TRUCJNG DAI HOC DONG THAP Tgp chi Khoa hoc so 13 (6-2015) ./VUA QUANG TRUNG DAI PHA QUAN THANH XUAN KY D ^ U 1789
VA BAI HOC CHO HOM NAY
• TS. Nguyen Thanh Phtfdng''', ThS. Tran Hoang Phongn Tdm tat
Trong lich sU qudn sU cung nhU lich svt cdc trieu dgi nUdc ta, Vua Quang Trung - Nguyin Hue ludn dugc xem la mgt anh hiing co tdi diiu binh xudt chting. Tdi dung binh cHa dng da sdm dugc bgc lg qua cdc trdn thdng. Dgc biit, trdn dgi phd qudn Thanh ndm 1789 dd diOi ten tuoi ong trd thdnh mdt trong nhiing nhd ldnh dgo qudn sU lot lgc. Chien thdng do da di lgi cho ede thi he hdm nay nhieu bai hgc vi phugng phdp ddnh dudi cdc the lUc ngogi bang dd cho chting co mgnh han ta gdp nhieu ldn.
Thiit nghi, day Id bdi hgc md ta cdn hgc lgi nhdt la trong bd'i cdnh Men nay.
TU khod: binh phdp, qudn Thanh, vua Quang Trung.
1. D|it v^n dd
Sdch "Dai Nara chinh biSn Uet tmySn " md td Vua Quang Tmng Id ngtfdi: mat sdng nhtf chdp, ti^ng ndi nhtf chudng, khdn ngoan tri tue hdn ngtfdi, gidi chiS'n ttdn, nhieu ngtfdi gian khiep sd. Dd la qui ttfdng c^a vi Vua danh ttdm ttdn ttam th^ng.
Trd thdnh mdt ttong ba vi ldnh dao cao nhat ciia phong ttdo Tdy Sdn luc 18 tudi, tttfc tiS'p cim qudn ddnh trdn ndo cung thdng. Vua stf dung thanh long dao, can mdu den, ttfdng truyen Id eua Xd thin ttao tdng [7, tt. 165].
Xung quanh cuoc ddi, stf nghiep cua vi Vua - ngtfdi anh hiing do vdi nay cd rat nhidu nhin nhdn khdc nhau d nhieu gdc dp khac nhau, khen che deu cd. Nhtfng ngay ca doi vdi nhffng ngtfdi ttfng chS trdch thi v l n khdng thd phu nhdn: Quang Trung - Nguydn Hue Id anh hiing vd la ngtfdi cd tdi thao Itfde tuyet vdi.
2. Hinh anh Quang Trung - Nguydn Hu$
qua cac trSn chiS'n
Ndm 1775,22tudi, thdng ttdnPhu Yen. Nam 1777, 24 tudi thang tran Gia Dinh l i n 2. Ndm 1782, 29 tudi, ciing vdi Nguydn Nhac thang ttan Gia Dinh. Ndm 1783, 30 hidi, thang tiln Gia Dinh lin 5. Nam 1785, 32 hioi, thSng ttan Rach Gim - Xodi Miit. Ndm 1786, 33 tudi diet Trinh d Phu Xuan; tin cdng ra Thdng Long xda bd stf thdng tri cua Chiia Trinh. Nam 1789, 36 tudi dai phd quan Thanh.
Dd Id vi ttfdng tdi nang xua't chiing: ddnh tan qudn xam Itfdc XiSm ttong thdi gian Id mdt con ntfdc; chi ttong sdu bdy ngdy TS't dd ddnh tan quan '•' Khoa van h6a - Du lich, Trtfdng Dai hoc Dong Thdp.
104
Thanh xam Itfdc. Vua da tap hdp chung quanli nunh nhtfng nhan tai, stf dung dung sd trtfdng, sd doan nen da lap dtfdc nhffng chidn cdng Itfng lly,
Suot ngay lo chuySn ntfdc non Giffa khuya triSu tdp quan than tham mtfu Qua cde bdi thd eua cdc vi ldm quan dtfdi thdi Tay Sdn ta dtfdc biet rang vao giffa khuya Nguydn HuS thtfdng cho ddnh trd'ng mdi cdc quan dS'n hgp bdn viec ntfdc. Nguyen Hue da phdt huy tdi da tdi nang, tri tue Viet cua cac quan, ttfdng nen ^ cd dtfdc nhtfng quyS't dinh dung, gidnh dtfdc nhilu thdng ldi.
3. D^i pha quan Thanh - tr^n chiS'n lam nSn danh tiS'ng ngtfdi anh hung ao vai
Ndm 1788, Nha Tdy Sdn lai mpt lin ntfa lam vdo tinh thS' "Itfdng dau thp dich". Phia Nara Itfc Itfdng ciia NguySn Anh dtfdc Tdy phtfdng giup d3 dang rat manh. Phia Bae, 29 van quan Thanh cung vdi khodng 3 van binh ciia LS ChiSu Th^ng cdng chung Id 32 van, da vdo Thang Long. Phdn tich tinh hinh, ban tham mtfu ciia NguySn Hue da c6 den nhffng quyet dinh: Thtf nhd't, gidc ttong Nam Id chuyen npi bd se giai quyet sau; Thtf hai: gidc phia Bac la giac ngoai xam cin phai gidi quydt trtfdc, nd^u khdng dd't ntfde lai rdi vao cdnh phii Idm nd IS cho B i c phtfdng; Thtf ba: gidc phia Bic phai danh nhanh, b^t ngd, t h i n tdc nhtf Ng3 Quyen ddnh quan Nam Han chtf khdng thd danh cham nhtf Le Hodn, Ly Thtfdng Kiet ehong Tdng, Trin Htfng Dao chd'ng Nguyen - Mdng, Le Ldi - Nguydn Trdi binh Ngd vi moi hpa Nguydn Anh d sau Itfng va ddnh ehdm, qudn Thanh von rat ddng, thiSn chien, yS'u td' bat ngd khdng cdn se khdng thdng dtfdc; Thtf ttf: Nguydn Hue phdi ISn
TRUdNG DAI HOC D 6 N G THAP Tap Chl Khoa hpc so 13 (6-2015) ngdi hoang de dd qudn ttfdng tu tap dtfdi ed Vua
quyel tSm danh gidc, cung nham vdo vlSc gitfdng cao mdt ngpn cd chinh tri khdc dd loai vua Le Chieu Tho'ng ra khdi vu ddi chinh tri, chim dtft stf tdn tai cua Nha LS [7, tt. 230]. Viec ndy cung gidng nhtf Thai hdu Dtfdng Vdn Nga ttao ngdi vua cho Le Hodn dd cho qudn ttfdng quydt tdm chdng Tdng;
Thtf nam: gdi thtf vdo Nam cho ttfdng Pham Vdn Tham ddn dd la cd g^ng phdng thu chd viSn binh.
Ngdy 22 thang 12 ndm 1788, tai Hue, NguySn Hue ISn ngdi Hodng de, lay luSn hieu Id Quang Trung. Trong ChiS'u ISn ngdi, NguySn HuS ndi:
"Tiim da hai lan gdy diftig cho hp LS, thd ma ttf qudn nhd LS khong biet gitf gin xa tac, bd ntfdc bdn tin d ngoai, sT ddn B i c Hd khdng htfdng vd hp Le md chi mong vdo T r i m " [7, tt. 230].
Ngay sau IS ddng quang, ngdy 26, bdn ngdy sau, qudn ttfdng cua Vua Quang Trung da xuit hiSn tai NghS An cdch HuS' hdn ba ttam ndm chuc cay sd. Dd la cudc hdnh qudn thin tdc. Sdch Le tridu dd stf chep rang: Vua da eho dung cdng, ludn phiSn cho hai ngtfdi khiSng mpt ngtfdi, di sudt ngdy dem. Sau ndy, Trtfdng Dai hpc Stf pham Hd NOi cho thifc nghiSm lai thi ke't qud Id cho sinh vien chay khdng lai nhanh hdn viSc "hai ngtfdi khiSng mpt ngtfdi". Ddn nay cung chtfa ly gidi dtfdc vi sao qudn ttfdng cua Vua Quang Trung lai di nhanh ddn thS'?
Theo tdi lieu ciia Phan Duy Kha (bdi vidt ddng trSn bdo Khoa hpc vd Ddi sd'ng thdng 10 ndm 2010), mdt trong nhffng nguyen nhdn giup Vua hdnh qudn thin tde Id viSc stf dung "thuydn cdng" ldm bang nan tte. Chieu dai cua thuyen cdng Id 2,4 m; chidu ngang la 0,8 m. Thuydn edng dOng dd khieng vu khi, qudn ttang, quan dung, Itfdng thtfc, thtfc phim; ldm thuydn khi vtfdt sdng;
che mtfa, nang; ldm khiSn khi xung ttdiL.. Ca dao ca ngdi thuydn cdng:
"Giup quan thin tdc/ Khdng kd ngdy dem Di dtfdng ldm cdng/ Xudng ntfdc ldm thuyen Trdi mtfa ldm ldng/ Xung ttdn thdnh khiSn Quan di nhtf ntfdc ..."
Vua cho dtfng qudn d NghS An mtfdi ngdy de tuydn md thSm qudn ttfdng. Vua td chtfc mdt cudc duyet binh ldn, da tuySn bd:
"Qudn Thanh sang xam Itfdc ntfde ta, hiSn dang d Thang Long, cdc ngtfdi da biS't chtfa?
Trong khodng vu tru, da't ndo sao nay, tat ca ddu da dtfdc phan biSt r5 rang, Bdc - Nam hai phtfdng ehia nhau md tri. Ngtfdi phtfdng Bac khdng phdi ndi gidng ntfdc ta, bung da i t khac. Ttf ddi Hdn ddn nay, chung da bao phen ctfdp bdc ntfdc ta, giet hai nhdn ddn ta, vd vdt cua cdi khap ntfdc ta, eho nen, ngtfdi minh khdng ai chiu noi, ddu mudn ddnh dudi chiing di. Ddi Hdn ed TnJiig Nff Vtfdng, ddi Tdng cd Drah Tien Hodng, LS Dai Hdnh, ddi NguySn cd Trin Htfhg Dao, ddi Minh ed Le Thdi Td... Cde ngdi khdng nd ngdi ySn nhin chung Idm dieu tdn bao, cho nen da thudn long ngtfdi ma dliy nglua binh, deu chi ddnh mdt ttdn Id thang vd dudi ban ehung vd ben phtfdng B i c "... "Ldi hai vd dtfdc thua deu Id chuyen eu ranh rdnh ciia cdc tridu dai trtfdc. Nay ngtfdi Thanh lai sang, mtfu dd lay ntfdc Nam ta md dat thdnh qudn huyen ciia ehiing, khdng bidt trdng gtfdng cdc ddi nhd Td'ng, Nguyen vd Minh thud xtfa, vi thd, ta phdi keo qudn ra ddnh dudi chung" [7, tt. 231-232].
Vua da nSu ISn qud trtnh chidn d i u chidn thing qudn Tdu xam Itfdc rd't ve vang; ndi khd eiia ngtfdi bi tri; nay chung de'n xdm chie'm tat phai hi ddnh bai nhtf cha dng ta da cd nhffng chidn cdng oanh liet trtfdc do.
Vua da "sai ngtfdi mdi ngtfa chay gap ra, dtfa thtf xin diu hdng Ton ST Nghi, ldi le trong thtf rit nhun nhdn, khiem td'n" [7, tt. 233]. Dd la viec Vua thtfe hien "khd nhuc kS'", vd TSn Si Nghi da triing kS', chii quan, khinh dich, hen vdi Le Chieu Thdng, ngdy miing 6 TS't ndm K^ Ddu se ra quan tiSu diSt Tdy Sdn. Stf tning ke dd cung do trtfdc dd, Tdn ST Nghi chiem ntfdc ta qud dS ddng, chi trong thdi gian ngan da chiem dtfdc cd mien Bac, ttf biSn gidi Viet - Trung ddn Thanh Hda.
Tai Thanh Hda, Vua td chtfc LS ThS Stf, Vua dd nSu ISn "tuyen ngdn ddc Idp" trtfdc ba qudn, ttfdng si:
"Ddnh de cho ddi tdc Ddnh dd cho den rang
Ddnh cho chung chich ludn bd't phdn Ddnh cho chung phidn gidp bd't hodn Danh eho stf tri Nam qudc anh hffng vi hiiti chfl "
Ngdy 15 thdng 1 ndm 1789 (20 thang chap nam Mdu Thdn), Vua hdnh qudn ra Tam DiSp - Bien Sdn. Tai ddy, Vua ciing hd tham mtfu ISn k d hoach td chtfc dai pha quan Thanh. Luc ndy 1 0 5
TRUCJNG DAI HOC DONG THAP Tap chi Khoa hgc so 13 (6-2015) buih si cua Vua lk mtfdi van, it hdn g i p 3 lin so
vdi ke thu, Iai phin ldn Id qudn mdi tuydn chtfa qua luyen tap, chtfa quen ttdn mac, chtfa ddnh ttdn ndo. Linh mdi tuyen do Vua ehi huy, qudn cu thien chidn giao eho ede ttfdng chi huy. Cac gido sT phtfdng Tdy da md ta dao quan do Vua chi huy Id "tan ta nhtf nhi?ng benh nhdn ". Tinh thin chien diu khdng cao vl dd Id nhffng ngtfdi khdng ttdn linh dtfdc; mdt ngtfdi dtfdng thdi, gido sT Longer cho biet "Tdy Sdn bat lfnh gay git de'n ndi ngtfdi ta khdng biet ttdn vao dau de ttdnh qudn dich".
Ddi qudn d hdp dd dtfdi stf chi huy ciia Quang Trung da ttd thdnh nhffiig ehien binh thien chidn.
Cd thd gidi thich didu dd nhtf sau: Vua da stf dung vu khi tdi tan cua thdi dd nhtf sung hoa hd, dai bde cd nhd cdc Ioai sung ndy ddt trSn liftig voi bidn voi chiS'n ciia ta thdnh mpt loai xe tdng; ta lai cd vdi ttdm voi ehien thtf md quan Thanh khdng cd.
Qudn dpi cfla Vua phdi tudn theo mdt ky ludt sit:
Trdng thuc qudn tiS'n ISn md chay lui se bi mpt ddn cung thu bSn canh chi huy bin chS't; vi thd binh sT ehi ed mdt con dtfdng tidn ISn de ehien thing, ne'u cd chS't thi chet vinh quang, chtf khdng the ttdn chay dd chS't ttong d nhuc:
"Gdp voi, ngtfa chay cudng cudng Ep vdo Dim Mtfc qudn Tdu thua to"
Hpi quan d Tam Diep - Bien Sdn, Vua khen vi?c bo Thdng Long efla NgS Vdn Sd, Ngd Vdn Ldn, Ngd Thdi Nhiem la ddng: ldm tang thSm stf kiSu ngao eua dich qudn, chung se thidu stf phdng bi, ta se dS tiSu diet dich hdn; ta bdo toan dtfdc ttfe Itfdng diing eho stf tan cdng manh Uet sau ndy.
Viec khen ngdi ndy cung tao dtfdc stf dodn kS't, tdng them ldng cdm phuc cua ttfdng sT ddi vdi Vua, long quydt tdm chdng gidc cila ba qudn, ttfdng sT cdng cao thSm.
Vua chia qudn lam 5 dao:
- Dao thtf nhat do Vua chi huy, ed ttfdng binh, ky binh; nrdng tiSn phong Id Ngd Van Sd, Phan Vdn Lan tin edng vdo Nam Thdng Long.
- Dao thtf hai do Do ddc Ddng chi huy, cd ttfdng binh, ky binh, di dtfdng thtfdng dao, ddnh thpc stfdn, vdo phia Tdy Thdng Long.
- Dao thtf ba do Dd ddc Bdo chi huy, cd ttfdng binh, ky binh di theo dtfdng tfng Hda ra ldng Dai Ang ddnh vdo phia Tay nam Ngpc Hdi, phdi hdp vdi dao qudn cua Vua Quang Trung. Ngpe Hdi 106
each Thang Long khodng 10 edy so', ddy dtfdc xem la vi tri quydt chiS'n chidn Itfdc. Ai gidnh dtfdc chiS'n thing d day se Id ngtfdi gidnh thing ldi sau eung.
- Dao quan thtf ttf do Dd dd'c Tuydt chi huy, vtfdt bien tidn vdo Hdi Dtfdng lam cac nhiSm vu diet dieh, ddnh vao Thang Long vd danh phfl diu khi dich tip tnmg qudn dd chd'ng lai ta, vi dich dfl thua d Thdng Long, nhtfhg qudn sd cdn rit dong.
- Dao thtf ndm do DS ddc Ldc chi huy vtfdt bien tie'n vdo khu vtfc sdng Lue Dau cd nhiSm vu ttfdng ttf nhtf cdnh qudn cfla Dd dde TuyS't.
Lue ndy gid mua Ddng B i c thdi ttf Bic vdo Nam. Cde vi Dd dde cho ring khdng thd dem binh ra kip thdi vi gid thdi ngtfdc. Truyen thuydt kd rang: "Vua bdo vdi cdc vi ttfdng rang vdo cdc ngdy cdn tS't se cd ludng gid thdi ngtfdc ttf Nam ra Bac, ctf ntfdng theo dd md dong thuydn se deii ndi kip Iuc". Dd ddc Tuydt vd Dd ddc Ldc chip hdnh, dd ntfdng theo ngpn gid thdi ttf Nam ra Bic vdo luc gidp TS't dd kip ra B i c ldm tton nhiSm vu danh dudi hdng may chuc van tan qudn ciia T6n ST Nghi dtf dinh tdp ke't d Hdi Dtfdng vd viing sdng Luc Diu phdn cdng lai qudn ta, giup cudc khdng chidn eua ta kdt thuc nhanh, gpn, dat ntfdc ta sach bdng qudn thu chi ttong mOt thdi gian ngin.
DSm 30 TS't, dai quan cfla Vua xuit chinh.
Ha hdng loat ddn dpc dtfdng dl: Gidn Khiu, Nguyet QuyS't (Thanh LiSm), Nhdt Tdo, Phii XuySn; bit hdt tdn qudn; vi thd ta vdy kin ddn Hd Hdi kSu hang, qud bit ngd dich budc phdi dau hdng.
Dem mung Ba, ngdy vd dSm mung Bdn ta vay ddn Ngpc Hdi, lam cho qudn dieh cdng thing, hodng loan vl khdng bidt Id bi ddnh vdo Mc ndo.
Cd ngdy dSm mung Bdn, Vua cho dp sdt ctf didm Ngpc Hdi, thu hut stf quan tdm cfla dich vd phia Ngpc Hdi, eho dich qudn xem day Id didm quydt chien chidn Itfdc, Id Id di cdc ndi khdc, khong bidt dtfdc la cdc dao qudn khdc cua cdc Dd dde DSng, Ldc, Bdo, Tuydt dang dm thim hanh qudn ddn nhffng vi tti chidn Itfdc khdc, phdi hdp vdi nhau, thpc nhiJng thanh dao nhpn vdo ttf huyet cfla ke xdm ldng.
DSm mung Bd'n, d Khtfdng Thtfdng, DS ddc Ddng gidng eho dich mdt ddn chf mang.
Vdy Id Vua Quang Trung chd ddi stf phdi hdp vdi Dd ddc Ddng. Didm quydt chidn chidn Itfdc
TRUCflSTG DAI H O C D O N G T H A P Tap chl Khoa hoc sd 13 (6-2015) luc nay Id ctf diem Khtfdng Thtfdng. Ngtfdi vung
dai dao ket lieu eupc ddi qudn xdm Itfdc Id Dd ddc Ddng. Khtfdng Thtfdng thd^t thu dSn de'n Thdng Long thg't thfl. Ton Si Nghi bd ehay; tap doan etf didm hung manh nha't Id Ngpc Hdi Iuc ndy qudn ttfdng da hoang loan, khdng cdn tinh thin chien dliu ta ddnh thing rCt dS ddng. Sdng mung Ndm ta ti^n cdng. Dpi ky binh cfla dich vtfa thiy vol chien cfla ta da "hd't hodng hi len rdi chay ldng trd Iai, gilm dap ISn nhau". Dich phdi nit vdo thdnh [7, tt. 242].
Cung ttong ngdy mung Nam, ta ta'n cdng ddt 2. Dich bd thdnh chay vd Thdng Long. Ddi qudn voi cfla Vua vd cua Dd ddc Bdo ttf phia tdy nam xdc tdi ep dao ky binh efla dich vao D i m Mtfc.
Dich phdi d i u hdng.
Chd ndy ta thay stf quydn bidn ttong nghe thudt qudn stf eua Vua Quang Trung dtfdc xS'p vao hang thiSn tdi.
"DS ddc Ddng ddnh thpc stfdn Binh ddu nhtf thd ttSn ttdi sdp vo".
Ttf Tam DiSp, theo dtfdng thtfdng dao qua Phd Cdt, Thien Quan, Chtfdng Dtfc, rie'n len Khtfdng Thtfdng. O ddy, Ong da cflng qudn ddn Hd Tdy, cung la nhiJng ngtfdi ddng htfdng, ddnh
"trdn rdng Itfa", chdp nhodng, ttf canh ttf ddn canh ndm da ha dtfdc ddn Khtfdng Thtfdng.
Dem mung Bdn Tdt, Dd ddc DSng ddnh vdo ddn Nam Ddng, phia tdy Thdng Long. Tdn ST Nghi vtfa nghe Khtfdng Thtfdng thd't thfl, iai nghe Nam Ddng thd't thfl, chi biS't la to ISn "binh gi ma nhtf ttf ttSn ttdi dp xud'ng, ttf dtfdi dat chui len"
thd rdi Tdn ST Nghi khdng kip mdc do gidp, ngtfa khdng kip thing yen etfdng td'c chay qua cau phao vd bSn bd kia cua sdng Hdng. Qudn cde ttai eung thdo chay, ttanh nhau qua cau, ciu sdp, bi chdt r i t n h i e u [ l , t t . 134].
Md'y van tdn binh vtfdt sdng Hdng Iai bi Dd dde Tuydt, DS dd'c Ldc chdn ddnh, dich ehi bidt cim dau chay, "ve ddn Trung Qudc chi dd ba bd'n chuc ten md thdi" [1, tt. 246], Khdng tinh dtfdc viec tdp ke't qudn dd chdng lai ta.
Bai binh chay lai loan tin ta se ddnh sang Tau cho nSn "nhflng dan Tdu d g i n Lang Sdn sd khiep, ddn dng, ddn bd dat diu nhau md chay, ttf ctfa di ve md B i c hdn m i y ttdm ddm, tinh khong nghe thi^y tidng mdt ngtfdi ndo?" [1, tt. 134].
"Hdng binh nudi dtfdng, chdm Io Vua Cdn Long cdm mdn, an can bang giao".
Trtfa mung Nam Te't Ky Ddu, Vua Quang Trung vdo Thdng Long, ha lenh chiSu an "phdm nhiing ngtfdi Tau ttd'n ttdnh d ddu ra thli tdi ddu dtfdc c^p cho do mac, Itfdng an" [1, tt. 134].
Vua dd cho nuoi dtfdng hdng van tu binh Man Thanh. Cho thu nhdt xdc, chdn cd't, ldp ddn cung td, sai Vu Huy T i n soan vdn te', cd doan:
"Nay ta
Sai thu nhdt xtfdng cdt chon vui Bao ldp dan bSn sdng cung td Ldng ta thtfdng ching ke ngtfdi phtfdng Bac Xud't cfla kho md d i p diem ddng xtfdng khd Hdn cdc ngtfdi khdng vd vin d ttdi Nam, hay ISn dtfdng md quay ve ndi htfdng chl
NSn kinh ngtfdng ta ddy Id chfl, ehan chtfa long thanh
Nhtfhg mong sao ddp lai dao ttdi dat ddo Ie sd'ng".
ViSc ldm "liy chi nhan thay ctfdng bao, lay dao nghia thing hung tdn" dd cua Vua Quang Trung da ldm eho Vua Cdn Long rit thtfdng mdn:
dd cho stf gid vdo tdn Phfl Xudn phong vtfdng cho Vua va an cin mdi Vua sang Tdu dtf l i mijfiig thp 80 tudi cua Vua Cdn Long. Can Long la vi vua tdi ndng, d ngdi vua 60 ndm, ySu raS'n Vua Quang Trung cung Id ngtfdi tai ndng xuat chung, dieu ndy dtfdc giai thich Id "ddng thanh ttfdng fl^g, ddng khi ttfdng ciu ", stf ddng cdm eua nhu^g tdm hdn vT dai.
Doan stf gid 150 ngtfdi do Vua gid Pham CSng Tri din dau sang Yen Kinh tridu kidn Vua Cdn Long. Vua gid md Vua Cdn Long ttfdng la Vua thdt dtfdc "vdi ddn chau d Nhiet Ha, eho vdo ldm IS dm gdi, nhtf Id tinh eha con mdt nhd, vd cho an yen vdi cdc thdn vtfdng" [1, tt. 136].
Vua Cdn Long tiS'p dai ndng hdu dodn stf gia Dai ViSt: mdi ngay chi phi 4000 lang bac, tdng chi cho den khi doan vd ISn ddn 800.000 lang bac.
Vua Can Long ldm thd ve stf bd cfla ta cd edu "Sd kidn hdn nhtf ctfu thtfc thdn " (mdi gdp md nhtf da rd't thdn).
Vua Quang Trung dtf dinh ddi Iai dd't Ltfdng Quang, nhifng cd ngtfdi cho rang thtfc stf Vua Iam cdng viee "gitfdng Bac ddnh Nam".
Thing gidc ngoai xdm, Vua cham lo phdt tridn gido due, kinh te', qud'c phdng, budn bdn 107
TRUONG DAI HOC DONG THAP Tap chl Khoa hoc so 13 (6-2015) trong ntfdc, ngoai ntfdc, cd chinh sdch ve ton giao
rift tidn bd, khdng cam dao ThiSn Chua, bdo tdn va phdt trien chtf Ndm, ldp Vien SungXihinh.
chdng Nguydn Anh dang dtfdc Tay phtfdng giup dd... Can thin tau vdi Vua Id NguySn Anh cd tau ddng, dai bac, sting tay, rit manh, Vua trd idi la
"ddi vdi bpn do ta ddnh mdt triin la xong". Qua tide thtfdng thay, nam 1792 Vua mat Inc 39 tudi.
chtfa hodn thdnh nhidu viec ldn, tridu dai Tay Sdn btfdc vdo giai doan suy tdn.
4. Bai hpc cho hom nay
Qua cac tran chidn do vua Quang Trung cam binh cung nhtf qua ttdn dai chidn vd dai thing qudn Thanh ndm 1789 cho ta thay tai cam binh xuit sie eua ngtfdi anh hflng do vai. Ciing qua dd.
nhieu bdi hpc ve nghS thudt qudn stf cung dtfdc due kdt.
Thtf nhjTl, do id bai hpe bie't ngtfdi bie't ta trong chidn trdn vd dung ngtfdi dung chd. Trong binh phdp hay nghe thuat quan stf, viSc nim rd diem manh, diem ydu cfla quan ta cung nhtf quan dich dtfdc xem Id mdt ySu ciu td't ydu ndu muo'n gidnh dtfdc thing ldi trong cudc chiS'n. Thdng tin vd dich vd ta nhtf vay dtfdc dng cha ta due ket lai thdnh cdu thdnh ngtf: "bidt minh, bie't ta ttdm tran ttam thing". Tuy nhiSn, khdng phai nhd cam qudn ndo cung van dung mpt cdch dflng ddn va sdng tao nguyen li nay. Ndi mdt each khdi quai, bidt minh, bidt ta d day chinh Id bidt dtfdc sd ltfdng binh Iinh Id bao nhiSu? Ddc diem dpi quan nay dtfdc tao nen ttf nhffng thdnh phan ndo? Quan linh cd dtfdc hu^n luySn tdt hay khdng? Tinh than chien dd'u ra sao? Diem manh ttong hdp ddng lac chidn Id gi? Thdng thao dia hinh hay khong? Neu nim rd dtfdc dieu nay va vdn dung mdt cdch hdp
!i, sdng tao thi tfu the ttSn chidn trtfdng va kha ndng chidn thing se tdng gip bSi. Nhin lai Iran chidn cfla Vua Quang Trung, ta thd'y Vua da van dung tdt nguyen U ndy. Cdn vd bai hpc vd \ iec dung ngtfdi dung cho thi viSc giao cho ttfdng Dang Tien Ddng din diu mpt dao quan tidn ddnh quan dich theo dtfdng bp mdt cdch chdp nhodng tai vung quS htfdng dng Id mdt nunh ehutog rd rang.
Thtf hai, do Id bai hpe ve hdnh qudn thin tdc.
Cd IS ttong lich stf qudn stf Viet Nam, cudc hanh quan than tde cfla quan Tdy Sdn ttf Phfl Xuan ra Thdng Long. Chi Irong mpt thdi gian ngan ma mpt
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dpi quan di chuyen bdng stfc ngtfdi Iai cd the di mot quang dtfdng dai ttong thdi tiet lanh cua miia Ddng qua la mpt ki tich. Viec doan quan nay hanh quan bang phtfdng phap nao vln la mpt an so'cua lich stf. my nhien \ iec quan Tay Sdn cd mat mgt each nhanh chdng ttf mot ndi each xa hang tram cay so' la cd that. Chinh ye'u to' dac biet bat ngS nay da gdp phan rat Idn vao chie'n thiing ciia ttdn danh. Va d day ta khdng the nao phu nhan tai nang cua Vua Quang Trung khi da iiin ra dtfdc each thtfc de mot dpi quan di chuyen hieu qua gdp phan cho thing ldi cud'i cilng.
Thtf ba. dd la bai hpc ve viec stf dung kho nhuc ke'. Trong chie'n tran. chien tranh tam U ciang la mpt nghe thual. Viec td la ye'u the', chu dgng ha minh. de cao do'i phtfdng de doi phtfdng mat canh giac, ma'l phong bi de la lien cong tieu diet cung la mpt nghe thuat ttong binh phap. Va Vua Quang Trung da van dung mpt each tuyet vdi nghe thual nay. Do la \'iec sai ngtfdi du'a thtf xin hang, sau do lam cho Ton Si Nghj phai tning ke'.
Thtf ttf. do la bai hpe ve tan dung khi hau th9i tie't ttong chie'n Iran. Tren chie'n trtfdng, thdi tiet, khi hdu la cac ye'u to' cd tdc dpng ra't ldn dd'i vdi viec trien khai life Itfdng va td ehtfc chie'n dau, nha't la ttong ihdi ki chie'n tranh chu ye'u dtfa vao stfc ngtfdi. Cho nen, \iec ndm vtfng thdi tie't, khi hau trong cudc chie'n ciing gdp mpt phan ldn vao stfthanhhay bai eua ttan chie'n. Viec ctfdng quye't chi huy do dd'c Tuyet va do do'c Lpc ehi huy hai dao quan vtfpt bien ra Bac trong mua Ddng vdi cac ddt gid mCia Ddng Bde thdi ngtfdc ttf Bac vao Nam la mot \ i du. Xua't phat ttf kien thtfe cung nhtf kinh nghiem eua ban than va cac vj ttfdng ITnh, bd lao ma Vua bie't rdng. de'n ngay khdi hanh se CO mot luong gid thdi ngtfdc itf Nam ra Bic da giup cho dpi quan cua ta de'n ndi kip lfle. That la mot tran danh \di qua nhieu bai hpc quy.
5. Ke't luan
Nam 1789. Vua Quang Trung vdi quan so'it hdn gap 3 lan da dai pha quan Thanh chi irong Ihdi gian nam ngay. Thing ldi cua Vua da mang lai nhieu ddng gdp ra't ldn cho binh phap Viet Nam ve ra't nhieu phtfdng dien: bie't ngtfdi bie'l la. hanh quan than toe. len ngoi vua de tap hdp binh ttfdng. thdng ihien van. dia ly. stf dung nhan tai. khd nhuc ke'. stf dung gian diep... Trong ttan
T R U O N G DAI HOC DONG T H A P Tap chi Khoa hoc so 13 (6-2015) chidn Rach G i m - Xodi Mut, Vua dd stf dung ngtfdi Phap, ngdy nay chiu nhidu thiet hai ttSn hdng loat mtfu kd ttong dd ed viec dtfa theo htfdng Bien Ddng. Qua ttdn thfly thidn Rach Gim - Xoai gid, ntfde ldn, rdng, ttdi sdng - tdi.. de tiSu diSt Mflt hdu nhdn ed the doan ring Vua ddnh tan giac todn bp qudn Xiem. Cdn than ndi vdi Vua rang, tten Bidn Ddng trong mua bao? Thidt nghi, trong qudn Phdp giup Nguyen Anh cd tdu ddng, sflng bdi cdnh the'gidicd nhidu bidn ddng nhanh ehdng dai bdc, ta chdng khdng Iai. Vua bao ring ctf yen vd khd Itfdng nhtf hien nay, nha't Id tinh hinh cang tdm "Ta ddnh rapt ttdn Id xong hdt". Nhtfhg, Vua thing tten bien dao, nhae lai bdi hpc cua ed nhan khong ddnh. Vua dd lai mpt khoang ttdng ttong de cflng edldng tin, dn lal nhu^g bdi hpc cfla eha binh phdp Viet Nam. Ta mit di cd hpi hpc hdi ttf Sng de vu^g vdng hdn ttong mpi flnh hudng cung Vua cdc ttdn hdi chidn de rdi ma't ntfdc vd tay Id mdt viec cd y nghia./.
Tai h$u tham khao
[1]. Trin Trpng Kim (1972), Viet Nam sit luge. Tap 2, NXB Trung tdm hpc USu, BS Gido due, Sdi Gdn.
[2]. NgS Gia Vdn Phdi (2014), Hodng U Nhdt thong chi, NXB Van hpc, Hd Ndi.
[3]. Nhdm gido stf & sinh viSn Dai hpc Sdi Gdn (1971), Tdp san svt dia 1966-1975: Soil - 200 ndm phong trdo Tdy San, NXB Khai Tri, Sdi Gdn.
[4]. Qud'c Stf Qudn trieu NguySn (2006), Dgi Nam liet truyen Tap 1 &2, NXB Thuan Hda.
[5]. Qudc Stf Qudn ttidu Nguyen (2007), Dgi Nam thuc luc - Viin svC hgc dich (10 tdp), NXB Gido due, Hd NSi.
[6]. Trtfdng Hffu Quynh, Phan Dai Doan, Nguyen Canh Minh (1997), Dgi cuang Lich sue Viet Nam, NXB Gido due, Hd NSi.
[7]. Nguyin Khie Thuin (2000), Danh tUdng VietNam - Tap 3, NXB Gido due, Hd Npi.
KING QUANG TRUNG ROUTED THE QING TROOPS IN 1789 SPRING AND T H E EXPERIENCES FOR TODAY
Summary
In miUtary history and the history of the dynasties in Vietnam, King Quang Trung - Nguyen Hue has always been considered a hero having talent for dispatching forces. His art of commanding ttoops were soon revealed through victories, especially the rout over the Qing invaders in 1789 rose his fame as one of the preeminent military leaders. The victory has left for today's generation many lessons on how to fight off aUen forces, even those who are more powerful than us by many times. It is certain that those lessons still remain valuable in the new circumstances for every Vietnamese.
Keywords: King Quang Trung, Qing ttoops, tactics.
