Trao ddi hqc thudt <& Thdng tin Khoa hgc Cong nghe
SU'CAN THIET CUA CAC GIAI PHAP LOGISTICS THU HOI CHO PHAT TRIEN DO THI B £ N VUlVG
TS. NGUYEN THI VAN HA Bo mdn Qudn Iri Kinh doanh Khoa Vdn tdi - Kinh ti Trudng Bgi hoe Giao tiidng Vdn tdi Tom tdi: Sgphdl Inen cua logisitcs thu hot Id kit qua ciia viec gia ldng quan tdm ldi cdc vdn de moi trudng vd nhirng anh hudng lieu cg:c do khan hiim cdc nguon ldi nguyen Logistics Ihu hdi nghiin cuu cdc gidi phdp toi uu nhdt di thu gom, phdn logi, vdn chuyen, kiim tra. luu kho, ldi sir dung, phuc hoi, tdi chi vd thdi hoi mpt cdch hgp ly cdc sdn phdm bi trd vi hay logi bo khoi chu trinh sdn xudt, phdn phoi vd tiiu diing. Bdi bdo phdn tich su hinh thdnh ciia logistics thu hot trong moi quan hi vdi su phdt triin bin viing vd nhitng dong gop ciia cdc gidi phap logistics thu hoi trong muc tiiu phdt tnin bin viing, ddc biet d khu vuc do thi. Nghiin cuu dugc thuc hiin dua tren kit qud phdn tich dinh tinh nhu phdn tich tdi Hiu vd linh hudng.
Kit qud cita nghien cuu dd cho thdy, cdc gidi phdp logistics thu hoi dd gop phdn quan irong vdo suphdt triin bin virng a cdc dd thi
Summary: The development of reverse logistics is the results ofthe growing interests in environmental issues and the negative impacts of resource scarcity. Reverse logistics studies the best solutions for collecting, separating, transporting, inspecting, handling, warehousing, reusing, remamifacturing, recycling, and properly disposing discarded products from manufacturing, distribution, and consumption points. This paper shows how reverse logistics Is conceptualized tn relation with sustainable developmenl and the contribution of it approaches can meet the goals of sustainable developmenl, especially in urban areas. The study is based on the findings from an exploratory qualitative approach, based on a documentary analysis, a case study research, and questionnaires The results show that reverse logistics solulions play an important role for sustainable developmenl in urbans
1. QUAN D I E M V A K H U N G L Y T H U Y E T V E P H A T T R I E N B E N V O J G D O T H I VA L O G I S T I C S T H U H O I
I . L K h a i niem v a m d h i n h v e p h a t t r i e n b e n v i r n g
Khai niem "phat triln b i n v u n g " (Sustainable Development) xuat hien lan dau tien vao nam 1980 trong i n p h i m C h i l n luge bao tdn The gidi (dugc cdng bd bdi Hiep hpi Bao ton Thien nhien va Tai nguyen Thien nhien Qudc t l - lUCN) vdi ndi dung rat don gian: "Sy phat triln ciia nhan logi khdng t h i chi chii trpng tdi phat triln kinh t l ma cdn phai tdn trong nhung nhu ciu t i t y l u cua xa hpi va sy tac d g n g d i n mdi trudng sinh thai hgc" (Rasoolimanesh et al.
2011). N a m 1987, trong bai bao cd tilu di: " T u o n g lai chung cua chung ta" cua Hpi ddng The gidi v l Mdi t r u d n g va Phat triln ( W C E D ) cua Lien hgp qudc, phat triln b i n vCmg (PTBV) dugc djnh nghTa cu t h i b a n dd la "Sy phat triln dap u n g nhirng nhu ciu hien tgi nhung khong gay trd nggi cho vi?c dap u n g nhu c i u cua cac t h i he mai sau...". Noi each khac, phat trien ben viJng phai bao dam cd sy phat triln kinh t l hieu qua, xa hdi phat triln cdng b i n g , van minh va mdi trudng d u g c bao v?, gin giii. D e dgt d u g c d i l u nay, t i t ca cac chinh quyen, eac thanh phan kinh
Tap chi KHOA HOC GIAO THONG VAN TAI S6 43 - 09/2013 245
Trao doi hgc thudt & Thdng tin Khoa hgc Cdng nghe
te, cac td chiic xa hpi... phai cting nhau cd trach nhi?m thuc hien nham myc dich dung hda giira phat triln kinh te - xa hdi - va bao ve mdi trudng. Phat triln bin viing la xu the tat yeu trong tien trinh phat triln cua xa hdi, la mdt lua chpn mang tinh chien luge va la myc tieu hudng tdi ma tat ca cac qudc gia tren the gidi deu phai quan tam. Mdi qudc gia se dua vao nhiJng dac diem rieng cua minh di hogch djnh chiln luge phat triln bin viing sao cho phii hgp nhat vdi qudc gia dd.
Ngay nay, phat triln bin virng phat trien tren quy md loan cau, d timg qudc gia, timg viing, dia phuong valTnh vuc khac nhau (xem hinh 1). Bai bao tap trung vao vi?e phan tich sy phat trien dd thj bin vung dua tren quan dilm mdi trudng, tii do danh gia su can thilt cua cac giai phap logistics thu hdi dl thuc hi?n phat triln ben viJng tai cac khu dd thi.
PhattrlSn ben
vOng (PTBV) PTSV loan cau PTSVquicg^
PTBViliBpliu-ong PTBV irnh vyc
PhSl tnen dd th| ben vu'ng Vfn tai hang h i a do ihj biln v&ng (Dong ngu-grc)
Hlnh 1. Md hinh phdt trien ben viing vd phgm vi nghiin ciru cua hdi bdo 1.2. Quan diem ve phat trien do thi ben vung dinh hirdng moi trirdng va cac giai phap
Trong bdn thap ky qua, phan ldn cae thanh phd tren thi gidi dang phai ddi mat vdi nhiJng thach thirc ve kinh te, xa hpi va mdi trudng cung nhu nhung thay ddi vl do thj nhu sy gia t3ng dan so nhanh chdng va nhiing thay ddi ve cau true xa hdi. Ngay nay, khoang 75% su tang trudng dan sd toan cau tap trung d cac nudc dang phat trien. Trong dd, hien nay khoang 40%
sdng d khu vuc thanh phd va dd thi, eon sd nay duge dy doan cd the len tdi 52% vao nSm 2020, va 67% vao nam 2050 (Rasoolimanesh et al. 2011). NhiJng thay ddi dang anh hudng manh me tdi cac ITnh vuc kinh te, dieu kien xa.hgi va mdi trudng sdng ciia ngudi dan d cac khu vuc do thj.
Khai niem vl nhung thanh phd ben vung hay nhung thanh phd sinh thai cung nhu khai ni?m phat trien dd thi bin vtJng dS dugc de xuat dua tren nin tang cua phat triln ben virng djnh hudng mdi trudng dl cac thanh pho cd giai phap ddi mgt vdi nhirng thach thiic nay. Q nhilu nudc phat trien va dang phat trien, nhilu nghien ciiu da cd ging lam rd khai niem phat triln do thj b6n viJng va tra Idi cau hdi: "Lam the nao cd the thyc hien phat trien ben virng d cac thanh phd". Ngan hang the gidi (2000) mieu ta qua trinh ve cac thanh tyu cua phat trien bin virng d cac do thi va chi ra ring cac thanh phd phai cd the song dugc, canh tranh, dugc quan ly mdt each thich hgp, va dem Igi Igi ich cho ngudi dan. Phat trien dd thj ben vdng la mdt qua trinh tgo ra sy can bing gitra viec phat trien kinh tl, xa hpi va bao ve mdi trudng d cac khu vyc dd thj tu dd tao ra cac thanh phd xanh va phat triln mdt each hieu qua (Rasoolimanesh et al. 2011).
246 Tgp chi KHOA HOC GIAO THONG VAN TAI S6 43 - 09/2013
Trao ddi hoc thudt & Thdng tin Khoa hgc Cdng nghe Bi Iam dugc dilu nay, can ap dung mdt he thdng tich hgp cac giai phap phat triln dd thj bin viJng di giai quylt nhiJng vin dl kinh tl, mdi trudng va xa hdi phat sinh d cac thanh phd.
Mot h? thdng tich hap cac chiln luge va giai phap phat triln do thj bin virng thu hut sy tham gia cua loan xa hpi vdi cac chinh sach lien quan den nhilu td chiic va cac doi tupng hiJu quan khae nhau. Cac cdng cu chinh trong he thdng tich hgp cac giai phap phat triln dd thj bin virng nhu:
quy hogch dd thj, quan ly rac thai va logistics thu hdi, kiln true do thj, cac ehue nang do thj, nang lugng, giao thdng va van tai, eung cap nudc va ve sinh (Rasoolimanesh et al. 2011).
6 Viet Nam, nhieu khu vuc do thj da xac djnh muc tieu xay dung thanh pho xanh - sach - d?p. Nhieu trong s6 cac khu dd thj da xac djnh khau hieu nay nhu muc tieu xay dung va phat triln do thi ben virng. Dya tren khai niem vl thanh phd sinh thai dugc dl cap tgi hdi thao ciia To chiic y tl gidi nam 1988 va khai ni?m phat trien ben vQng trong djnh hudng chiln luge phat trien bin vung cua Viet Nam, mgt sd cac tieu chi vl phat triln do thi ben virng dinh hudng mdi tnrdng da dupc dua ra nhu; quy md dan sd va tang trudng kirrti tl phit hop vdi dilu kien mdi tnrdng va ngudn tai nguyen, quy hogch su dung dat phii hgp vdi chuc nang dd thj va eac phan viing mdi trudng khac nhau, boat ddng dd thj nen tgo ra tdi thieu lugng rac thai bao gdm chit thai ran, ldng, gas, va dpc hai (Phgm, 2005). Rac thai va cac san phim da qua su dung bi thai bd can phai dugc thu hdi, tai su dung, tai che va xu ly phii hgp vdi ky thuat ve sinh mdi trudng,...
Co the noi rang viec lap ke hogch va thuc hien thu hdi cac san pham da bi thai bo do hit han su dung va rac thai la mdt trong nhirng van de quan trgng de hgn ehe d nhiem mdi trudng va tgo ra cac do thi xanh - sach - dep. Chinh vi vgy Logistics thu hdi vdi chuc nang chinh la thu gom, phan loai, van chuyen, kiem tra, luu kho, tai su dyng, phyc hdi, tai che, va thai hoi mpt each hgp ly cac san pham bi tra ve hay logi bd khdi chu trinh san xuat, phan phoi va tieu dimg da trd thanh mpt giai phap khong thi thilu trong thuc hien va phat triln do thi ben viing djnh hudng moi truong ngay nay.
1.3. Logistics thu hoi va vai trd trong phat trien do thi ben virng dinh hudng moi trudng Logistics thu hdi nghien ciru cac giai phap tdi uu nhit de thu gom, phan loai, vgn chuyen, kilm tra, luu kho, tai su dung, phyc hdi, tai chl, va thai hdi mdt each hgp ly cac san phim bj tra ve hay logi bd khdi chu trinh san xuit, phan phdi va tieu dimg (Revlog, 2002). Md hinh hogt dpng ciia logistics thu hdi dugc thi hien trong hinh 2.
Phan lo^ -» Thu gom -> Van chuyen -> Kier -> Lua chonfsap xep/liru kho
Phan ph&i l?i
EsmcBZEn&Bn
Thj t n i 6 n g j ^ - . *
Hinh 2. Mo hinh hogt dong logistics thu hot
Tgp chi KHOA H O C GIAO THONG VAN TAI S6 43 - 09/2013 247
Trao ddi hgc thudt & Thdng tin Khoa hoc Cdng nghe
Djnh hudng phat trien bin vdng vdi phuang phap "nen kinh te vdng trdn" ctia Ddc da dan tdi mdt md hinh quan ly san phim thai bd nhin mgnh vai trd cua viec thu gom, tai sd dung, va tai chl thay vi chdn va ddt. Tir dd nhilu qudc gia tren thi gidi bit diu cho ra ddi cac lual lien quan den rac thai va san phim thai bd de gidm lugng rac thai va thu hdi nhung gia tri cdn Igi ciia san phim thai bd (Nguyin, 2012). Chinh sy thay ddi nay da lam cho cac nudc, td chuc va ca nhan chti trpng nhilu han din qua trinh thu gom va \\x ly cac san phim da bj thai loai de tranh d nhilm mdi trudng, bao ve sue khde con ngudi, phuc hdi va tai su dung cac san pham va nguyen vat lieu. Logistics thu hdi vi thi ddng vai trd quan trgng trong viec quan ly va thyc hien mdt each cd he thdng, hieu qua va dong bp qua trinh thu gom, van chuyln, kiem tra, sap xep, luu kho va tai xii ly. Logistics thu hoi nhin mgnh moi quan he giira cac boat dgng hgu can (thu gom, van chuyln, kiem tra, sip xep va kho bai) va cac hogt dgng tai xu ly djnh hudng mdi trudng (tai sir dung, ban Iai, siia chda, lam mdi lgi, tai chl, xir ly thai bd hgp ly). Ddng tren gdc dp sinh thai hpc, iogitics thu hdi gdp phin quan trpng vao viee han chl rac thai ciia cac nguyen vat lipu hiru ich, giam sti dyng cac nguyen vat lieu thd, giam viec su dung nang lugng, tir do bao ve ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien va giam sy d nhiem phat sinh tir viec su tdn tai ciia cac logi rac thai va san pham thai bd. Dung tren gdc do kinh te, bing qua irinh lap ke hoach khoa hgc thyc hien va td chuc kiem soat toan dien cac hoat ddng, logistics thu hdi da gdp phan dang ke vao viec giam chi phi hoat dgng thu gom va tai xu ly rac thai va cac san pham bj thai bd, ddng thdi tang tinh kinh te ciia cac san pham bj thai bd sau khi qua trinh tai xir ly. Vi vay, logistics thu hdi da gdp phan vao vi?c thyc hien phat trien do thj ben viing djnh hudng mdi trudng.
II. THlTC T R f NG VE THlTC HIEN LOGISTICS THU HOI 6 VIET NAM 2.1. Thuc hi£n logistics thu hoi tren goc do quan Iy nha Ntrdc
Viet Nam vdi dan sd gin 90 tri$u dan da trai qua nhilu thay ddi ve ca m^t nhSn khiu hpc v^ kinh te trong nhiJng thap ky vua qua. Vipt Nam da djch chuyln tir nhdm nudc ngheo sang nudc cd thu nhgp binh quan GDP diu ngudi d miic trung binh vdi gin $l,400/nam. Khoang tren 30% dan sd sdng d cac khu vyc dd thj, su gia tang thu nhap kha dung, va nhiJng trao luu song mdi da din tdi gia tang nhu ciu tieu dimg va tdc dp do thj hda. Dieu nay da lam lugng san pham bj thai bd vdi tdc do nhanh chdng hon va lugng rac thai ngay mdt gia tang. Quan dilm va each thuc thuc hien logistics thu hdi mdt each bai ban van cdn kha mdi vdi ca nhiJng nha nghien ciru, cac nha quan ly, doanh nghiep va ngudi dan d Viet Nam.
He thong chinh sach, phap lugt ve bao v? mdi trudng d Viet Nam, lien quan din quan ly rdc thai va trach nhiem xa hgi ciia doanh nghi?p dang dugc xay dung kha day dii nhu Lugt mdi trudng (sira ddi nam 2005, dilu 67), nghj dinh vl cim nhgp khiu hang hda da qua su dyng (2006), quyet dinh ve danh muc hang hda da qua sd dung khdng cin giiy phep, nghi djnh vl quan Iy rae thai, chit thai rin, va dgc hgi (2006, 2007), luat ve chit lugng hang hda (2007) va luat ve bao v? quyen Igi ciia ngudi tieu dung (2010). He thdng ca quan quan ly nha nudc ve quan ly rac thai, bao ve mdi trudng tir Trung uang din dja phuang da timg budc dugc ki^n toan va di vao hoat dpng dn djnh. Tuy nhien, cac lugt lien quan cdn thieu tinh cudng chl tuan thu va
2 4 8 Tgp chi KHOA H O C GIAO THONG VAN TAI So 43 - 09/2013
Trao ddi hgc thudt & Thdng tin Khoa hgc Cdng nghe h? thing quan ly vdn cdn nhieu nhtJng bat cap do chdng cheo va thilu kilm soat chat chg (Nguyin, 2012).
d Viet Nam, viec thyc hien logistics thu hdi dugc nhin nhan qua hai he thdng:
- He thong xu ly va thu hdi chinh thdc thdng qua cac cdng ty mdi trudng dd thj d cac thanh phi, quan, va huyen. He thdng nay dang ddng gdp ngay cang quan trgng vao viec thu gom vd xir ly rac thai d cdc khu vyc dd thj. Tuy nhien, ty le cac san pham bj thai bd co gid tri (giiy bd, bao bi ddng goi cu, thilt bj dipn tu) dugc thu hdi bdi he thdng nay cdn rat thip bdi thilt bi va co sd vgt chat hg ting dl phdn logi, thu gom, vdn chuyln, va xii' ly chuyen biet theo tirng chiing logi thai bo vin chua duge dau tu ed he thdng. Ngoai ra nhgn thdc cua ngudi dan vl vin dl phan loai, loai bd rac thai dimg vj tri va tinh kinh t l cua san phdm da qua su dung bj thai bo cung la nguyen nhdn quan trpng din tdi viec kem hieu qua cua he thdng thu gom chinh thirc tgi Viet Nam (Nguyen, 2012).
- He thdng thu gom va xti Iy khdng chinh thtic cac san phim bi thai bd cd gia tri kinh tl ton tai kha phd biln d cdc dd thi Viet Nam, dac biet la cac thanh phd ldn nhu Hd Npi va H6 Chi Minh. H6 thong nay da thu gom va tdi xu ly phdn Idn cac san pham va nguyen vgt lieu co gia tri bj thdi bd trong qua trinh san xuat va tieu ditng vdi sy tham gia cita cac doi tugng khac nhau trong xa hdi nhu: cac hp gia dinh ca the, nhdm thu gom rac tu phat dudng pho, nhdm di mua Igi cac dd con gia trj bj thai bd tai doanh nghiep va hd gia dinh, eac cua hang sira chua vd ban dd cu, cdc dai Iy budn ban san pham va nguyen vat lieu thai bd, cac lang nghe va cdc eo sd tai che (Nguyin, 2012). Hoat dpng logistics thu hdi thuc hien bdi he thdng khdng chinh thirc nay ddng mpt vai trd kha quan trpng trong viec thu sdn pham eu bj thai bd tu dd gdp phan lam sach moi trirdng, tang tinh kinh tl sir dyng ciia cac nguyen vat lieu. Tuy nhien, he thing nay eung gdy nhiJng anh hudng tieu cyc din mdi trudng do qua trinh thu gom ty phat vd tai xir ly dupc dau tu it vd khdng chuyen nghipp (Nguyin, 2012).
2.2. Logistics thu hoi tren gdc d^ doanh nghifp
Nghien cuu da thyc hien khdo sat va phdng vin tryc tiep vdi mdt sd doanh nghiep may mac (3) vd dien tti (4) lien quan din nhgn thuc va viec thyc hien logistics thu hoi tai doanh nghiep.
Kit qua cho thiy cac doanh nghiep cd xu hudng cd trach nhiem ban vdi xa hpi thong qua cac hogt dpng cung cdp hdng chit lugng tot, thu hdi hdng hda bj hdng trong khau phan phdi vd su dgng, tdi xii ly cac hdng hda khi dupc thu hoi vl dl tan dung nguyen vat lieu vd gidm tac hai den mdi trudng. Tuy nhien vi$c thu hdi nay chi dugc thyc hien vdi cac hogt dgng thuang mgi mua ban nhu hang ban bj tra Igi do loi cua nhd cung cip trong thdi ky bao hanh, hay cac chuang trinh doi hang cu liy hang mdi dl kich ciu va tang doanh thu (Nguyen, 2012). Quy md logistics thu hdi va tai xti Iy chuyen nghiep vdi djnh hudng mdi trudng vin chua dugc thyc hien nhieu trong cdc doanh nghiep tgi Viet Nam. Cdc doanh nghiep Vi?t Nam vdn chua nhgn thiic dugc tim quan trgng eiia logistics thu hdi trong cae muc tieu kinh tl (tilt ki?m nguyen vdt lieu ya chi phi) va myc tieu phdt triln bin virng. Hogt dgng logistics thu hdi mdi chi d giai doan bat dau trong phin Idn cdc doanh nghiep Viet Nam (Nguyin, 2012).
Tgp chi KHOA HOC GIAO THONG VAN TAI S6 43 - 09/2013 2 4 9
Trao ddi hoc thudt & Thdng tin Khoa hoc Cdng nghe III. D£ XUAT MOT SO GIAI PHAP
Nghien ctJu da di xuit mpt sd gidi phap chinh dugc dl tang cudng vai trd ctia logistics thu hdi trong myc tieu phdt trien dd thi ben vung bao gdm:
Hodn thien mgt he thdng khung chinh sach phap ly diy dii lien quan den PTBV, trach nhiem xa hgi ctia doanh nghiep vdi cac san pham ma hg cung ung bj thai bd tren thi trudng de timg dd xa hdi hda viec thuc hien logistics thu hdi bdi vi viec dau tu cho logistics thu hdi kha tdn kem, va can suthay ddi trong nhgn thuc td ed nhan ngudi tieu diing den doanh nghiep.
Gia tang nhgn thu-c ciia ca quan qudn ly nha nudc, doanh nghiep vd ngudi lieu ditng trong viec thyc hien viec thai bd, thu hdi vd xu ly. Tu dd, cd the giup cho he thdng logistics thu hdi dugc thyc hien mdt each hieu qua nhat vl phuong dien kinh te (chi phi, gia tri dupc phyc hdi) va phuong dien mdi trudng/sinh thai (gidm thieu lugng rac va san pham bj thai bd bira bai, tang kha ndng tai su dyng va tai che, dam bao mdi tnrdng xanh - sgch - dep tai cac khu dd thj)
Tao ra mdt he thdng logistics thu hdi hgp tdc vd ti'ch hgp vdi sy lien ket ciia nhieu ddi tugng hiJu quan trong xa hdi de nang cao su tham gia cita hg va cd the thu hiit cac khoan ddu tu cho viec thuc hien cac giai phdp ddng bd lien quan den logistics thu hdi.
Thdng nhat vd hinh thanh mpt he thong logistics phan loai, thu gom va tai xu ly chinh thirc va chuyen nghiep vdi su ket hgp vdi nhieu ddi tac nhu cdng ty mdi trudng dd thj vd cac ben thu gom tir ca nhan den hg gia dinh, va cac edng ty tu nhan cung cap djch vu thu gom va tai che.
IV. KET LL AN
Phat trien do thi bin viing se la mdt ndi dung quan trpng cua phdt trien ben vung can dugc long ghep trong chiln luge phat triln dai han ciia Viet Nam nhim gdp phan dat dugc muc tieu ve tang trudng kinh te, nang cao ddi sdng xa hgi vd bao ve mdi trudng d cac thanh phd. Khung thi che cua phat trien do thj ben viing trong thdi gian tdi cdn dugc hoan thien nhdm khic phuc chinh sach chua phit hgp trong thdi gian qua. Cin cd quy hoach va diu tu de phat triln cdc he thdng thu gom vd tai xu ly cd he thdng vd chuyen nghiep. Nhirng quan diem va giai phdp lien quan den logistics thu hdi can dugc cdc cap quan Iy cap nhdt va phd bien rdng rai cho ngudi dan vd cdc doanh nghiep dl nang cao nhan thiirc va kha nang tham gia cua hp vao he thdng giai phap tich hop cho phat trien dd thj bin viing.
Tiii lieu thiim khao
[I]. Nguyin (2012),_Sy phat triln cua Logistics thu hii (Chu6i cung iing ngugc) - Kha nang thich nghi va chuyln giao, LA Tiln sT, thdng 12-2012, NXB trudng DH Ky ihudl Darmstadt, Diic.
[2]. REVLOG. (2002). Introduction of REVLOG and reverse logistics. Retrieved March 15, 2010, from http://www.fbk.eur.nl/OZ/REVLOG/Inyoduction.htm.
[3]. Phgm (2005), Environmentally Sustainable Urban Development in Vietnam, Science Council of Asia, May I2th, 2005.
[4]. Rasoolimanesh et al. (2011), Achievement to Sustainable Urban Development using City Development Strategies, Journal of Sustainable Development, Vol 4 (5), I-16*
Phan bign: TS. Dinh Thi Thanh Binh
250 Tgp chl KHOA HQC GIAO THONG V^N TAI So 43 - 09/2013
