhilu ndi trong thfinh vfi Ifing xdm, gfip nhiing ke di dem thi lay dfiy trong vfio diu, diing dao nhd dam vao dudi sUdn ben phai cit lly mat, chd cho dii sd thi dang chua Chiem Thfinh", Chdn Lap phong thdky, Nxb. T h i Gidi, Ban dich ciia
GS. Ha Vfin Tfiii, GS. Phan Huy Le gidi thi^u, H.. 2006, tr. 54-55.
35. Luang thu, TL dfi dfin, tr. 46. Trong cong trinh Chiing ta thoat thai tii ddu, nhfi nghien cQu E-Rd-Nd Mun-Da-Sep dfi viet ve hien tUdng cd nhiing nhfi tu hfinh d Tay Tgng sdng din 300 tudi. Tac gia vilt:
"Thang Tam hfing nfim vao tuIn trfing trdn, ong ta vfio dpng vfi nhfip dinh trong do. Sau thang sau, dng ta trd Igi vdi mpi ngudi vfi sdng mgt ddi sd'ng binh thudng khoang mpt thfing. Trong thdi gian do, ong ta ehi udng
46 Nghien cifu Dong Nam A 11/2011 siia bd vfi an la cfiy x6-ma. Sau dd, dng lai
vao dgng vfi chim trong trang thfii xd-ma- ehi sau thang", xem Chiing ta thoat thai tit ddu, Nxb. T h i Gidi, H., tr. 353.
36. Nam Ti tkU, TL da din, tr. 39.
37. Tdn thu, TL da din, tr. 1.
38. Nam Ti thU, TL da din, tr. 28.
39. Trong Linh ngogi dgi dap (1178), vilt ve nudc Chiem Thfinh tac gia Chu KhQ Phi nhfin x6t: "Chiem Thanh lfi nUdc Lam Ap thdi Hfin, d tren coi cd cot ddng Ma Vien.
Thdi Dudng ggi lfi nudc Hofin Vudng. Ndi vua d ggi la Chiem Thanh, lay de ggi ten nudc. Dfi't san danh hUdng, te, tUpng. Dfi't diu Ifi cat trlng, da't cfiy dUdc rfi't it.
Khong c6 de, Idn, rau cd. Dan chiing la'y hUdng lfim k l sinh nhai. Nudc khong cd chp bua. Da!t rgng, ngudi it, phin nhilu mua nd ty. Thuyin budn Ifi'y ngUdi lfim hfing hofi. Nudc fi'y phia Bfic din Giao Chi, phia Nam den Chan Lap. Thin sQ vdi Giao Chi nhung cQu thQ vdi Chfin Lgp", Linh ngogi dgi dap, Tu li^u Khoa Lich sQ, so DM 1006B. tr. 28. Xem them Ludng Ninh: Lich su! vUang qud'c Champa, Nxb.
DHQG HN. H.. 2004.
40. Luang thu, TL da din, tr. 45 - 46.
41. Tdn thu, TL da dfin. tr. 5.
42. Nam Ti thU, TL dfi dfin, tr. 36.
43. Luang thu, TL da din, tr. 55.
44. Luang thu, TL da dfin. tr. 61. Nhieu ngudn sQ lieu diu ndi cU dfin khu vUc cd thdi quen dung vai "Cfit bol". Theo LUOng thu thi; "Cfit bdi lfi mgt logi cfiy, hoa cua nd nhu long ngdng, keo sdi td eua nd d l det thanh vai, t r l n g chfing khfic gi vai day, cung cd t h i nhupm thfinh nfim mfiu, ddt thfinh vai soc", TL da dfin, tr. 41.
45. Luang thu, TL dfi dfin, tr. 51.
46. Tdn thu, TL da dfin, tr. 1.
47. i-UWng thu, TL dfi dfin. tr. 46.
48. Tdn thu, TL da din, tr.l.
49. Nam Te thu, TL da dfin, tr. 28. Vl tang c h i cua Chan Lgp t h i ky XIII, Chu Dat Quan
viet: "Ngudi chit khdng cd quan tfii, chi bo trong mdt logi chilu, lay vai phu. Dua ma, trudc cung diing cfic logi cd xi nhgc trdng, rdi Igi lay hai mam dUng day gao rang, m6m quanh dudng di ganh den cho heo lanh xa xdi khdng cd ngildi b ngofii thanh thi vQt xud'ng rdi bo di, dpi dilu, qug, cho den an. Trong giay lat fin het thi bao ring cha me cd phiic nen dUdc bao dap nhu vay.
Neu khdng an hofic fin khdng hit thi lai bao ring cha me cd tgi nen den nhit the. Nay d i n din cung cd ke thieu hoa, thudng thudng deu la con chau ngitdi Trung Quoc.
Cha me chet khdng cd tang phuc gi khac, con trai thi cao trge tdc, con gai thi cfit tdc trudc tran Idn bfing ddng tiln, Ifi'y t h i lam hiiu. Vua ciing cd thap mai tang, nhUng khong bilt chdn ngudi hay chon xUdng", Chdn Lgp phong thdky, Sdd, tr. 44.
50. Luang thu, TL da din, tr. 46. Mink siC cung ghi Igi tang tyc ciia vUdng quoc Ma Diep ling the ky XV; "Vp dd tang chong thi che mfit cao tdc tuyet thuc bay ngay. cQng nlm vdi thi t h i ngUdi chit, cho nSn phin nhilu deu bi chet. Nlu bay ngay mfi khong chet thi bfi con thfin thich khuyen fin udng vfi sud't ddi khong tai gia. Cd ke din ngfiy thieu xfic chdng thi nhay vfio dd'ng IQa til thieu", Minh sH - Ngogi qudc truyen, Tu lieu Khoa Lich sit, VT 388, tr. 12.
51. Luang thu, TL dfi dfin, tr. 55.
52. Cling vdi cdng trinh cua O.W. Wolters:
History, Culture, and Region in Southeast Asian Perspectives, cd the tham khao them cfic quan diem ve vfi'n de mandala trong: Deborah E. Tooker: Putting the Mandala in its Place: A Practice-baced Approach to the Spatialization of Power on the Southeast Asian Periphery' - The Case of the Akha, Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 55, No. 2 (May, 1996), 323- 358 hay Peter Grave: Beyond the Mandala: Buddhist Landscapes and Upland-Lowland Interaction in North- West Thailand AD 1200-1660, Worid Archaelogy, Vol. 27, No. 2, Buddhist Archaeology, (Oct.. 1995), pp. 243-265.
