Thuong mqi hang thuy san Viet Nam sang thj trudng Nhgt Ban sou ba nam thuc thi VJEPA
D l T d N G H O A N G A N H j n ai uiet ddnh gid khdi qudt ve thUc trang thuang mtfi hdng thuy san Vi4t Nam sang J ^ Nhat Bdn sau 3 ndm thUc thi VJEPA, nhiing thdnh cdng vd ton tai cdn hhac phuc di gia tdng xudt khdu hdng thiiy sdn Viit Nam sang thi tntrnig Nhdt Ban trong thdi gian tdi vigai y chinh sdch.
N
g i y 1-10-2009, Hiep dinh dSi tac kinh te Viet Nam N h a t Ban (VJEPA) chinh thflc co hi$u Ivlc vk b a t d a u di vao giai doan thuc thi. Vdi mtic t h u e sua't Uu dai tha'p N h a t Ban d a n h cho h a n g hda Viet Nam, VJEPA dUdc k^ vpng thuc day q u a n h§ thiidng mai song phUdng giiia h a i quoc gia, dac biet vdi mot so m a t h a n g Viet N a m co tiem n a n g xua't k h ^ u s a n g N h a t B a n n h u d$t may, thiiy san, gom sU, r a u qua... Tuy nhi§n, thUc t&' q u a 3 n a m thuc thi VJEPA den nay, lieu cac mat hang vcTn dUdc coi la co ldi the, trong do cd thuy san, da t a n dung dUdc ldi th6' tii viec giam thue nay d^gia tang quy mo, da dang cd c^u va k h ^ g dinh vi t h ^ ciia minh tren thi trudng Nhat Ban.
1. Daic diS^m t h i t r i t c m g n h a p k h a u t h u y s a n N h a t B a n
Vdi trfin 127 trieu dan, mtic song ra't cao (GNI 2010 la 5.369 ty USD, GNI/ngUdi d a t 42.150 USD), N h p B a n la mdt trong sci ciic t h i trUdng n h a p k h ^ u h a n g t h u y san 16n nhSft t h ^ gidi. Mtic tiSu thia t h u y san h i n g n a m cua ngUcli N h a t vao khoang 70 kg/ngudi.
Bdi th^, dii cd mdt n g i n h khai thac v4 nudi t r & g thtly h a i san p h a t t r i & m a n h , nhUng h a n g nSm N h a t B a n ciing chi d i p ting dUcJc k h o a n g 1/3 n h u c4u tigu thii trong nudc.
N a m 2011, N h a t B a n n h a p gdn 14 t y USD h a n g t h u y san ttt g i n 150 quSc gia vk vting l a n h the' t r e n t h ^ gidi (khoang 50% sg nky la ttt cac nudc C h a u A). C&c n h a cung c4p chii yeu la T r u n g QuSc, Hoa Kjf, T h i i L a n , Vi$t N a m , H i n Qud'c, Chi LS... Cd cSu h a n g t h i y s a n xulTt k h f a vao N h i t B a n k h a da dang, ttt
ca ngtt, ca h6i, ca tuy^t... den cac san p h ^ tom, cua, gh?, mtic v i c i c lo^i n h u y l n th^.
Trong sd" n i y , ca ngtt, tdm, c i hdi v i cua chi^m ty trong cao nhtft.
La thi t r u d n g md, song N h a t Ban I ^ ap dting k h a n h i l u quy dinh t r o n g q u a n If hing thiiy san n h i p k h ^ u : quy d i n h v$ v0 sinh an toan thtic phiim, quy d i n h v l k i l m dich, dan n h a n , cha't lUdng v i t r u y x u ^ t nguon goc xui't xti... C i c tieu chu£n n i y ctia N h i t Ban hdu n h u tUdng dUdng, t h i m chf cao hdn ca nhttng tieu c h u f a t h o n g thudng; t u y nhien, lai khdng m a n g ti'nh p h i n b i i t dot xfi gifla h a n g hda trong nUdc h a y n h i p kh£u.
2 . C a m k ^ t cUt g i a m t h u e voS hing t h u y s a n t r o n g V t J E P A
V J E P A l i mpt t h o a t h u i n song phtfdng m a n g t i n h t o i n di$n g6m c i c noi dung cam k i t ve t\f do hda t h u d n g m a i hang hoa, t h u d n g m^i djch v ^ , Uu ttt v i c i c hdp tac kinh t e k h i c gifla h a i quoc gia. Theo Hi6p dinh, Vi$t N a m v i N h | i t B a n se cd ban hoan ti't 10 ti^nh giam t h u ^ d l x i y dilng mdt khu vtic t h u d n g m ^ itf do song phttdng hoan chinh v i o n i m 2019. l i n h vtic dUdc k^ vong dem lai Itji fch x u i t k h S u Idn nhfft cho Vi§t N a m ttt vi6c thtic hign V J E P A l i thuy s a i N h i t B a n se g i a m t h u l s u £ t dSi vdi hang thuy san cua Vi$t N a m ttt mtic binh q u i n 5,4*
n i m 2008 xuffng cdn 1,31% n a m 2019. M i cam k i t g i a m t h u l n i y l i cao h d n so vdi cam ket cua Nhjit B a n t r o n g Higp dinh d S tac Idnh t l t o i n di^n N h i t B a n - ASEAN (AJCEP). |
Duong Hoing Anh, ThS., liudng dai hoc Ihllcrngmli
3 8
Timong mai hdng Ihiiy sin ...
H I N H 1. L 6 t r i n h g i a m t h u l h a n g t h t i y s a n c u a N h a t B a n t h e o V J E P A v a A J C E P
4
0
T h u l s u i t theo VJEPA ThuS s u i t theo AJCEP
• " S " - ^ , , ^
•\
»... ~^^
2009
4,97 S,llt
2014
1,93 3,38
2018
1,31 2,09
Trong so 330 m^t h ^ n g t h u y san, 64 m&t h a n g c6 cam k^t giam thud' vi 0% ngay khi V J E P A c6 hieu l\lc. Tuy nhien, trCf 28 m a t h a n g vo'n diidc hifdng M F N 0%, ttf trU6c va 8 m a t h a n g cd t h u e sutft G S P la 0%, t h i chi con 28 dong thug' dvldc giam thUc sU xu6'ng 0%.
Dli vay, day lai la nhiing san p h a m c6 f nghia 16n t r o n g x u ^ t khiu t h u y s a n Vidt N a m sang N h a t B a n nhU cac loai torn sii, t6m c h ^ b i e n , ghe, cua - chiem den 7 1 % ve ty trong. Trong sd 28 dong thud' nay, co th^ ki d^n: t6m n h o va tfim s u dong l a n h giam txi mtfc 1% theo t h u e M F N hien h a n h xuo'ng con 0%; ghe: giam tii 4% con 0%; tom va torn pan-dan da che bidn hoac bao quan: tii 5,3%
con 0%... C6 8 dong t h u ^ c6 lo t r i n h giam trong 3 n a m vdi mflc thud' suSit M F N hidn h a n h (hoac G S P b a n d^u) tit 3,5 d i n 7,2%.
Tuy vay, gia trj x u g t k h ^ u cua 8 ra$t h a n g nay lai tucfng dm 16n, chi^m 8% tdng kim ngach xua:t k h ^ u t h u y s a n Vidt N a m . Dang chu f trong sd nky l a dong v a t t h a n md'm, ca dfing lanh. Co 96 dong t h u ^ cfi 16 t r i n h giam khac n h a u , trong vong 5 dd'n 10 n a m . Cac m^t h a n g n a y cfi k i m ngach xuSi k h ^ u sang N h a t B a n con h a n che" ndu so vfii cac t h i trudng khac nhU EU, Hoa I ^ , nhitog l?i dUdc xem la ti&n nang vfii thi tnt&ng Nhat ^ n . Vi du:
cua da che bi^n hoac dUdc bao quan, ca h6i, tning ca mum, hoc trutt^ ca nishin, nghdu, bach tuoc...
Ciing theo VJEPA, N h a t Ban cam ke't giii nguyen cd chd' quan 1^ n h a p k h ^ u bang h a n ngach vfii mot so' san ph^m t h u y san. Cac m a t h a n g n a y deu thufic nhfim X (khfing cam ke't) va khong n a m trong lo t r i n h giam t h u e : ca trich, ca tuyet, ca sac din, trii thit lufin va cac loai thit khac cua ca phi le, p h a n t h i t ca khac, gan va hoc trfing ca... Doanh nghidp Viet N a m muoh x u a t k h ^ u nhflng san p h ^ nay v l n phai t u a n t h u cac quy dinh chung n h u N h a t B a n dang ap dung vfii cac qufic gia khac, p h u hdp nguydn tac khong p h a n biet doi x«t theo WTO.
3 . T h i i c t r a n g thiftfng m a i h a n g t h u y s a n V i e t N a m - N h ^ t B a n
3.1. Ve quy mo
Giai doan trUfic khi V J E P A chinh thiic co hidu lilc, thUdng mai h a n g t h u y san Viet N a m sang N h ^ t B a n nhin chung da cfi biific t a n g tnifing kha. Toe do t a n g t n i d n g Uim ngach giai doan 2004 — 2008 d a t b i n h q u a n 5,4%/nam. N a m 2003, xuSft k h a u t h u y s a n sang N h a t Ban dat 651,3 tridu USD; n a m 2004 d a t 769,5 tridu USD, n a m 2006 dat 844,3 tridu USD. Tuy nhidn, cfi 2 moc thcii gian m a toe dfi t a n g t n i d n g sut giam la 2007 va 2009. N a m 2007 chi d^t 753,6 trieu USD.
N a m 2009 d^t 757,915 tridu USD, giam 15,3% ve khra lUdng va giam 8,5% vi gia t r i so
u Kmh t4s6414 - Thing 11/20)2
39
Thuang mai hdng thuy sin ...
vfii cung ky nSm 2008. Nguyen nhan cd ban la do anh hilclng ciia khiing hoang kinh te, tai chinh the gidi; vdi rieng nhfim hang nfing, lam, thuv Siin thi con do tuf ngky 29 thdng 5 nam 2006 Nhat Ban chinh thiic ap dyng Lu$t V?
sinh an toan siia dfii. Ludt mfii nky quy dinh
khat khe hdn tnfdc vi du lu^ng chlft tron thiic ph^m nhfip khfi'u vao Nh$t Ban. Dili nay cung anh hildng ra't Idn ddn liidng h4n|
cua Vi$t Nam dap itng d i i ^ tidu chuin i^
da(?c thong quan vko thi tnicfng NhAt Ban. ,.
HINH 2. Gia tri xuS't khfi'u thuy san Vi^t Nam sang Nhat Ban
ml
• Giit tri (tn^u USD)
Ngudn: VASEP, Hii quart Viet Nam (2012) Nam 2009 la nam danh di'u stj suy giam
trong xui't khau thiiy san Vi§t Nam sang Nhit Ban. 10 thing dau nim 2009, xui't khau sang Nhat Ban dat 92.234 ti'n, gia tri vao khoang 616,8 trieu USD. Tuy nhien, ngay sau khi VJEPA chi'nh thtic co hiSu Itlc, chi trong vong 2 thang cuoi nSm, khoi lUOng xuat da tang len mtic 114.234 tain (t4ng them khoang 22 t&), vdi gia tri hSng khoang 22%
so vdi ca 10 thang d^u nam. Day cting 1^ tin hifiu dang mftng, tao da cho xu^'t kh^u thiiy san kh6i s6c hOn vko nhiJng nfim til'p theo.
Nam 2010, san lUdng thuy san xuft't sang Nhat Ban dat 135.136 tSn, gia tri dat 896,98 trieu USD. Nfim 2011, ISn dSu ti6n kim ng^ch xua't kh^u thiiy san sang thi trudng Nhat Ban vUdt mSc 1 ty USD, tfing 11,9% v4 gifi tri so vdi 2010. Vfi chi ti'nh rieng 8 thang diiu nfim 2012, gia tri xufii khsEu dat 645,651 triSu USD, tfing 26,4% so vdi ciing kJ.
So vdi cac thi trudng khac, vdi gia tfing ve kim ngach nhu trSn, ty trong xutft khiiu thuy san sang Nh&t Ban vln chiem trgn 16% ^ n g gia tri xuSit khiu thuy san cua ca nudc, chi xgp sau EU va Hoa Ky. So Ii6u th£fng ke cua
Tdng ctic Hai quan cho thify nfim 2011, jttS khiu thiiy san sang Nhfit Ban chi&i 16,4316 con sd tuong ting ciia EU vfi Hoa K? l i t Itldt 14 21,79% vfi 19,28% tdng xuS't khfi'u thuy san ca nUdc.
3.2. Ve ca cau
Cac san phim thuy san cua Vi^t Nam xufi't sang Nhfit Ban rSt da dang tit cac loli tdm cho den cac loai ca nhu ca h6i, ca ho, ti ghim, ca ngii hun khdi, mtic, bach tugc, ghe...
Tuy nhien, tdm va mile vSn lit hai m$t hang cd kim ngach Idn nhfi't.
Nhdm san phim tdm (chti ygu la tdm 46liB l^nh), la nhdm san phim quan trong nhj^
trong cd cfi'u xua't khiu thuy san ciia Vi§t Nam vfio Nh^it Ban (khoang trSn 25% ij trong), vdi doanh thu hang nfim tlat tren 450 tri$u USD. Nfim 2008, Vi6t Nam xuit 58.633 tail torn vfio Nh^t vfi thu ve 498,9 trigu USD.
Duy chi cd nfim 2009 xuit khiu tdm vio Nhft Ban giam 3,3% ve khdi lU(?ng vfi 1,«
vl gia tri, trong khi xu& khiu torn til Thai Lan vfio Nhfit Ban lai tang d§t bidn. Dilu nfiy cho thiy mpt thiJc td Ifi dil hi$n tai, Vi#
Nam vfin Ifi m^t trong sd cfic nha cung cSp
40 Nghien cAi Kinh test 414 • TWng 1 tflOS
Thirung mai hdng thuy san ...
tfim 16n cho N h a t Ban, nh\ing tom Viet N a m dang p h a i dfi'i m a t vfii sii canh t r a n h gay gat, dac bidt la cac dfii t h u trong k h u viic n h u Thai L a n , Indfinexia. Tuy nhien, tU n a m 2010 trb di, tfim Viet N a m da la'y lai da tSng tnicing ca vi khfii liidng va gia tri. Vfii viec giam t h u e tii miic 8,1% cfin 6,95% (nam 2009), n a m 2010, xufi't khfiu tfim sang Nhfit Ban t a n g 8,8% v l khoi liitjng (62.614 ta'n) va 16% ve gia t r i (581,027 tridu USD) so vfii n a m 2009. N a m 2011, tfing 4,5% ve gia tri va dat 607,202 tridu USD. Chi tinh ridng 8 t h a n g d^u nfim 2012, t a n g tnicing v$ gia tri xufft k h ^ u dfi d^t 18,2% so vfii ciing k^
(350.685 tridu USD).
Nhfim s a n p h ^ m mUc (miic fi'ng, miic nang), bach tu6c Ifi nhfim san ph^m diidc danh gia cao trdn t h i trafing Nhfit Ban.
Tnidc khi V J E P A cfi hieu lilc, xua't k h ^ u loai san p h ^ m n a y chiing va t h a m chi cfi xu hufing giam t u y nhidn hidn n a y dang phuc hoi vdi da t a n g k h a . 10 t h a n g d a u n a m 2009, Vidt N a m xufiit dii(?c 13.413 tail, giam 14,7%
so vfii ctmg 1^; gia t r i d a t 77,13 trieu USD,
giam 7,9%. N ^ a d^u n a m nay, xufi't k h i u miic, bach tufic tang tnidng trci lai vfii miic tang m a n h 46,3% so vfii cung kp, dat t r e n 91 tridu USD.
Nhfim san pham ca (ca ngii tiidi, ca tra, ca basa, ca dfing lanh cung tfing triifing). Trong sfi' nfiy, xufi't k h i u ca ngii la giii difdc mtic on dinh tfing tnidng hai con so' ke tii sau VJEPA cfi hieu liic. Xufi't k h i u ca ngii cua Viet N a m ngay cang khfing dinh vi the' t r e n 3 thi trUdng truyen thfi'ng la Hoa Ky, EU va nha't la N h a t Ban. Ne'u thdi diem n a m 2008, Viet Nam mfii chi xufi't k h i u dUcfc 5.214 tfi'n ca ngii sang Nhfit Ban vfii gia tri t r e n 23 tridu USD thi tinh de'n thdi di^m nfiy, gia tri t h u ve da la trdn 42,2 tridu USD, tfing 40,9% so vfii ciing kp nfim 2011.
Ngofii 3 nhfim tren, cfin phai k^ dd'n cfic loai nhuydn the, n h u y l n the h a i m a n h vo khac. Nam 2010, xua't k h i u nhuydn t h e sang N h a t Ban vfio khoang 18 nghin tfi'n (tfing 0,8% so vfii 2009), dat 113,7 tridu USD (tfing 5,8%).
BANG 1. G i a t r i n h f i p k h ^ u t h u y s a n c u a N h ^ t B a n tit Vidt N a m t h e o m a H S Dm vi: 1.000 USD
0301 - CS stfng 0302 - Qi tuoi/iKSp lanh 0303 - Ci ddng lanh 0304 - Fhile/cSc loai thit ci khic:
tuoi, lanh, dOng lanh 0305- t a : lim kh6, mufi, ngam mudi, bun kh6i, thich hop Ittm thite anchongu&i
0306 - DOng vat giip xic 03O7 - Ddng vit than mSm 1604 - Ci da diroc chtf bitfn hay bio quan, tithtg ci 1605 - D6ng vit giip xic, than mSm da chtf bitfn/bio quan
2008 4 2.483 5.297 93.914
583 376.575
89.886 43.060 142.282
2009 72 7.543 5.526 44.431
556 369,195
80.934 45.175 148.254
2010 95 U.26S 6.398 67.730
545 414.180
80.057 42.187 163.862
2011 72 15.881 3.714 72.295
2.156 404.516
96.651 52.485 216.224
Ngudn:VS COMTRADE
NgUSn am Kinh ttsS3i,UT>milig:lfmtl.
41
Thirang mai hdng thdy sdn ...
Theo cac so' lieu thong ke ciia U N COMTRADE, trong hai qu^ d i u nfim 2012, nhom ca HS 0302 Ifi cfi tfi'c do tfing trUdng cao nhfi't, dat 20.444 nghin USD, cao hdn 33% ve gia tri so vfii ca nam 2011. Cac nhfim hfing con lai ciing deu dat gia tri xfi'p xi hoac tren 50% so vfii ca nfim 2011. Day ciing Ifi mot tin hieu dang miing, cho thfi'y nfim 2012 ciing se la nfim gia tfing diidc kim ngach xufi't k h i u thiiy san vfio thi trufing N h a t Ban, vfii to^c do tang tnifing vfin duy tri d miic 2 con sfi'.
3.3. Nhdn xet vd ddnh gid
Qua g i n 3 nfim chinh thdc co hidu l\fc vfi di vfio thiic thi, cfi the" tha'y VJEPA dfi cfi tac dong khong nho de'n gia tfing kim ngach thiidng mai hai chid^u giiia Vi^t Nam vfi Nhfit Ban, dac bidt vfii thUdng mai hang thuy san.
Mac du ba n a m qua, bidn dong cua thi trufing trong niific, ciing nhU tinh hinh kinh te' the' gifii co a n h hiifing khong nho den xua't k h a u thiiy san Viet Nam vao N h a t Ban nhUng nhiing ke't qua dat diidc n h u da ndu t r e n la khong t h e phu n h a n .
Thit nhdt, cimg vdi det may, d i u tho, do go, r a u qua, h a n g t h u y san Vidt N a m ngay cang k h a n g dinh dUdc vi thd^ t r e n mot thi tnfdng kho tinh, t h i trufing Nhfit Ban.
Thit hai, thiidng m a i hfing t h u y s a n Viet N a m s a n g N h a t B a n da cfi du^c sii tfing tnicing m a n h me tii sau V J E P A , vfii tfic do t a n g ca v l san liidng va kim ng^ch d^t 2 con so. Dfing lUu y la n a m 2010, tfing 19,6%
ve khoi lUdng (so vfii mtic giam ky luc 15,3% n a m 2009), 19,1% v l gia t r i . D i l u n a y chiing to sau m^t nfim thiic t h i , c i n g vdi sii p h u c hoi cua k i n h t l Nhfit B a n s a u k h u n g hoang, V J E P A cfi t a c dfing rfi^t m ^ n h dd'n su tfing t r u d n g xufi't k h i u t h u y s a n c u a Viet N a m s a n g Nhfit B a n . Dfi gia tfing thUdng m a i h a n g t h u y s a n Viet N a m s a n g Nhfit B a n ciing cfi a n h h u d n g m a n h d e n khSi lUdng vfi k i m n g a c h xufilt k h i u t h u y s a n cua Vidt N a m t h d i gian q u a . Xua't k h i u t h u y s a n s a n g Nhfit B a n lufin dfing gfip vfio
42
k h o a n g 17% tfi'ng gifi t r j xufi't k h i u thuy s a n ca nUfic.
Thit ba, vi$c c i t giam t h u l vfii 64 m|t hfing cfi mtic cam kd't v l 0% ngay khi h i ^ dinh cfi hi§u lUc da cfi a n h h u d n g manh d&
gia tfing gia tri trong 1 nfim sau dfi, nfim 2010, Bdi n h u da nfii d p h i n trdn, trong so 64 mfit hfing dil thiic cha't chi cfi 28 dfing giam ve 0%, nhUng day lai Ifi cac dong cfi ^ tri cao trong xufi't k h i u cua Vidt Nam sang Nhfit Ban - tfim sd, tfim che bid'n... vi t h l da cfi a n h hudng Ifin d i n tfing trUdng cua cdc san p h l m nfiy. Vf d y nhU cac mfit hfing thufic nhfim HS 160520 (torn vfi tfim pandan, sd cU hoac bao quan) - t a n g 12,2% ve gia trj, HS 030613 (torn vfi torn p a n d a n , dfing lanh, covo hay da bfic) - tfing 12,7%, H S 030623 (tomvi tfim p a n d a n , khfing dfing, cfi vo hay bfic) - tfing 2 1 % ... L6 t r i n h cfit giam t h u l v I O n g a y lap tdc vfi 16 t r i n h giam t h u l trong vong 3 n a m ciing cfi a n h h u d n g m a n h d i n cac loai ca xua't k h i u , dfic bidt Ifi nhfim ca tUdi, Udp lanh.
Nhfim ca tUdi vfi Udp l a n h da tfing t r u d i ^ tSi 4 1 % thdi gian qua, t r o n g dd: ca ngCf m i t to (HS 030234) tfing 55%, ca ngii vfiy vfing (HS 030232) tfing 25%; dfic bidt Ifi cfi kilm (HS 030491) tfing d i n 76,8% ...
Thti tu, trong s i cac nhfim san p h l m thuy san xufi't vfio Nhfit B a n . nhfim d o i ^ vfit giap xfic, dfing vfit thfin m I m vfi nhfim c h i phlm tii ca vfi d^ng vfit giap xfic, thfin mem luon co t y trong vfi gia t r i cao nhfi^t. Dfiy cung Ifi cac nhfim hfing cfi tfic do tfing t n i d n g cao trong 4.
nfim q u a vfi ngfiy cfing gia tfing ty troi^
t r o n g n h ^ p k h i u cua Nhfit B a n . X^t v l quy mfi vfi ty trong, torn vfin Ifi mfit hfing chu luc - c h i l m 27%. T r d n t h i t n i d n g Nhfit Ban, tfim Vidt N a m ciing d a d i n k h ^ g dinhivi the cua mot t r o n g nhiing nhfi cung cfip tfim 16n nhfi't, xep t r e n T h a i L a n , Inddndxia, An Do,;
T r u n g Q u l c . Cac s a n p h l m cfi m a HS 0 3 0 6 j | H S 030623, H S 030629 (dong vfit giap x s P khfing dfing l^inh, cfi vo h a y khfing, bao g6m ca hfip) l l n hi(}t c h i l m 18,2%, 9,5%, 10%-t^
phfin n h ^ p k h i u c u a Nhfit Ban. Nhfim ca (tUdi, udp l^inh) ciing c h i l m d i n 2,4%
ll ICiVih t^e/TAIA . Thinn 11/90&,,
Thirang mai h^ng thuy sdn ...
trudng nhfip k h i u cua Nhfit Ban, trong do:
ca ngU m a t to vfi ca ngii vfiy vfing chie'm l l n lUdt 6,2 vfi 5,6% t h i p h i n n h ^ p k h i u .
Bdn canh nhiing thfinh cfing dfi ndu tren, thUc t r a n g x u l t k h i u h a n g thuy san Viet Nam sang N h a t B a n tU sau VJEPA cung cfin mot so' vfin de dang bfin:
Thii nhdt, so vfii sii gia tfing ve gifi tri kim ngach xufi't k h i u cua cac nhfim hfing chii lUc khfic cua Vidt N a m thi tfi'c dp tfing gifi tri ciia hfing t h u y san sang Nhfit Ban thdi gian qua tUdng doi cao, song khfing d i u , dii dat mdc 2 con s i . D i l u nfiy cho thfiy rfing, dii vdi mtic thud' Uu dfii nhUng xufi't k h i u thuy san ciing con chiu tac d§ng n h i l u tit sii phyc hoi kinh te Nhat B a n sau t h a m hoa kdp, sii phuc hoi cua kinh td' thd' gidi, vfiri de kiem dich... Tuy nhien, cCii^ c l n thfiy rfing Hiep dinh mfii thuc thi khfii^ Ifiu vfi Cling trong giai doan tU nam 2009-2010, Vidt Nam ciing tien h a n h cam k i t cfit giam thud' k h u viic vfii nhiing mtic Uu dfii g i n tUdng t u n e n vide giam tfi'ng cfing 72 dong thue ve 0% tuf 2009 va tii nfim 2009 dd'n n a m 2011 Cling chi Ifim tfing n h e d mot so^mfit hang.
Bdn canh do, cac dfii t h u trong k h u vUc ciing da 1 ^ 5TA vdi N h a t B a n va ciing cfi cac thda thufin Uu dai giam thud' ndn tac dpng cong don cua thiA: t h i VJEPA den x u l t k h i u thuy san sang Nh^-t B a n khfing manh.
Tliit hai, quy mfi thUdng mai hang thuy san gia t a i ^ , song ty trong cua nhfim h a i ^ nay x u l t s a i ^ Nhfit Ban trdn tfi'ng quy mfi xufi't k h i u thuy san ca nufic lai giam. N l u n a m 2009 Ifi 17,83%, nfim 2010 la 17,82% thi nfim 2011 giam xuong cfin 16,43%. Cfi n h i l u nguydn n h a n cho i £ l u nfiy, trong s i dfi phai k l d i n sii gia t a n g nhfip k h i u tfit cac thi trUdng Hoa Ky, Trung Quoc, ASEAN, Hfin Qufic trong nfim 2011, c u i ^ n h u cac bidn phap k i l m dich chfit che hdn ma Nhfit B a n fip dung tii sau n a m 2006. Con trdn t h i tnidng Nhfit Ban, ty trong nhfim h a n g t h i y san Vidt Nam trong tong nhap t h u y san N h a t B a n hidn vao k h o a i ^ 4,3%; con sfi" n a y thfip hdn n h i l u n l u so sfinh vfii Trung Qufic, Chi Le, Nga h a y thfim chf la hai dm t h u Thai L a n va Inddndxia. Cu t h l :
nhom cac che p h l m tU ca, dpng vfit giap xac, dfing vfit than mem, Vidt Nam chi chiem 4,1%, (nfim 2011) thua xa Trung Quo'c 48,1%, Thai Lan 28,8%, Hoa K^ 7,6%, dii hien Vidt Nam la nha cung cap 16n thti 4 cho Nhfit Ban ve nhfim hfing nay. Tinh chung ca nhfim cfi, dong vfit gifip xac, dong vfit than mem vfi dfing vfit thuy sinh khong xUdng sfi'ng khac (HS 03), Viet Nam cCng chi chiem 4,4% thi p h i n nhfip khfiu (nam 2011), ddng sau Chi Le 11,2%, Nga 10,5%, Hoa K^ 9,9%, Trung Quo'c 9,5%, Thai Lan 5,8%, Indfinexia 5,1% ...
Thii ba, cd cfi'u hfing thiiy san xufi't sang Nhfit Ban con chUa da dang, ddn didu. Doanh nghiep Viet Nam vfin chu ye'u diia trdn cac mfit hfing xufi't k h i u t r u y i n thorig, co tU trufic VJEPA. Cd cfi'u xufit khau cua Viet Nam vfin diia vfio tfim, ca ngU, miic. Vi the', dii mdc thud' sufi't cfi giam ve 0%, nhUng khi phai dfii mat vdi cfic vfi'n de tieu chuan vfi bi cfi'm nhap hay trong cac dieu kien nuoi trong khfi khfin do giS'ng, thdi tid't... thi kim ngach ngay lap tdc hi anh hudng. Mfit sfi' mat hang da chdng kien sU sut giam manh v l gia tri xufit k h i u trong 4 n a m qua, du vfin hudng cfic cam k i t thud' t h u a n ldi, vi du: cua dong lanh, giam 17% gia tri, chi con chie'm 0,1% thi p h i n nhap k h i u cua Nhfit Ban; tfim bien Ika ke ca hot min, bfit thfi, bfit vien du dUdc giam t h u l tU 2% ve 0, nhUng gifi tri x u l t 4 nfim qua giam d i n 60%; ghe (portunus spp) giam thud' tU mUc 4% ve 0, nhifng gifi tri xufit k h i u giam 17%. Mot vi du d i l n hinh la, nhfim hang cfi mfi HS 0303 - Ca dfing lanh, t r d phi-Id cfi, N h a t Ban cfi n h u c l u r l t cao, hp nhfip d i n khoang 4,25 ty USD - chid'm 18,5% thi p h i n nhfip k h i u san p h l m Cling loai cua t h l gifii, miic tfing tnidng gia tri 6% trong 4 nfim qua, nhiing Vidt N a m mfii chi xufit khoang 3,7 tridu USD.
Thit tu, chfit lUdng hfing thuy san xufit k h i u sang Nhfit Ban dd da dUdc cai thien tii sau khi Nhfit Ban fip dung Lufit Vd sinh an tofin stta d l i va tnidc h a n h dfii^ t a n g cUdng k i l m soat cua Bo Nfing i ^ h i d p va p h a t t r i m nfing thfin, VASEP; t u y i ^ d n , do h a i phia chUa dat dUdc cfic thda thufiii trong k i l m dich
Nghien ciiU Kinh tffe£414 - Thing 11/2012 43
Thuang mai hdng thuy sin ,
va cac vfi'n de lien quan den cac hfing rfio phi thue khfic. nen viec dng phfi trUfic cac quy dinh kiem dich td phia Nh^t Ban cua cac doanh nghiep xua't khiu Vipt Nam rfi't bi d^ng, anh hudng nhieu den ho^t dpng xufi't khiu thiiy san. Vi the, nhieu mfit hfing thiiy san mfi Vi^t Nam cfi ldi the vfi dU^c hudng Uu dfii vl thue, nhUng vfin khong the thfim nhfip dU(?c vfio thi trudng Nhfit Ban do vfi'p phai vfi'n de kilm d^ch.
Cfi nhOtng thdi diem mfi 100% Ifi hang thuy san xufi't sang Nhfit Ban diu bi kiem tra, so'lln bi canh bao thudng xuydn vfi cfi xu hUdng gia tfing, nguy cd mfi't thi tnidng, nhUng cfi sd chi dao vfi kilm sofit gfit gao hdn vl chfi't lu^ng ciia cfic hp ngfinh lien quan, ndn tinh hinh dfi du^c cai thidn. Vi du nhU, mfit hfing tfim sang Nhfit Ban da dat kit qua tfi't hdn vl chfit, tii khi Thfing tu 03/2012/TT- BNNPTNT ban hanh ngfiy 16-1-2012 ve viec bfi' sung cfic chfit Cypermethrin, Detamerthrin, Enrofloxacin vfio danh muc cfi'm dung trong san xufi't kinh doanh thuy san dUdc trien khai. Kd't qua phan hoi Ifi rfi't tfi't, bdi theo phan hoi cua doanh nghiep Nhfit Ban thi trong thfing 3-2012 chi cfi duy nha't mot 16 hfing tfim nhfip tCf Viet Nam bi canh bao co chda chat khfing sinh Enrofloxacin. Tuy nhien, Hdu Nhfit Ban cfi bo sung thdm nhiing chfi't nao mdi vfio danh myc hi d m niia hay khfing thi ca cfic bfi, ban, ngfinh d Vidt Nam vfi cfic doEuih nghidp Vidt Nam diu khfing thl biit dUdc vfi rfit cfi thl chinh nhiing rfio can vl vd sinh sip tdi se Ifi trd ngai chfnh trong diy manh xufi't khiu vfio Nhfit Ban. Ciing nhfim nfing cao chfi't lUdng va dam bao chfit lUdng hfing thuy san xufit sang Nhat Ban, nam 2011, Bo trudng Bfi Nfing nghiap va phat triln nfing thfin Cao Diic Phfit ciing da kp ban hfinh quylt dinh sfi' 2654/QD- BNN-QLCL vl bidn phap kilm tra tang cudng ve chfit lUdng, an toan thUc phlm Ifi hang xufit khiu vfio Canada, Nhfit Ban. ThUc t l cho thfiy rang vide kilm tra cfic 16 hfing cua doanh nghiap khfing cfi tac dung nhilu trong ngfin chan tinh trang trdn ma chi gfiy philn hfi vfi ton k6m nhilu hdn cho doanh nghi$p. Dilu quan trong cln nhfin thfiy Ifi phia doanh nghidp nhfin hfing Nhfit Ban Iai khfing diing
chiing thu xac nhfin cua phfa Vi$t Nam lln can cd ma hp lufin Ifiy mlu nglu nhidn, k mang di kilm tra tai cfic phdng thf nghidm mi hp tin tudng. Vi vay si; ding thufin hay c6ni nh$n lieu chuin cua nhau vfi cfin cd t h ^ tldl giam bdt nhClng thu tyc hfinh chlnh khfing cib thilt sd gfip phin giam di nhiing khfi khfig trong xufi't khiu thiiy san cua doanh nghiff sang Nh^t Ban.
Ngofii nhiJng tin tai vfi nguydn nhfitf trin, cfi thl ndu ra m^t sfi" 1^ do khfic khiln cho doanh nghiap xufit khiu thuy san Vi§t Nam|te thua kdm trong canh tranh vdi cac d^ thu li bi^n phfip thfim nhfip thi trudng Nhfit Ban dia ddn gian vfi chUa chu dfing do chi phf khao s^
thj trudng ton kdm; quy mfi vfi tilm lilc tii chfnh con h^n chd' so vdi cac dfii thu c^nh t r ^ trdn thi trUdng Nhfit Ban; nguon lUc diu til cho md r$ng thi trUdng cdn thfip; cd sd h? tli^
ky thufit vfi dich vu logistics con han ch^ chfi lUdng hfing thuy san xufit khiu con chifa dong diu, cdn thua kdm nhilu nUdc trong khu vdc, sU ho tr0 ciing nhU thfing tin tuf hiep hfii vfi cac bdn Udn quan cfin chua hidu qua; trinh do vk kinh nghidm marketing, quang ba trdn .thj trudng Nhfit Ban cua doanh i ^ i i ^ thiiy san Vidt Nam cfin kdm...
4. Ham y chinh sach
VJEPA la mgt thda thufin song phddng mang tfnh tofin di?n, dfic bi^t dUdc k^ voi^ se tao ra nhflng budc tiln mdi trong quan H thUdng mai song phUdng giOa hai qufic giaWi^
Nam vfi Nhfit Ban. Vide thiic hidn VJEPA ciing se t^o dilu ki0n dl hfing thuy san Vi$t Nam tid'p tyc khfing djnh vi t h l trdn thi tnftlne Nhfit Ban. Trong thdi gian tiip day, cfin tk tyc phi biln nhting thfing tin vl VJEPA theng tin chung, thfing tin cu the ve 16 trinh cat g thul quan vdi hfing thuy san... cho cac do?
nghi$p troi^ ngfinh, cung nhU cac bdn | quan, Thiic t l trUdc kia cho thfiy bdi 1 thfing tin vl vi$c dfim phan vfi cac cam 1 thl cua Chinh phu mfi doanh nghiap chi i m§t cfich hdi hdt vfi bdi hdi hi?t nen khi t hi$n khfing hi^u qua, lufin bj d^ng. Vi vfi;
tfing cUdng cfing tfic th6ng tin, tuyen i 44
Thtfong mai hdng thuy sdn ...
cho doanh nghidp biit, trUdc h i t Ifi dfing tai cac thdng t u i v l cam k i t tren mang chi'nh thfi'ng cua Bo Cfing thUdng, Bfi Nfing nghidp vfi phat t r i l n nfing thfin, Hiep hfii Che b i l n vfi xufit k h i u thuy s a n Viet Nam, tfi' chUc cfic hfii nghi, hpi thao dfinh gifi t i l n trinh thiic thi vfi nhflng vfin d l dat r a trong thUc t i l n . . .
Xuc tid'n xay d i ^ g cd che gifira sat thUc hidn cac cam k i t V J E P A m^t cfich cfi hi^u qua.
Hidu qua hoat dfing cua cd che gifim sat nfiy phu thufic n h i l u vfio sU phoi k i t hgp cua cac cd quan q u a n 1^, t r u y i n thdng; dfit bidt Ifi su t h a m gia cua cfic doanh nghiap xufi't k h i u thiiy san.
- P h a t h u y vEii tro tfch ciic ciia Hidp hdi thuy san, cua thUdng vu vfi t h a m tfin thUdng mai Vidt N a m t ^ Nhfit Ban. Ben canh do, t r a n h t h u sU h6 trd vfi giup dd ciia d ^ sd, thUdng vu Vidt N a m tai Nhfit Ban trong thu thfip thdng tin thi tnidng, h6 trd vfi quang bfi cho hfing t h u y s a n Vidt Nam ciing n h u giup cfic doanh nghidp thuy s a n Vidt Nam giai quylt tdt cfic t r a n h chfip thUdng mai trdn thi trudng. T r o i ^ thdi gian tdi day, c l n tfi' chdc vfi thiic hidn tfi't h d n cfing tac xdc t i l n thUdng mai, tao r a n h i l u nbiTng cd hfii t i i p xdc giflla hiep hoi vfi doanh nghidp h a i nudc; xdc t i l n quang ba va xay d U i ^ t h U d i ^ hidu cho hfing thuy san tai N h a t Ban.
- - Trong cd cfiu s a n p h l m , c l n thUc hi$n tfi't chu txUdng da d a i ^ hoa s a n p h l m . Tnfdc h i t la phfit h u y hdn niia nhflng ldi t h e hien cfi vfi mdc t h u l sufit liu dai d l cung cfi* cfic m a t hfing chu lUc trdn t h i tnfdng Nhfit Ban - tfim, cua, ghe, m i ^ . Bdn canh dfi, xdc t i l n nghidn cflu vfi phat trien cfic mfit h a n g co t i l m nfii^ hoac nhflng mfit h a n g thi trUdng Nhfit cfi n h u c l u Ifin, tfl dfi xfiy d i i i g cac phUdng a n ho trd ^^^^
thi. Tuy nhidn, trong p h a t triin cd cfiu da d^ng nfiy c l n lUu p den t&ih hidu qua, phu hgp vdi myc tidu phfit t r i l n n g a n h t h u y s a n xufit k h i u theo hudng b i n viiiig.
Thdi gian qua, Chinh p h u vfi cac b$ b a n ngfinh d a CO n h i l u n6 lUc trong kiem sofit chat lugng h a n g t h u y s a n xufit k h i u , chu dfing cii cac dofin sang Nhfit B a n dfim phfin v l tidu
c h u I n ap dung... tuy nhidn cai kho d day vfin la chUa dat dUdc sU thfi'ng nhfit v l cfing nhfin tidu c h u i n ; dieu nay gay trd ngai Idn cho cfic doanh nghidp xufi't k h i u thuy san vfio Nhfit Ban. Vi vfiy, trUfic mfit hai bdn c l n xuc t i l n k;^
kd't thda thufin ve kiem dich vfi vd sinh dich td.
Vdi Vidt Nam, bfi, ngfinh vfi hidp hfii c l n tie'p tuc phoi kd't hdp hidu qua hdn nfla trong cdng tac tuydn truydn vfi k i l m sofit chfit lUdng thuy san: Cue quan 1^ chfi't lUdng, an tofin vd sinh va thu y thuy san (Nafiquaved), VASEP, Bfi Thiiy san, Bfi Nfing nghidp vfi phfit trien nfing thfin,
- Thuc hidn tfi't cong tfic quy hoach phfit trien ngfinh thuy san xufi't k h i u ; trong do: t i i p tuc dfiy manh chuydn dich cd cfi'u nufii trong thuy san theo hufing tidn tid'n, hidn dai, dam bao cung cfi'p du nguon lieu lieu sach, co chfi't lUdng cho san xufi't, chd'bidn, xufi't k h i u ; cfin cd dilu kidn tU nhidn thufin ldi, xay dUng cfic viing san xufi't chuydn mon hfia cfic san p h l m cung cfip cho thi tnidng Nhfit Ban; dau tU cfing nghd, t r a n g thid^ hi hidn dai trong nufii trong vfi chd' bidn; ap dung cfic tidu chufin a n tofin vd sinh qufic te', cfing nghd vfi phUdng phap quan 1^ d l loai bd vide diing eac chat bi cfiin trong nufii t r i n g vfi e h l bidn; hfi trd von cho cac doanh nghidp nufii t r I n g vfi c h i b i l n xufit k h i u sang Nhfit Ban./.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Duong Hoang Anh, Pham Thi Dil (2011), Tdc ddng ciia Hiip dinh ddi tdc lanh t^Viit Nam - Nhdt Bdn (VJEPA) din xudt khdu hdng hoa Viit Nam sang Nhgt Bdn sau 2 ndm thuc thi, Ky y^u H6i thao qu6c t€, Dai hoc Ihucmg mai 11/2011,tr 325-332.
2. GS.TS. Dfi DiSc ffinh, TS. Btii Huy Nhugng (2009), Ddp ung rdo cdn phi thuS'quan diMs manh xudt khdu bin vSng hdng thuy sdn Viet Nam, NXxb Qifiih tri qu6c gia.
2. B6 Cfing thuong (2009), NhUng diiu doanh nghiip cdn biit vi Hiip dinh ddi tdc kinh tdViit Nam - Nhdt Bdn.
4. http://www.vasep.cQm.vn http://www.tradeniap.nrp http://www.customs.jiov.vn
Nghiin ciiu Kinh tds6414 •.Th^m^/20t2
